EBSCOhost http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/ehost/delivery?sid=3191...

Record: 1
Title: THE THINNER THE BETTER? COMPETITIVENESS, DEPRESSION
AND BODY IMAGE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENT WOMEN.
Authors: SIDES-MOORE, LAUREN1
TOCHKOV, KARIN1 Karin_Tochkov@tamu-commerce.edu
Source: College Student Journal. Jun2011, Vol. 45 Issue 2, p439-448. 10p. 2
Charts.
Document Type: Article
Subject Terms: *COLLEGE students
*UNIVERSITIES & colleges
*MENTAL depression
*COMPETITION (Psychology)
*HUMAN behavior
*SOCIAL science research
*SATISFACTION
*HUMAN body
NAICS/Industry Codes: 541720 Research and Development in the Social Sciences and
Humanities
611310 Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools
Abstract: The present study examined the role of competitiveness and depression in
the development of body image dissatisfaction. College student women
were presented with the image of a thin, attractive model. After comparing
their own body shape to the woman in the picture, participants expressed
significantly higher negative feelings about their own body image than the
control group. The results of this study indicate that competitiveness and
depression are important contributing factors to the development of body
image and shape dissatisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of College Student Journal is the property of Project Innovation,
Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or
posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written
permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for
individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about
the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published
version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all
Abstracts.)
Author Affiliations: 1Texas A&M University-Commerce
Full Text Word Count: 4184
ISSN: 0146-3934
Accession Number: 61863673
Database: Academic Search Complete
THE THINNER THE BETTER? COMPETITIVENESS, DEPRESSION AND BODY
IMAGE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENT WOMEN

1 de 10 16/02/2014 06:39 p.m.

EBSCOhost http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/ehost/delivery?sid=3191...

Introduction
The present study examined the role of competitiveness and depression in the development of body image
dissatisfaction. College student women were presented with the image of a thin, attractive model. After
comparing their own body shape to the woman in the picture, participants expressed significantly higher
negative feelings about their own body image than the control group. The results of this study indicate that
competitiveness and depression are important contributing factors to the development of body image and
shape dissatisfaction.

When women look at images of young, slender women they tend to feel worse about themselves than they did
before viewing the images. A number of studies have shown that presentations of these types of images
reduce women's feeling of beauty (Trampe, Siero & Stapel, 2007; Kendrick & Gutierres, 1980; Morry &
Staska, 2001). Furthermore, research revealed that exposure to images of physically attractive women has
negative effects on women's self-evaluations (Trampe, Stapel, & Siero, 2007). For example, exposure to a
picture of an attractive female led to a lower self-evaluation than did exposure to a picture of an average
looking female. Their results indicated that body-dissatisfied women are more likely to compare themselves
with others after viewing thin body shapes.

According to the American Psychological Association (2007), three of the most common mental health
problems that women experience are eating disorders, low self-esteem, and depression. The intense
obsession with physical beauty not only causes higher rates of eating disorders but in addition, unhappiness
with body image may also lead to the early beginning of cigarette smoking by adolescent females because of
the belief that smoking can help them lose weight (Stice & Shaw 2003). Furthermore, worry about a physical
image may lead women to believe that all they have to offer is their appearance. This idea may be driven by
unrealistic expectations and a diminished sense of self worth. Heatherton (1993) investigated how an
expectation of thinness, actual weight and focus on the self is related to body image and dissatisfaction. This
research demonstrated that women who frequently diet exhibit greater dissatisfaction with their body image
than their non-dieting peers. Consequently, frequent dieters reported that they have a larger body size than
they would ideally like to have. Additionally, inclusion of a self-focus scale provided evidence that women who
diet have a heightened level of internal focus than those women who are not habitual dieters.

Research by Birtchnell, Dolan & Lacey (1987) examined women's perception of their body size. This team of
researchers used participants who had no previous history of an eating disorder and who were not on a diet.
All of the women overestimated their body size, especially the size of their waist. This research suggests that
it is not only women with eating disorders who have a misperception of their actual size; but women who are
not on a diet regimen or have not been diagnosed with an eating disorder also misinterpret the actual size of
their body.

Social comparison also may be a significant predictor of a disturbance in body image and disordered eating
patterns. People engage in social comparison when they compare themselves to other individuals (Thompson
& Heinberg, 1993). Participants in research by Thompson and Heinberg completed surveys measuring
frequency of eating disturbances, body satisfaction, self-esteem, depression, a history of being teased about
their appearance, appearance comparison frequency, and the importance of individuals as a comparison
target. The researchers found that social comparison and a history of being teased were the most significant
predictors of body image disturbance. In an experiment by Kenrick and Gutierres (1980), exposure to the
attractive females staring in the television series Charlie's Angels led to a lower rating of attractiveness of an
average female. The stimuli, in this case women in a popular television show at the time, primed the males in
the study to rate pictures of average female students as less attractive than did the males who were not

2 de 10 16/02/2014 06:39 p.m.

EBSCOhost http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/ehost/delivery?sid=3191...

primed by the television show. Comparison to an attractive target leads both women and men to view others
as less attractive.

Other researchers have investigated the socio-cultural factors that may influence individuals' satisfaction or
lack of satisfaction with their body image. Clark and Tiggemann (2008) measured the body mass index of girls
aged nine to twelve, examined media influences along with autonomy and socio-cultural factors to test whether
or not there are lasting effects of a negative body image. Girls with higher body mass indexes were more likely
to internalize the thin ideal image and, consequently, had a desire to be thinner. Also, exposure to magazines,
and certain peer conversations increased the likelihood of the internalization of the thin ideal image.

The effects of pictures of sculpted, lean bodies that appear in fitness magazines for men and women are a
topic that has become more of an issue in the last decade. Research by Morry and Staska (2001) involved
measuring and investigating problems with both men and women's body image. For women, beauty
magazines were used as exposure to advertisement of the thin body type, and for men fitness magazines
were used as exposure to the lean, fit body type. Significant findings support that both male and female
participants' exposure to the thin body type is related to problems with eating behavior and their judgment of
their own body shape.

In further research, Thompson and Stice (2001) created scales based upon women's reports of the ideal
standard for female beauty in Western culture, and then scrutinized the correlation between thin-image
internalization, body image, and the development of eating disorders. The researchers discovered that when
the thin ideal image is internalized by an individual, there is a significant increase in dieting behavior. The
increase in dissatisfaction created by the internalization was found to in turn increase dieting and a negative
mood about the self. Furthermore, Thompson and Stice (2001) analyzed a program developed by Stormer
and Thompson (1998) to teach women how to critically view messages presented by the media and
demonstrated that it reduces the internalization of a thin body image, and therefore decreases body image
dissatisfaction and disordered eating.

The current study explored the effects of competitiveness and depression on body image dissatisfaction.
Competitiveness is closely related to social comparison and may function as a major instigator of body image
dissatisfaction. Individuals compare themselves to others' who outperform them. Being outperformed can
have negative consequences on an individual's mood, self-esteem, and self-concept. When faced with a
threatening comparison in one domain, women may attempt to increase their self-concept by competing in a
field where competition is considered appropriate and encouraged. Eating lightly and being thin are viewed as
socially appropriate behaviors for women and therefore increase self-esteem and approval from others. If a
woman is highly competitive in one domain, it is hypothesized that she also will be competitive in attempts of
weight loss to fit into society's norms of beauty. If women are chronically apprehensive about weight gain and
their body image, when outperformed in one domain, they may attempt to compensate in the domain of
physical beauty and weight loss (Pliner, Rizvi & Remick, 2009).

The present study also examined the role of depression in the development of body image dissatisfaction in
young women. Depression is associated with maladaptive thinking and a distorted view of reality. Events that
occur in a depressed individual's life are interpreted and perceived in a negative light. Negative self-talk and a
general negative feeling about oneself and one's circumstances may also be conducive to the development
and a body image disorder.

Method
Participants. A total of 70 female students served as participants in the study.

3 de 10 16/02/2014 06:39 p.m.

EBSCOhost http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/ehost/delivery?sid=3191...

Body Mass Index. Body mass index was included as a tool to determine participants' weight category (e.g.
underweight, normal, overweight, or obese). Body mass index was measured by asking participants about
their height and weight on the demographic information page. Body mass index was then calculated by
dividing the participants' weight by their height (converted to cm) squared. A score below 18.5 is described as
underweight, 18.5 - 24.9 is considered normal; 25.0 -29.9 is considered overweight and 30.0 and above is
classified as obese.

Depression. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDIII; Beck, 1996) is a 21-item self-report questionnaire that is
designed to measure depression in adults. Participants respond to each item on a scale of 0 to 3 (e.g., 0I do
not feel sad; 1 I feel sad much of the time; 2 I am sad all the time; 3 I am so sad or unhappy that I can't stand
it). Scores of 0-13 are associated with minimal depression, scores of 14-19 mild form of depression, 20-28
moderate depression, and 29-63 are associated with severe depression.

Body Image Dissatisfaction. The Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ; Rosen, Srebnik, Saltzberg &
Wendt, 1991) is a self-report item designed to measure behaviors that often exist with body-image
disturbance. The BIAQ consists of 19 statements (e.g., I wear baggy clothes, I fast for a day or longer, I wear
clothes that will divert attention from my weight). Participants are asked to choose the number which best
describes how often they engage in the behaviors at the present time. A 5 point scale was used with
(5=Always, 4 = usually, 3 = Often, 2=Sometimes, 1 = Rarely, and 0=Never). The BIAQ is scored by totaling
scores on the items providing a potential range of scores between 0 and 95. Lower scores indicate lower
concerns with body image while elevated scores indicate increased concerns with body image.

The Body Shape Questionnaire, Abbreviated (BSQ; Cooper et al., 1987) is a self-report questionnaire that
assesses concerns with body shape in young women. The scale consists of 18 body-shape related
statements (e.g., Have you been so worried about your shape that you have been feeling you ought to diet?;
Have you felt so bad about your shape that you cried?; Have you felt ashamed of your body?). Participants
are asked to rate how they felt about the items over the past four weeks on a scale ranging from 1 (never) to 6
(always). Responses are summed with scores ranging from 18 to 108; lower scores indicate lower concerns
with body shape while elevated scores indicate increased concerns with body shape.

Competitiveness. The Competitiveness Index-Revised (Houston et al., 2002) assesses individuals' desire to
win in interpersonal situations. The 14 item self-report questionnaire asks participants to rate their agreement
on a 5-point Likert scale to statements such as "I like competition", "I often try to outperform others", and "I
find competitive situations unpleasant". Scores range from 14-70 with higher scores reflecting higher levels of
competitiveness.

Procedure. The participants first signed an informed consent and were told that they will be participating in a
study of how individuals perceive and judge images of people. They were randomly assigned to one of the
two experimental conditions and asked to complete a brief demographic questionnaire, BDI II, and the CI-R.
Next, they were presented with the description of a woman including her name, her personality traits, her job,
hobbies, and favorite food. In the attractive-thin condition, the woman was described as a professional model
in order to enhance the perception of society's thin ideal for women. In the attractive-heavy set condition, the
woman was described as a sales associate in order to decrease the societal association with the thin ideal. All
remaining descriptions including the name were identical across conditions. In the next step, the participants
were shown a picture of an attractive and slim woman, or an attractive heavy set woman depending on the
experimental condition they were assigned to. The women in both pictures were wearing the same outfit, a
black spaghetti strap tank and black swimsuit type bottoms. Furthermore, the dimensions of both pictures were

4 de 10 16/02/2014 06:39 p.m.

EBSCOhost http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/ehost/delivery?sid=3191...

identical. After exposure to the picture, the participants filled out the BIAQ and BSQ. Additionally, the
participants were asked to respond to a number of statements (e.g., I think the woman in the picture was
attractive; I think the woman in the picture was beautiful; I think the woman in the picture was confident; I think
the woman in the picture was too thin; I think the woman in the picture looks like someone a man would find
attractive) about the woman on a 5-point Likert scale. These questions were included at the end of the
questionnaire to disguise the true nature of the study. After completing the study, the participants were
thanked, and received a debriefing explaining the true nature and purpose of the study.

Results
The data was analyzed using a linear regression model. Given that both dependent variables can take only
positive values, ordinary least squares would result in inconsistent estimates. For this reason, a Tobit
regression specification was used which captures the lower censoring of the dependent variable and produces
consistent maximum likelihood estimates.

The descriptive statistics for the sample as well as for the two conditions are shown in Table 1. There was an
equal number of participants in each of the two experimental conditions (n=35). In terms of age, weight, BMI,
competitiveness, and number of participants who have children there is no significant difference between the
two subsamples. As for the body image and body shape dissatisfaction, there is a significant difference
between the sub-samples (albeit at p<.10) whereby the participants in the attractive slim condition experienced
higher levels of dissatisfaction as compared to the ones in the attractive heavy set condition.

TABLE: Table 1: Descriptive statistics

Table 1: Descriptive statistics

Total attractive slim attractive heavy set Number 70 35 35 Age 23.09 23.71 22.45 (7.39) (9.05) (5.31) Race
Caucasian 49 24 25 African American 16 11 5 Hispanic 3 1 2 Asian 2 0 2 Weight 165.28 (45.27) 167.25
(49.91) 163.3 (40.74) BMI 27.13 (7.25) 27.15 (7.91) 27.11 (6.62) BDI 11.98 (9.74) 10.4 (6.56) 13.57 (12.01)
BIAQ 29.71 (10.15) 31.77 (9.96) 27.65 (10.06) BSQ 52 (7.19) 53.37 (7.87) 50.62 (6.07) CI 45.3 (10.01) 45.8

5 de 10 16/02/2014 06:39 p.m.

EBSCOhost http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/ehost/delivery?sid=3191...

(10.43) 44.8 (9.69) Children 9 4 5 Note: the numbers for the continuous variables represent averages with
standard deviations in parenthesis.

The regression results are presented in Table 2. The first three columns report the estimated coefficients for
three different models with BIAQ score as the dependent variable. In the last three columns, the dependent
variable was BSQ. At first, we estimated the regression model including only depression, competitiveness,
and the image condition. Next we added the control variables weight, BMI, age, race, and number of children.
Given that BMI and weight are correlated, we estimated two separate regressions including only of these
variable each time.

The results indicate the difference between the levels of body dissatisfaction across the two image conditions
was negative and statistically significant in all model specifications. Body image and body shape
dissatisfaction were significantly lower (p<.05) for the participants in the attractive heavy set condition than in
the slim condition when BMI along with all control variables was included in the model. When weight was used
instead of BMI, the difference was significant only at the 10 percent level. Depression had a consistently
positive effect on body dissatisfaction and the estimates were very robust across specifications.
Competitiveness was also found to be positively and significantly associated with the dependent variables but
only when the control variables were included in the model. The results further suggest that BMI and weight
were both crucial determinants of body dissatisfaction leading to a strong and positive relationship. Age led to
significantly higher levels of body dissatisfaction only in the model with BIAQ as the dependent variable,
whereas the number of children appeared to have no correlation with the body dissatisfaction. Given the very
small number of Hispanics and Asians in the sample, we included only one dummy variable which took the
value of 1 if the person was African American and 0 otherwise. In other words, we used in effect Caucasians
as the control group and the estimated coefficient for race represented the difference between African
Americans and Caucasians. The results indicate that African Americans women had significantly lower levels
of body dissatisfaction than Caucasians. This coefficient was robust across all specifications of the
regression model.

Discussion
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of depression and competitiveness in the development of
body image dissatisfaction. For this purpose, women were presented with the image of a thin, attractive
model. After comparing their own body shape to the woman in the picture, participants expressed significantly
higher negative feelings about their own body image than the control group. Constant exposure to thin bodies
in their social environment may alter women's perceptions of what normal and ideal bodies are supposed to
look like. As a result, they begin to adopt a perspective of what a healthy or acceptable body image is based
upon the images they view on a regular basis.

The results of this study indicate that depression is an important contributing factor to the development of
body image and shape dissatisfaction. It is well-known that overweight women are significantly more likely to
experience depression than controls with a normal BMI (Heo et al., 2006). The negative self-talk and cognitive
distortions associated with depression increase body image dissatisfaction and the likelihood of disordered
eating and maladaptive thoughts about weight and body shape.

6 de 10 16/02/2014 06:39 p.m.

EBSCOhost http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/ehost/delivery?sid=3191...

TABLE: Table 2: Results of the regression analysis

Table 2: Results of the regression analysis

BIAQ BSQ (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) Constant 31.76[*][*][*] (3.80) -13.85 (-1.38) -13.98 (-1.51) 53.37[*][*][*] (3.27)
-24.05 (-1.30) -20.43 (-1.15) Condition -4.09[*] (-1.72) -3.56[*][*] (-2.19) -3.29[*] (-1.61) -2.77[*] (-1.67) -4
19[*][*] (-2.01) -2.49[*] (-1.73) BDI 0.31[*][*] (2.42) 0.41[*][*][*] (3.66) 0.23[*][*] (1.98) 0.97[*][*][*] (3.97) 1.09[*]
[*][*] (5.28) 1.04[*][*][*] (5.11) CI -0.04 (-2.42) 0.25[*][*] (2.05) 0.38[*][*][*] (3.60) -0.14 (-0.55) 0.44[*][*] (1.91)
0.37[*] (1.67) BMI 0.67[*][*][*] (4.44) 1.27[*][*][*] (4.56) Weight 0.12[*][*][*] (5.27) 0.20[*][*][*] (4.77) Age
0.44[*][*] (2.12) 0.43[*][*] (2.18) 0.48 (1.23) 0.46 (1.21) African American -10.35[*][*][*] (-3.47) -9 18[*][*][*]
(-3.33) -25.29[*][*][*] (-4.58) -22.60[*][*][*] (-4.27) Children -2.38 (-1.47) -1.97 (-1.29) -2.16 (-0.72) -1.33 (-0.45)
*** p<.01, **p<.05, *p<.10. t-values in parenthesis.

Competitiveness was also found to contribute positively to body image and shape dissatisfaction. The results
of the present study confirm this finding for a sample of adults. Women may begin to lose weight on a diet
regimen and enjoy the feelings associated with the weight loss. They may begin to push themselves to lose
increasingly more weight and, in a way, compete with themselves to control their will power and lose the "next
few pounds." In addition, women seek friendship groups with similar body shapes, sizes, concerns, and dieting
behaviors. Women in these groups are likely to develop the same types of dieting behaviors and social
norms, and therefore will encourage each other to lose weight and become competitive in weight loss
attempts. As a result, women will compete with their peers in their social groups to become thinner and more
attractive which in turn may increase their already maladaptive body image (Paxton et al., 2005).

As expected, the study also found that BMI contributes positively to body image dissatisfaction. Higher levels
of BMI are related to overweight and obesity, which in turn increase the risk of developing hypertension, high
cholesterol, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, reproductive health issues, eating disorders, and
emotional problems such as depression (Faulconbridge et al., 2009). The feelings of unattractiveness
stemming from overweight and obesity coupled with the associated health concerns magnify body image
dissatisfaction.

Interestingly, the findings suggest that body image and shape dissatisfaction varies across races. In particular,
it was less significantly less pronounced for African Americans than the rest of the sample. It is possible that
beauty standards differ across ethnicities, which might be related to cultural factors. In fact, there is evidence
that African American, Hispanic and Asian women have heavier ideals of beauty standards and norms as

7 de 10 16/02/2014 06:39 p.m.

EBSCOhost http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/ehost/delivery?sid=3191...

compared to Caucasian women (Flynn & Fitzgibbon, 1996).

The results of the present study have important implications for future research and the clinical practice.
Clinicians treating women suffering from body-image disturbances or eating disorders are encouraged to
include screenings for depression and competitiveness during intakes. Uses in therapeutic settings include
cognitive behavioral therapy to decrease negative self-talk and cognitive distortions that are associated with
depression and body-image dissatisfaction.

There were a few limitations of the current study that merit discussion. First, the sample size of the study is
small. Although the researchers recruited large numbers of students, only a small amount of students chose to
participate in the research. The small sample size may not allow for generalization to larger and more diverse
populations.

Second, the assessment devices used were self-report so participants may have underreported the current
state of their emotional functioning and experiences. In future studies, researchers may use other measures
than self-report questionnaires.

Lastly, a more sensitive measure of body mass or body fat measurement may be more appropriate for this
research study. The BMI quotient may not evaluate individuals who are muscular in the appropriate manner.
These individuals may be classified as obese because of their height-to-weight ratio when their body fat totals
are significantly low.

One pressing idea for future research would be the need to include men in a study with a similar design. It
would be helpful to examine men's body image when exposed to images of muscular, in shape models as
compared to the average size male. Second, a study designed within specific demographic groups, such as
Asian women or African American women would be valuable. The current study manipulated images of
Caucasian women, future directions would include using images of Asian, African American, or Hispanic
models to determine if the idealized self is related more closely to one or more specific race of models.

References
American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2007). Report of the APA
Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Beck, A. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio. TX: Psychological Corporation.

Birtchnell, S., Dolan, B., & Lacey, J. (1987). Body Image Distortion in Non-Eating Disordered Women.
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6(3), 385-391.

Clark, L. & Tiggemann, M. (2008). Sociocultural and Individual Psychological Predictors of Body Image in
Young Girls: A Prospective Study. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 1124-1134.

Cooper, P.J., Taylor, M.J., Cooper, Z., and Fair-burn, C.G. (1987). The development and validation of the
body shape questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 485-494.

Faulconbridge, L., Wadden, T., Sarwer, D., Womble, L., Hesson, L., Stunkard, A., & Fab-ricatore, A. (2009).
Changes in symptoms of depression with weight loss: Results of a randomized trial. Obesity, 17(5),
1009-1016.

Flynn, K. & Fitzgibbon, M. (1996). Body image ideals of low income African American mothers and their

8 de 10 16/02/2014 06:39 p.m.

EBSCOhost http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/ehost/delivery?sid=3191...

preadolescent daughters. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(5), 615-630.

Heatherton, T. (1993). Body Dissatisfaction, Self-Focus, and Dieting Status among Women. Psychology of
Addictive Behaviors, 7(4), 225-231.

Heo, M., Pietrobelli, A., Fontaine, K., Sirey, J., & Faith, M. (2006). Depressive mood and obesity in US adults:
Comparison and moderation by sex, age, and race. International Journal of Obesity, 30(3), 513-519.

Houston, J.M., Harris, P., Mclntire, S., & Francis, D. (2002). Revising the Competitiveness Index using factor
analysis, Psychological Report, 90,31-34.

Kenrick, D & Gutierres, S. (1980). Contrast Effects and Judgments of Physical Attractiveness: When Beauty
Becomes a Social Problem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(1), 131-140.

Morry, M. & Staska, S. (2001). Magazine Exposure: Internalization, Self-Objectification, Eating Attitudes, and
Body Satisfaction in Male and Female University Students. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 33(4),
269-279.

Paxton, S., Norris, M., Wertheim, E., Durkin, S., & Anderson, J. (2005). Body Dissatisfaction, Dating, and
Importance of Thinness to Attractiveness in Adolescent Girls. Sex Roles, 53(9 and 10), 663-675.

Pliner, P., Rizvi, S., & Remick, A. (2009). Competition affects food choice in women. International Journal of
Eating Disorders, 42(6), 557-564.

Rosen, J.C., Srebnik, D., Saltzberg, E., and Wendt, S. (1991). Development of a Body Image Avoidance
Questionnaire, Psychological Assessment, 3, 32-37. Instrument reprinted by permission of authors and
publisher.

Stice, E., & Shaw, H. (2003). Prospective relations of body image, eating, and affective disturbances to
smoking onset in adolescent girls: How Virginia Slims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 129 -
135.

Stormer, S .M., & Thompson, J. (1998). Challenging Media Messages Regarding Appearance: A
Psychoeducational Program for Males and Females. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the
Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington D.C.

Thompson, J & Heinberg, L. (1993). Preliminary Test of Two Hypotheses of Body Image Disturbance.
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14(1), 59-63.

Thompson, J. & Stice, E. (2001). Thin-Ideal Internalization: Mounting Evidence for a New Risk Factor for
Body-Image Disturbance and Eating Pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, American
Psychological Association. 181-183.

Trampe, D., Siero, F., & Stapel, D. (2007). On Models and Vases: Body Dissatisfaction and Proneness to
Social Comparison Effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 106-118.

* Department of Psychology and Special Education, Texas A&M University at Commerce, P.O. Box 3011,
Commerce, TX 75429-3011. Tel.: +1-903-468-6056. Fax: +1-903-886-5510. Email:
Karin&lowbar;Tochkov@tamu-commerce.edu.

9 de 10 16/02/2014 06:39 p.m.

EBSCOhost http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/ehost/delivery?sid=3191...

~~~~~~~~
By LAUREN SIDES-MOORE, Texas A&M University-Commerce and KARIN TOCHKOV, Texas A&M
University-Commerce, Karin&lowbar;Tochkov@tamu-commerce.edu

Copyright of College Student Journal is the property of Project Innovation, Inc. and its content may not be
copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written
permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

10 de 10 16/02/2014 06:39 p.m.