TENSILE TESTING OF METALS

Appendix:
Engineering strain:
it's calculated by dividing the modification long extension by original length.
Engineering stress:
it's obtained by dividing the applied axial load by the initial cross sectional house.
Engineering stress strain curve:
It is a graph showing the link between engineering stress and engineering strains.
Hooks Law:
This law make a case for the linear relationship discovered among the elastic regions of a stress strain
curves. The gradient on this curves supply the modulus.
Modulus of Elasticity:
It conjointly referred to as the young’s modulus, is that the quantitative relation of stress to strain and
might be calculated on the stress- strain curves by crucial the gradients of the curves.
Necking:
It this refers to the gradual reduction of the cross sectional house on the gage length and starts at the
tensile purpose. It winds up in formation of cups and cones and is practiced in ductile materials.
Plastic Deformation:
It this development happens once the fabric is loaded on the way facet the yield purpose then offloaded.
Reduction in area:
It square measure typically determined by dividing the modification in cross sectional house over the
initial house increased by (H once a tensile take a glance at is performed on the specimen).
Tensile strength:
It refers to the foremost stress that a material can get on my feet to throughout the tensile tests.
Tensile test:
It refers to the ways of crucial the mechanical properties of cloth once subjected to uniaxial load. The
results square measure typically accustomed verify the young’s modulus, durability, ductility, toughness
and supreme sturdiness of the materials.
True strain:
It refers to the quantitative relation of extension to the ultimate fast length of the material.
True stress:
It is the quantitative relation of the applied load over the quick cross- sectional house.
Yield Strength:
This refers to the amount of stress required to initiate plastic deformation.

Summary:

Abstract:

This experiment was conducted therefore as compare the mechanical properties of number thirteen and
steel. the basics on the operation of universal testing machine were conjointly learnt throughout this
experiment. The Universal Testing Machine square measure typically wont to verify the tensile strengths
of the numerous engineering materials. the design of the numerous engineering structures depends on the
tensile properties of the materials used. The stress- strain relationship of varied metals square measure
typically wont to predict the characteristics of materials once subjected to different types of loadings.
From this experiment, it square measure typically seen that steel have higher tensile and yield strength
than number thirteen. This explains the wide applications of steel in many constructions and different
engineering applications that require high strength.

Objective:
The tensile take a glance at measures the resistance of a material to a static or slowly applied force.
This laboratory experiment is supposed to demonstrate the procedure used for obtaining mechanical
properties as modulus of snap, yield strength, final sturdiness (UTS), toughness, uniform elongation,
elongation and reduction in house at rupture. Besides existence stress- true strain curve is also determined
with the help of the tensile take a glance at.
Equipment:
Tinnitus Olsen Universal Testing Machine, Extensometer (with dial indicator), Blade micrometer, Scale
(6 inch), Dividers, Gage mark punch, Hammer.
Introduction:
In this test a glance at the load is applied on only one axis, and so the speed of loading is constant. This
test a glance at is finished on a universal mechanical testing machine that's typically screw-driven or
hydraulically powered. In some cases the machine might even be laptop controlled. the primary data
generated unit load vs. elongation that unit to be regenerate into stress vs. strain data.
In trendy tensile testers, load is measured using a load cell, in older or easier testing machines, a strictly
mechanical or hydraulically device might even be utilised for live the load. Strain square measure
typically measured from the displacement of the crosshead or directly from the specimen. Typical devices
for live strain unit mechanical dial indicators, electrically-resistive strain gages connected to the
specimen, or extensometers that use either associate degree device, a gage or associate degree inductive
or physical phenomenon device. Strain transducers have the advantage that they live entirely the
displacement among the gage length of the specimen. This eliminates error because of the deformation
among the ends of the specimen, slack among the load train, and so the stiffness of the testing machine.
There unit different types of specimen looking forward to the sort of the grips and on the form of the
getable material (sheet, rod, etc.). typically all specimens have two main parts, the gage section and so the
ends. the scale of the specimens unit standardized (TS, DIN, ASTM etc.) associate degree honest surface
finish is required so as that surface flaws do not offer stress concentrations to cause premature failure.
Procedure:
Measure the diameter and use the gage mark punch fixture to mark a a combine of in. gage length on each
specimen (2 sets of diametrically opposed marks). [The punch marks unit accustomed notice the
extensometer and to measure the elongation once the extensometer has been removed.]
Install the specimen among the testing machine (bottom association first, lookout to not unscrew the best
bracket). (Use the hand crank to use associate degree initial tensile load to the specimen.)
Mount the extensometer on the specimen (also, attach the support wire from the extensometer to the best
of the tester frame support). Set the extensometer dial to zero.
Set the vary Indicator to twenty four,000 lbs. set the machine load indicator and so the limit pointer to
zero.
Have the trainer check set-up before continued.
Press the start button.
Apply load to the specimen at a awfully slow rate (use the LOAD and UNLOAD hand wheels). Record
load and elongation for constant increments of elongation.
At the yield purpose, exclude the extensometer. From now, record the elongation between gage marks
exploitation the dividers and scale. (Increase the load rate slightly.)
At the last word strength, stop recording the elongation strain.
Continue loading specimen to fracture (as a security precaution, stand aloof from the loading area).
Remove the specimen from the machine.
Measure and record the diameter of the specimen at the fracture purpose.

Diagrams:

Tables:

Parameter Experiment Literature

Elastic Modulus, E 32.2 Msi 29 Msi

Yield Strength, Syp 53.7 Ksi 36.3 Ksi

Ultimate Tensile Strength, Suts 77.6 Ksi 58 to 79.8 Ksi

Percent Elongation, %el 32.9 20

Graph:

Tensile Test Table:

Materials Alloy Initial Gauge Diameters Initial Final Final Fracture

(if (in) Gauge Gauge Gauge Surface
known) Length Diameter Length
(in) (in) (in)

Aluminum
Brass

Cast Iron Iron & 0.505 0.90 0.909 2.0175 0.909 7.023 Flat
Carbon

Steel

Poly
Carbonate

PMMA

Results:
Plot a load - elongation curve for each specimen.
Determine the engineering stress-strain curve and so actuality stress- true strain curve.
Determine the zero.2% yield stress, UTS, the issues elongation, a reduction in house, modulus of snap.
verify the mathematical expression for existence stress true strain curve for the second material.
Identify the fracture mode, i.e. ductile or brittle.
Find the mechanical properties of the tested material from Handbooks and build com.

DISCUSSION:
Universal Testing Machine
The testing machine will add force slowly by the load to the specimen until the plastic break. Maximize
load and yield load square measure typically verify from the machine scale. The extensometer was
mounted at the specimen for crucial the elongation.Along the elasticdeformation until yield stress, the
specimens will return back to its original size whenever the force was removed. once the yield stress,
plastic deformation will occur. {this will|this will|this could|this may} be because of the angle atoms and
so the bonding from the initial atoms can stop and joined with theneighbours atoms. Hence, the
modification hooked up the huge amount of atoms and once the force was removed, the specimen cannot
return back to its original but encompasses a permanent elongation. The deformation will correct until the
sturdiness limit. once this limit, the! Necking" development will happen. The fracture ultimately happens
at the neck. The fracture strength corresponds to the strain at fracture

Recommendation:
Universal Testing Machine is used to perform a tensile take a glance at on casr iron.