CHAPTER ONE

1.INTRODUCTION:
Gas Insulated Transformer are high voltage Substations that are compact, requiring
little maintenance when compared to air-insulated conventional Substations.
Compressed Gas Insulated Transformer (CGIT) consist basically a conductor
supported on insulators inside an enclosure which is filled with sulfur hexafluoride
gas (SF6). The compactness is with the use of SF6 gas, which has high dielectric
strength. The voltage withstand capability of SF6 Busduct is strongly dependent on
field perturbations, such as those caused by conductor surface imperfections and
by conducting particle contaminants. The contaminants can be produced by
abrasion between components during assembly or operations. Electrical insulation
performance of compressed gas insulated Substation is adversely affected by
metallic particle contaminants.
Different metallic contaminants viz., Al, Cu and Ag have been considered for the
above study. Typically a GIB of 55mm/152mm (inner conductor diameter is 55mm
and outer enclosure diameter is 152mm) has been considered for a 132 kV system.
On the particle but also considers electromagnetic field and image charge effects.
The simulated results are presented at Power frequency, lightning/switching
impulse superimposed on power frequency, triangular, square and asymmetric
voltages. Particle trajectories obtained for various voltages of aluminum, copper
and silver particles are presented and duly discussed. Gas Insulated Substations
(GIS) is a compact, multicomponent assembly enclosed in a ground metallic
housing which the primary insulating medium is compressed sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6) gas. GIS generally consists components
1. Circuit Breakers

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2. Operating mechanism of circuit breaker
3. Current transformers
4. Disconnector
5. Maintenance Earthing switches
6. Fast acting Earthing switches
7. Voltage transformers
8. SF6 Bushing
9. Gas supply and gas monitoring equipment
10. Bus Bar
11. Voltage Transformer
12. Gas supply and Monitoring equipment

1.1 NEED FOR GIT

Gas Insulated Substations are used where there is space for providing the
substation is expensive in large cities and towns. In normal substation the
clearances between the phase to phase and phase to ground is very large. Due to
this, large space is required for the normal or Air Insulated Substation (AIS). But
the dielectric strength of SF6 gas is higher compared to the air, the clearances
required for phase to phase and phase to ground for all equipments are quite
lower. Hence, the overall size of each equipment and the complete substation is
reduced to about 10% of the conventional air insulated substation.
Extremely high dielectric properties of SF6 have long been recognized.
Compressed SF6 has been used as an insulating medium as well as arc quenching
medium in electrical apparatus in a wide range of voltages.

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Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) can be used for longer times without any
periodical inspections. Conducting contamination (i.e. aluminum, copper and
silver particles) could, however, seriously reduce the dielectric strength of gas-
insulated system.
A metallic particle stuck on an insulator surface in a GIS will also cause a
significant reduction of the breakdown voltage. Gas insulated Substations have
found a broad range applications in power systems over the last three decades
because of their high reliability Easy maintenance, small ground space
requirements etc.
Because of the entire equipment being enclosed in enclosures, filled with
pressurized SF6 gas, installation is not subject to environmental pollutions, as
experienced along coastal areas or certain types of industries.
a) Such installations are preferred in cosmopolitan cities, industrial townships,
etc., where cost of land is very high and higher cost of SF6 insulated switchgear is
justified by saving due to reduction in floor area requirement. It is not necessary
that high voltage or extra high voltage switchgear to be installed out doors.
b) Since most of the construction is modular and the assembly is done in the
works, one site erection time both for supporting structures and switchgear is
greatly reduced.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LOCATION OF GIS

i. Large cities and towns

ii. Under ground stations
iii. Highly polluted and saline environment Indoor GIS occupies very little
space
iv. Substations and power stations located Off shore Mountains and valley
regions

2.1 ADVANTAGE OF GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER:

2.1.1. Non-flammability
Gas insulated transformers, using incombustible SF6 gas as a insulation and
cooling medium, enable to remove a fire fighting equipment from transformer
room.
2.1.2. Tank-explosion Prevention
Pressure tank enables to withstand the pressure rise in case of internal fault.
2.1.3. Compactness
By directly coupling with gas-insulated switchgear, substation space can be
minimized as the result of compact facilities.
2.1.4. Easy installation
Oil or liquid purifying process is not necessary in case of gas insulated
transformer.
2.1.5. Easy inspection and maintenance work
Only SF6 gas pressure shall be basically monitored during periodically inspection.

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2.1.6. Environmentally Friendly

The use of SF6 gas abolishes the risk of oil leakage.

2.2 Explaination
The SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) contains the same compartments as in the
conventional outdoor substations. All the live parts are enclosed in metal
housings filled with SF6 gas. The live parts are supported on cast resin insulators.
Some of the insulators are designed as barriers between neighboring modules
such that the gas does not pass through them. The entire installation is sub
divided into compartments which are gas tight with respect to each other.
Thereby the gas monitoring system of each compartment can be independent
and simpler.
The enclosures are of non magnetic materials such as aluminum or stainless steel
and are earthed. The gas tightness is provided with static „O‟ seals placed
between the machined flanges. The „O‟- rings are placed in the grooves such that
after assembly, the „O‟-rings are get squeezed by about 20%. Quality of the
materials, dimension of grooves and „O‟-seals are important to ensure gas tight
performance of Gas Insulated Substation.
Gas Insulated Substation has gas monitoring system. Gas inside each
compartment should have a pressure of about 3kg/cm2.The gas density in each
compartment is monitored. If the pressure drops slightly, the gas is automatically
trapped up. With further gas leakage, the low pressure alarm is sounded or
automatic tripping or lock-out occurs.
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) is an excellent gaseous dielectric for high voltage power

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applications. It has been used extensively in high voltage circuit breakers and
other switchgears employed by the power industry. Applications for SF6 include
gas insulated transmission lines and'gas insulated power distributions. The
combined electrical, physical, chemical and thermal properties offer many
advantages when used in power switchgears.
Some of the outstanding properties of SF6 making it desirable to use in power
applications
are:
V High dielectric strength
V Unique arc-quenching ability
V Excellent thermal stability
V Good thermal conductivity
2.3 General Information:
Elimsan SF6 circuit breaker is equipped with separated poles each having its own
gas. In all types of the circuit breakers, gas pressure is 2 bars (absolute 3 bars).
Even if the pressure drops to I bar, there will not be any change in the breaking
properties of the circuit breaker due to the superior features of SF6 and Elimsan's
high safety factor for the poles. During arcing, the circuit breaker maintains a
relatively low pressure (max 5-6 bars) inside the chamber and there will be no
danger of explosion and spilling of the gas around. Any leakage from the chamber
will not create a problem since SF6 can undergo considerable decomposition, in
which some of toxic products may stay inside the chamber in the form of white
dust. If the poles are dismantled for maintenance, it needs special attention
during removal of the parts of the pole.

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7
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Operation of Circuit Breaker

In general, the circuit breakers consist of two main parts, the poles and the
mechanism. The poles consist of contact and arc-extinguishing devices. The
mechanism is the part to open or close the contacts in the poles at the same time
instantaneously (with max. 5 milisec. Tolerance). The closing and opening
procedures are performed through springs which are charged by a servomotor and
a driving lever. In the system, the closing springs are first charged. If "close" button
is pressed the opening springs get charged while the contacts get closed. Thus,
circuit breaker will be ready for opening. The mechanical operating cycle of the
circuit breaker is (OPEN-3 Min CLOSE/OPEN-3 Min- CLOSE/OPEN) or (OPEN-0.3 sec-
CLOSE/OPEN-3 Min CLOSE/OPEN). The second cycle is valid when the circuit
breaker is used with re-closing relay. In that case, after the closing operation, the
closing springs are charged by the driving lever or by driving motor (if equipped).
Thus, the circuit breaker will be ready for opening and re-closing.

3.1 Mechanical Life and Maintenance of The Mechanism:

Elimsan breaker mechanism can perform 10.000 opening-closing operations
without changing any component. The mechanical life of the circuit breaker is
minimum lO'.OOO operations. However, it needs a periodical maintenance
depending on its environment. In ideal working conditions, lubrication once a year
or after every 1000 operations is sufficient. In dusty and damp environment, the
mechanism should be lubricated once every 3 - 6 months or after every 250 - 500
operations.

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Thin machine oil and grease with molybdenum must be used for lubricating. Owing
to mechanism's capability of operating between -5°C and + 40 °C, it does not
require a heater.
3.1.1 Auxiliary Switch:
The auxiliary switch mounted on the circuit breaker has 12 contacts. One of them
is for anti-pumping circuit, four of them are allocated for opening and closing coils.
The remaining 7 contacts are spare. Three of them are normally opened and four
are normally closed. When it is necessary, the number of the contacts can be
increased.

3.1.2 Rapid Automatic Reclosing:

The circuit breaker which opens due to a short circuit failure, can be re-closed
automatically after a pre selected time by arc closing relay, assuming the fault is
temporary. Thus, we avoid long time power loss in case of temporary short circuits.
But, if the fault lasts after re-closure, the protection relay will trip to open the circuit
breaker again.
3.1.3 What to Specify on The Order:
1- Rated voltage of the circuit breaker
2- Rated current of the circuit breaker
3- Rated short circuit breaking current

4- Voltages of opening and closing coils

5- Motor supply voltage (if equipped)

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3.1.4Closing and Opening Operation Of the Circuit Breaker:
When manual or motor-drive is used, the circuit breaker will be ready to close. The
closure can be actuated pressing the closing button located on the circuit breaker.
It is recommended to close it using remote control system for secure operations.
The opening can be performed either by opening button or remote controlled
opening coil. In case of a fault, the relay signal actuates the opening coil and circuit
breaker opens. (This is mechanically a primary protection system). In addition,
there is an anti-pumping relay for preventing the re-closing and opening of the
circuit breaker more than one cycle (O - C - O) and for preventing possible troubles
created by remote closing button.
3.2 Commissioning:
The outer surfaces of epoxy insulating tubes of the poles are to be wiped out with
a clean and dry cloth. The wiring and connections of the auxiliary circuit are to be
carefully examined. DC voltage should be checked to see whether it is suitable for
coil and motor or not (if equipped). The opening-closing coils are to be operated
15-20 times and the accuracy of the relay circuit is to be checked before energizing
the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker is to be mounted with two MI2 bolts through
its anchoring shoes. It should not move during operation. No excessive load should
be exerted to the poles and if possible flexible cables should be used. The incoming
and outgoing contacts must have clean surfaces and their contact resistance should
be as low as possible. When connecting the circuit breaker to protection system
and auxiliary supply, the cable cross sections should be according to the table given.
The circuit breaker must be grounded through at least 16 mm steel tape (by cable
shoe). After all, the following procedure must be performed:
1. Open the isolator of circuit breaker,

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2. Prepare the circuit breaker for closing operation by driving mechanism,
3. Close the isolator of circuit breaker firmly,
4. Send the closing signal to the circuit breaker,
3.3 The Maintenance Of Circuit Breaker During Operation:
Normally, at least once a year or after every 500 operations, the circuit breaker
must be maintained. During maintenance, the moving parts of the mechanism
must be lubricated carefully. The insulating parts are to be wiped out by a clean
and dry cloth. When maintaining, the circuit breaker should be open and high
voltage sides must be grounded. Auxiliary power supply should also be
disconnected. On saline areas near seaside, the insulating parts of the circuit
breaker must be carefully cleaned, at least once every two months. If not, the
microscopic salt particles drawn by wind from the sea will create conductive layers
on the insulating surfaces and may cause surface flashover. Before maintenance,
first circuit breaker, then isolator should be opened and grounded carefully. The
maintenance of circuit breaker must be done after checking the open position of
isolator contacts by eye.

3.4 Current tansformer:

Current transformers are used in electrical grids for measurement and protective
applications to provide signals to equipment such as meters and protective relays
by stepping down the current of that system to measurable values. Their role in
electrical systems is of primary importance because the data sent by current
transformers represent the heartbeat of the entire system. RHM International‟s
proprietary dry type Current Transformers are unique as they provide a rugged,
reliable option for high voltage metering and protection operations up to 550 kV.

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Our high quality Current Transformers are based on a unique U-shaped bushing
design for the primary winding. The bushing is a very fine capacitance graded
insulator. In a new approach to dry designs, our advanced proprietary HV Dry Shield
TM composite insulation system uses reliable materials like PTFE
(Polytetrafluoroethylene) and silicon rubber to provide a low stress, uniform field
distribution between the conductor and the outside structure.
The primary and secondary windings are independently sealed resulting in a totally
weather resistant design. Oil or gas is not required for insulation. Therefore, our
environmentally friendly Current Transformers completely eliminate the risk of
explosion and toxic leaks.
Customer benefits:
• Totally safe – no risk of explosion
• Totally maintenance free – exceptional low cost of ownership
• Environmentally friendly – no risk of toxic leak and recyclable insulation materials.
• 2 to 3 times lighter than conventional oil or gas based products.
• Mature and Innovative with unmatched quality records – not a single failure in
20 000 HV Dry Shield TM equipped products in the field Since gas insulated
transformer does not need the conservator, the height of transformer room can be
reduced.
3.5 Specifications and Ratings:
Rising demand for electric power in large cities has encouraged large-scale
substations to be tucked away underground in overpopulated urban areas, leading
to strong demand for incombustible and non-explosive, large-capacity gas
insulated transformers from the view point of accident prevention and

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compactness of equipment. In line with this requirement, several types of large-
capacity gas insulated transformer have been developed.
The gas-forced cooling type was considered to be available for up to approximately
60MVA, while all other gas insulated transformer with higher ratings are liquid
cooled. But the liquid cooling type has the disadvantage of a complex structure for
liquid cooling. Thus, TOSHIBA began development of gas forced cooling type gas
insulated transformer, making best use of accumulated experience, latest analyzing
technique and the results of innovative research activities. As a result, TOSHIBA has
delivered 275kV- 300MVA gas cooled and gas insulated transformer, of which its
structure is as simple as the oil immersed type and is the largest capacity gas
insulated transformer in the world.
3.6 Realization of gas insulated transformer:
Since heat capacity of SF6 gas is much smaller than that of insulating oil, the
following measures are taken into account.
1. Raise the SF6 gas pressure to 0.5MPa
2. Produce as large flow as possible by optimizing the layout of gas ducts in the
windings
3. Develop high capacity gas blower with high reliability
4. Apply highly thermal-resistant insulating materials to raise the limit of winding.

3.7 INTER CONNECTING TRANSFORMER [ICT]:

An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one winding.

The winding has at least three electrical connection points called taps. The
voltage source and the load are each connected to two taps.

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One tap at the end of the winding is a common connection to both circuits
(source and load). Each tap corresponds to a different source or load voltage.
 An autotransformer for power applications is typically lighter and less costly
than a two-winding transformer, up to a voltage ratio of about 3:1 beyond
that range a two-winding transformer is usually more economical.
 In an autotransformer a portion of the same winding acts as part of both the
primary and secondary winding
3.7.1 DISCONNECTOR AND EARTHING SWITCHES:-
Disconnectors and earthing switches are used to protect personnel while working
on operational equipment and must therefore be very reliable and operationally
safe even under adverse climatic conditions. Disconnectors and earthing switches
are often offered as a combination of both. Disconnectors have to isolate
downstream operational equipment i.e, de-energized equipment from the
connected circuits. Thus they establish a visible isolating distance in air towards
downstream operational equipment.
 The task of an earthing switch is to earth de-energised parts of the
switchgear and in the case of multi-pole earthing switches – to short-circuit
them at the same time.

3.7.1 Application
Disconnectors and earthing switches are suitable for indoor installations up to 36
kV. Due to their cast-resin ribbed insulators, the disconnectors and earthing
switches can also be used with high air humidity and occasional condensation, e.g.,
in tropical areas.

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The devices are protected against corrosion. Steel parts are either galvanised and
yellow passivated, or electrostatically coated with epoxy-resin powder over a
phosphate layer.
The switching devices can be installed in any position with horizontal shaft. Designs
for installation with the shaft in vertical position are also available.
Endurance
Normally, disconnectors and earthing switches are operated very rarely. Therefore
they are not designed for a high number of operating cycles. The mechanical
endurance and the contact endurance are:
 5,000 operating cycles for the disconnector
 1,000 operating cycles for the earthing switch.
3.7.2 Functions of the switching devices:
3DA/3DC disconnectors have the following functions:
 Opening or closing circuits when either negligibly small currents have to be
switched off/on or when there is no significant voltage difference between
the circuits to be disconnected or connected.
 Establishing an isolating distance between the terminals of each pole in the
open position.

3.8 MERITS IF GIT OVER OIT:-

3.8.1 Non-flammability
Gas insulated transformers, using incombustible SF6 gas as insulation and cooling
medium, enable to remove a fire fighting equipment from transformer room.
3.8.2 Non Tank – explosion - Pressure tank enables to withstand the pressure rise
in case of internal fault.
3.8.3 Compactness
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Since conservator or pressure relief equipment is not necessary,
height of transformer room can be reduced approximately 2 – 2.5 meters.
3.9 SMART GIS - Integration of Electronic CT’s & PT’s:
 The Combined sensors are the Rogowski coil for current measurement and
the capacitive divider for voltage measurement.
 A combined current and voltage sensor has been developed to replace the
conventional current and voltage transformers in GIS.
Why Combined Voltage & current Sensor ?
Advanced CT‟s without a magnetic core (Rowgowski coil) & Capacitive sensor have
been developed to save space and reduce the cost of GIS. The output signal is at a
low level, so itis immediately converted by an enclosure mounted device to a digital
signal
 Small size - Helps to optimize the use of space in the switchgear
 Lighter weight means less material usage and lower life cycle costs (LCC)
 Large dynamic range - permits minimization of number of sensor types
needed and
improvement of some protection functions.
 Protection and measurement functions combined.
 Lower losses mean lower LCC (Life Cycle Cost)

3.9.1 UI SENSOR- CURRENT & VOLTAGE MEASURMENT:

Current Measurement – Current Sensor instead of Current Transformer
 The current sensor is based on a Rogowski coil (a coreless inductive current
transformer).
Voltage Measurement – Voltage Sensor instead of Voltage Transformer

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  The voltage sensor is based on a capacitive electrical field sensor (Capacitive
ring sensor).
 The capacitive ring, which acts as a voltage sensor, also has a linear
characteristic and is very simple in terms of the insulation.
SURGE ARRESTER-CVT-WAVE TRAP:
Capacitor Voltage Transformers convert transmission class voltages to
standardized low and easily measurable values, used for metering, protection and
control of the high voltage system.
Additionally, Capacitor Voltage Transformers serve as a coupling capacitor for
coupling high frequency power line carrier signals to the transmission line.
Lightning Arresters or Surge Arresters are always connected in Shunt to the
equipment to be protected, they provide a low impedance path for the surge
current to the ground Line trap also is known as Wave trap. It traps Hi-frequency
communication signals
sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/
tele protection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor
38 and LMU).
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network.
Advantages of GIT
A GIS has many advantages over a conventional substation, including a space saving
and flexible design, less field construction work resulting in quicker installation
time, reduced maintenance, higher reliability and safety, and excellent seismic
withstand characteristics.

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Aesthetics of GIS are far superior to that of a conventional substation, due to its
substantially smaller size.
A GIS can even be installed in a building, if desired. When all of these advantages
are taken into consideration, a GIS is a cost effective alternative to a conventional
substation that offers many benefits to the end user.
i. Special Features
Enhanced insulating properties and reduced long-term operational costs by means
of sealed metal enclosure filled with SF6 gas.
ii. Reliability
Extensive experience in designing optimum phase and feeder spacing dimensions
according to site conditions enable compact dimensions that reduce space
requirements to less than 20% of conventional air insulated substations
iii. Compact Design
Ensured personnel safety by earthed enclosure, numerous
interlocks and lockout devices. Increased stability during earthquakes with a low
center of gravity.
iv. Maintenance
Virtual elimination of long-term maintenance costs and contamination of critical
components by means of SF6 gas-filled metal enclosures, automatic monitoring of
operating mechanisms and SF6 gas system.
v. Efficient Installation
Assembly at factory and shipment in one complete bay
dramatically reduces installation time and customer's costs.

Disadvantages with Air Insulated Substations:-

a) It requires huge amount of area .

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b) Cost is higher compared to Air Insulated Substation or conventional substation.
Maintenance cost is more.
c) Normally this type of substations are indoor type and requires separate building.
Each and every component of substation is exposed to air and pollution.
d) Maintaining Cleanliness is very important. Dust or moisture inside the
compartment causes the flash overs so frequent flashovers and breakdown occurs.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Conclusion
GIS are necessary for EHV&UHV and some important areas to be studied include
more conservative designs better particle control & improved gas handling &
decomposition product management techniques Achieving & maintaining high
levels of availability requires a more integrated approach to quality control by
both users and manufactures.

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REFERENCE
I develop my this seminar report on “ GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER” by using
following web sites.
Web Sites:-
www.wikipedia.com
www.scribd.com
www.google.com

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