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ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
UAB, I2, I3 ??
Inverter (Bien Tan)
AC Sources and Phasors
RLC Circuits
Ohm for AC
An AC circuit is made
up with components.
V0 sin t
Power source
Resistors
VR IR
R Capacitor
VC IX C Inductors
C
X C 1 C
VL IX L Kirchhoff’s laws
X L L
L
apply just like DC.
Special case for phase
RMS value
Series RLC
A series RLC circuit can be made
from each component.
i R One loop
Same current everywhere
1
Impedance R XC X L L
C
Phase 0 12 1
2
Vector
right down up
Direction
I max Vmax R
I max Vmax X C
I max Vmax X L
Vector Map
Phase shifts are present in AC
circuits.
+90° for inductors VL=IXL
-90° for capacitors
VR=IR
XL XL
XC Z
R
R
XC
Vector Sum
The total impedance is the
magnitude of Z.
XL
XC
Z The phase between the current and
f
voltage is the angle f between Z
R
and the x-axis.
X L XC
tan f
Z R2 X L X C
2 R
1
2 L
1 f arctan C
Z R L
2
C R
Phase Changes
The phase shift is different in each component.
FIG. 15.27 Applying phasor notation to
FIG. 15.26 Series R-L circuit. the network in Fig. 15.26.
SERIES CONFIGURATION
XC
4. Find the phase shift f
XL
R
5. Find the current f
6. Find the average power consumed
X L XC
Z R X L XC
2 2 f tan 1
R
I max
Vmax I I max sin t f
Z
RLC parallel
ADMITTANCE AND SUSCEPTANCE
In ac circuits, we define admittance (Y) as being equal to
1/Z.
The unit of measure for admittance as defined by the SI
system is siemens, which has the symbol S.
Admittance is a measure of how well an ac circuit will
admit, or allow, current to flow in the circuit.
The larger its value, therefore, the heavier is the current
flow for the same applied potential.
The total admittance of a circuit can also be found by
finding the sum of the parallel admittances.
ADMITTANCE AND SUSCEPTANCE
FIG. 15.64 Impedance diagram for the network in FIG. 15.65 Admittance diagram for the network in
Fig. 15.63. Fig. 15.63.
FIG. 15.77 Parallel R-L-C ac network.
FIG. 15.79 Admittance diagram for the parallel R-L-C FIG. 15.80 Phasor diagram for the parallel R-L-C
network in Fig. 15.77. network in Fig. 15.77.
Power Factor
Power loss in an AC circuit
depends on the instantaneous
voltage and current.
Applies to impedance
p vi i 2 Z cos f
The cosine of the phase angle is
the power factor. Prms Vrms I rms I rms
2
Z cos f
P
I 0 Z cos f
2
0 t
next
Find i?
Movie low
pass filter
Movie high
pass filter
DC output?
a) no capacitor
b) have capacitor
AC 3 Phase
THREE-PHASE WAVEFORM
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Reference
Three-Phase Circuits
Three-Phase Advantages
1. The horsepower rating of three-phase motors
and the kVA rating of three-phase transformers
are 150% greater than single-phase motors or
transformers of similar frame size.
Three-Phase Circuits
Three-Phase Advantages
2. The power delivered by a single-phase system
pulsates and falls to zero. The three-phase power
never falls to zero. The power delivered to the
load in a three-phase system is the same at any
instant. This produces superior operating
characteristics for three-phase motors.
Three-Phase Circuits
Three-Phase Advantages
3. A three-phase system needs three conductors;
however, each conductor is only 75% the size of
the equivalent kVA rated single-phase
conductors.
Unit 27 Three-Phase Circuits
V
I
Z
a a
c
Balanced Three phase Loads
A Balanced load has equal impedances on all the phases
Both the three phase source and the three phase load can be
connected either Wye or DELTA.
We have 4 possible connection types.
• Y-Y connection
• Y-Δ connection
• Δ-Δ connection
• Δ-Y connection
Balanced Δ connected load is more common.
Y connected sources are more common.
Calculation