FABRICATION OF COCONUT TREE

SPRAYER
PROJECT REPORT 2011-2012

Submitted by:
(Team name)

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the
Award of Diploma in
-----------------------------------------
By the State Board of Technical Education
Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.
Department:
College name:
Place:

COLLEGE NAME

COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT
PROJECT REPORT-2008-2009

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No. ------------ Of VI
Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On -------------- (date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully

completed our project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks
and gratitude to the management of our college and our
beloved chairman------------------------.who provided all the
facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our

principal ------------------for forwarding us to do our project and
offering adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department

prof…………., for her/him constructive suggestions
&encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest

&sincere thanks to our guide --------------------, Department of
Mechanical for her/him kind guidance and encouragement
during this project we also express our indebt thanks to our
TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
---------- (college Name).

FABRICATION OF COCONUT TREE

SPRAYER
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Pump
3.2 Liquid tank
3.3 Sprayer
4 Design and drawing
4.1 Machine components
5 Working principle
6 Merits & demerits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
Photography

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Number Title

1 Over all diagram

 SYNOPSIS:

This project is to fabricate a model called coconut tree sprayer. In

olden days the spraying system was handled manually. But in this

generation there are few types of machines for this process. Here we

implement a new idea for spraying water in agricultural areas. By using

a hand operated vehicle we can easily operate the sprayer in required

areas. Since we use a hand operated vehicle with sprayer it is called

as agricultural sprayer by hand operated vehicle. This project consists

of a hand operated vehicle, a water tank, a pump and a cam

arrangement.
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago, and it has

undergone significant developments since the time of the earliest

cultivation. Evidence points to the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East

as the site of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants

that had previously been gathered in the wild. Independent

development of agriculture is also believed to have occurred in

northern and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several

regions of the Americas. Agricultural practices such as irrigation, crop

rotation, fertilizers, and pesticides were developed long ago but have

made great strides in the past century. The Haber-Bosch method for

synthesizing ammonium nitrate represented a major breakthrough

and allowed crop yields to overcome previous constraints. In the past

century, agriculture has been characterized by enhanced productivity,

the substitution of human labor for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides,

selective breeding, and mechanization. The recent history of

agriculture has been closely tied with a range of political issues

including water pollution, biofuels, Genetically modified organisms,

tariffs, and farm subsidies. In recent years, there has been a backlash

against the external environmental effects of mechanized agriculture,

and increasing support for the organic movement and Sustainable

agriculture.
 CHAPTER – 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

AGRICULTURE:

Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the

growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated animals.

The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. The related

practice of gardening is studied in horticulture. The word agriculture is

the English adaptation of Latin agricultūra, from ager, "a field", and

cultūra, "cultivation" in the strict sense of "tillage of the soil". Thus, a

literal reading of the word yields "tillage of a field / of fields".

Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialties.

Cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of

livestock on rangeland remain at the foundation of agriculture. In the

past century a distinction has been made between sustainable

agriculture and intensive farming. Modern agronomy, plant breeding,

pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have

sharply increased yields from cultivation. Selective breeding and

modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pigs farming

(and similar practices applied to the chicken) have similarly increased

the output of meat. The more exotic varieties of agriculture include

aquaculture and tree farming.

The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into

foods, fibers, fuels, raw materials, pharmaceuticals and illegal drugs,

and an assortment of ornamental or exotic products. In the 2000s,

plants have been used to grow biofuels, biopharmaceuticals,

bioplastics, and pharmaceuticals. Specific foods include cereals,

vegetables, fruits, and meat. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk

and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo. Drugs include

tobacco, marijuana, opium, cocaine, and digitalis. Other useful

materials are produced by plants, such as resins. Biofuels include

methane from biomass, ethanol, and biodiesel. Cut flowers, nursery

plants, tropical fish and birds for the pet trade are some of the

ornamental products.

In 2007, about one third of the world's workers were employed

in agriculture. However, the relative significance of farming has

dropped steadily since the beginning of industrialization, and in 2003

– for the first time in history – the services sector overtook agriculture
as the economic sector employing the most people worldwide.

Despite the fact that agriculture employs over one-third of the world's

population, agricultural production accounts for less than five percent

of the gross world product (an aggregate of all gross domestic

products).

ULTIMATE AIM

The aim of our project is to spraying the fertilizers, medicine

etc., so here we are using a hand operated vehicle to spray the

required liquid to the field.

 CHAPTER - 3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1. PUMP

A pump is a device used to move gases, liquids or slurries. A

pump moves liquids or gases from lower pressure to higher pressure,

and overcomes this difference in pressure by adding energy to the

system such as a water system. A gas pump is generally called a

compressor, except in very low pressure-rise applications, such as in

heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning, where the operative

equipment consists of fans or blowers.

Pumps work by using mechanical forces to push the material,

either by physically lifting, or by the force of compression. Hand-

operated, reciprocating, positive displacement, water pump. A

positive displacement pump causes a liquid or gas to move by

trapping a fixed amount of fluid or gas and then forcing displacing that

trapped volume into the discharge pipe. They are relatively

inexpensive, and are used extensively for pumping water out of

bunds, or pumping low volumes of reactants out of storage drums.

 Hand operated pumps are considered the most sustainable low

cost option for safe water supply in resource settings, A hand pump

opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and

also improves the safety of a well by protecting the water source from

contaminated buckets. This means that communities are often stuck

without spares and cannot use their hand pump anymore and have to

go back to traditional and sometimes distant, polluted resources. This

is unfortunate, as water projects often have put in a lot of resources

to provide that community with a hand pump.

3.2. LIQUID TANK

The liquid tank is one of the part of this equipment. The liquid

tank is used to store the liquid or pesticide on it.

3.3. SPRAYER

Sprayer is a device used to spray the liquid and pesticide in the

field. The sprayer is mounted top of this equipment.

 CHAPTER - 4

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1. MACHINE COMPONENTS

The fabrication of coconut tree sprayer consists of the following

components to full fill the requirements of complete operation of the
machine.

1. Hand operated vehicle

2. Pump

3. Link

4. Bearing block
DRAWING
DRAWING FOR FABRICATION OF COCONUT TREE SPRAYER
 CHAPTER - 5

WORKING PRINCIPLE

This project is constructed with the above mentioned parts. In a hand

operated vehicle a water tank is fixed on the given area as shown in the

figure. Above this tank a pump is placed for the purpose of pumping water

from the tank. This pumping operation is done by the linkage with cam

arrangement. A rod is connected to the cam arrangement. The other end

of the rod is connected to the slider which is connected to the pump lever.

This cam arrangement is fixed to the driven sprocket of the chain drive.

The driving sprocket is connected to the wheel shaft of the vehicle. This

cam is actuated with the help of the chain drive. When the vehicle moves

the wheel starts to rotate and the chain drive also functions. By the above

process the cam is actuated and this leads to the slider’s reciprocating

motion. Due to this operation the pump lever starts to actuate and hence

the water is pumped and stays in the outlet tube. When the spray nozzle

is pressed the stored water is sprayed out with high pressure. Thus the

water or pesticide is sprayed wherever required.

 CHAPTER - 6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS

 Very low cost

 No need of power supply

 Easy in construction

 Can be operated easily

DEMERITS

 The water should be filled manually all the time

 CHAPTER - 7

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS

It can be used in agricultural areas.

 CHAPTER – 8

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.
1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for

the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and

modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding

properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point

of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of

a less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which

though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. the

delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be

kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

 Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of

proper materials.
 CHAPTER - 9

COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST:

2. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

3. OVERHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by “manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

4. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

=
Total cost for this project =
 CHAPTER - 10

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the

field of agricultural. It is very useful to the farmers for spraying the

fertilizers, medicine etc..,

This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project

has been designed to perform the entire requirement task at the

shortest time available.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool

Institute, Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufaturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

PHOTOGRAPHY