Social Dynamic and Urban Conflict

Social Dynamic and Urban Conflict, Case Study at Mozambique 28th October 2013
SOCIAL DYNAMIC AND URBAN CONFLICT
MOZAMBIQUE
SITI KARTINA JUHARI (2012480246) ROHANA RAMLI (2012687586) ANWAR SURAN (2012977513) RAMZI LAZIM (2012286028)
UDM 750: Social Dynamic and Urban Conflict AP771: MSc in Urban Development and Management
INTRODUCTION
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique ,
is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian
Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and
Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and
Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. The capital
and largest city is Maputo (previously called Lourenço
Marques before independence).
1. Cabo Delgado
2. Gaza
3. Inhambane
4. Manica
5. Maputo (city)
6. Maputo
7. Nampula
8. Niassa
9. Sofala
10. Tete
11. Zambezia
KEY FACT ABOUT MOZAMBIQUE
B
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
A. Human Development Index: Trends 1980 until
Present
B. Human Development Index: Health, Education
and Income
C. Country Profile: Human Development Indicators
THE HISTORICAL ASPECT OF GOVERNANCE

AND POLITICS IN THESE COUNTRIES
POLITICAL HISTORY - TIMELINE

1961 and 1963 – Abolished forced labor (slave) [national
sentiment built up] FRELIMO headed by Eduardo Mondlane
1964 - 7,000 Guerilla warfare in North Mozambique

against Portuguese 60,000 armies.
Eduardo Mondlane
1974 – Portuguese colonialism collapsed. President of FRELIMO
1975 – Independence was proclaimed.
Samora Machel
1979 – Liberation movement supporting the Zimbabwe
(First President)
African National Union (ZANO) – Civil War sabotage the
rural area.
1983 – FRELIMO party congress (President Samora Machel

said that it’s a failure of socialism and needed major political
and economy reforms.
1984 – Mozambique National Resistance Movement (MNR or

RENAMO) – Arm Rebel Movement (support apartheid) in
central Mozambique. Guerilla warfare against FRELIMO
1992 – suffered worst droughts widespread famine that

ensued. (RENAMO blocked famine relief efforts in rural areas)
1992 – FRELIMO dan RENAMO signed an accord ending civil

war (Rome General Peace Accords)
1994 – first multiparty election (democratic) President Joaquim

Chissano with slight majority in Parliament.
Joaquim Chissano
1998 – First local election for local representation and some (Second President)
budgetary authority at municipal level. Independent won.
1999 – Second national election (Chissano won and being

President on January 2000)
2003 – Second local election – no boycotts from both party.
2004 – General election with Armando Guebuza (FRELIMO)

won the 160 seats over 250 seats in Parliament.
Armando Guebuza
2005 – New President of Mozambique.
(president until now)
AFTER INDEPENDENCE - CENTRALIZE ADMINISTRATION
Nevertheless, the colonial local government system was abolished in 1978 by the
Laws no. 5/78 and 6178 of 22 April and were replaced by the executive councils as
the executive bodies of the cities and districts assemblies, established by law n. 7/78
of 22 April. The executive councils were composed of a chairman or administrator
appointed by the central government and three to five members appointed or
elected by the city or district assembly whatever the case might be.
ISSUES AND PROBLEMS Armando Guebuza

The most civic groups do not have enough (president until now)
understanding of the decentralization and local
governance process
The civic groups represented in the municipalities act

and work in a partnership in rendering the goods and
services, to their constituency.
The contribution of these civic groups has been very

instrumental in the resolution of most of the
municipal problems, such as management efficiency,
accountability of public funds, revenue generation and
so on.
The political environment in Mozambique is

characterized by ineffective opposition political parties
that lack a solid ideological base around which support
for them could coalesce, opposition parties face
enormous challenges and are dominated by individual
and ethnic interests.
THE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND CULTURE

OF THE PEOPLE
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Prazeiros
Mestizos
Africans
CLASSES AND CASTES

During the time of Portuguese rule, the prazeiros, (Portuguese landowners) formed the wealthiest
and most powerful class. Below them were the mestizos, those of mixed African and Portuguese
descent; and at the bottom were Africans, who constituted the vast majority of the population.
Despite the internal diversity of the population, which is composed of various cultural and linguistic
groups, ethnicity has never been a major factor in social status. Since independence, most
Portuguese have left the country. Today, with the exception of the tiny ruling elite, nearly
everyone in the country is poor!
SYMBOLS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.
The way people dress reflects the confluence of different cultures as well as the
individual's economic standing. In the cities, men wear Western-style suits to go to
work. Women wear Western-style dresses made from fabric with brightly colour in
African patterns. Throughout the country men have, for the most part, replaced the
traditional loincloth with T-shirts and dashikis. (cont….)
SYMBOLS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.
Women in rural areas, generally have kept their traditional garb of long strips of
fabric that are wrapped around the body, under the arms, and over one shoulder.
They also have retained the traditional head scarf or turban.
Young people almost exclusively wear Western clothing, except for the extremely
indigent.
Dress also can be a marker of ethnic identity. Muslims in the north wear traditional
long white robes and head coverings.
GENDER ROLES AND STATUSES
The constitution guarantees all citizens the right to work, but women often face obstacles
when they seek non-traditional employment. Women have historically been responsible
for all domestic tasks. In the towns and cities, they generally are confined to the home,
whereas in rural areas, they play an important role in the agricultural labour force.
The Organizaçao de Mulheres de Mozambique (Organization of Mozambican Women, or

OMM), which works to promote women's rights, has implemented programs to teach women
to sew and crochet and sell the products they produce for cash.
THE RELATIVE STATUS OF WOMEN AND MEN
According to the constitution, men and women have equal rights. However, both traditional
and colonial attitudes keep women in a somewhat subordinate position. Even within the
ranks of Frelimo, which declared itself a proponent of women's rights, women have
not attained positions of power!
SOCIALIZATION
Infant Care. Young children rarely are separated from their mothers. It is
customary for women to tie their babies to their backs with a strip of cloth and take
them along when they work in the fields.
Child Rearing and Education. Children are treated with affection but are expected
to defer to their elders and often begin to work at a young age. After the civil war, as
many as half a million children were left without families. Many of these children stay
alive by stealing or selling small items on the street in the cities.
RELIGIOUS AND BELIEFS
Today the constitution ensures religious freedom and separation of church and state.
However, when Ferlimo took power, it expressed hostility toward Roman Catholicism,
viewing it as a Portuguese tool of oppression. Twenty to 30 percent of the population is
Christian, and 10 percent follows Islam; Islam is most prevalent near the northern coast.
Many people who adhere to Christianity or Islam still practice traditional religion. About
two- thirds of the population follows animist rituals and customs.
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
Marriage. In 1981, Frelimo instituted a law designed in conjunction with OMM that
established monogamous marriage, and by which both spouses share ownership of
property and decisions about where to live. The law also entitled women to a means of
specified the responsibilities of fathers in financially supporting their children.
Domestic Unit. The traditional family living together under one roof. However, in many
areas, this family structure has been dismantled by the civil war, which took many lives,
compelled many men to emigrate from rural areas to the cities or to neighboring countries,
and left large numbers of children orphaned or abandoned.
EDUCATION
CHILDREN EDUCATION
While there has been an increase in the number of children enrolling in school, many
do not complete their first stage of education; in fact, just 10 % of girls reach the
final year of primary education. There are many reasons for this, including large
class sizes, lack of female role models for girls, long distances to travel to school,
limited teaching resources out dated curricula and teaching methods.
HEALTH
In 2010, the rate is estimated to be

11.5%, distributed amongst 13.1% of
female and 9.2% of male adults aged
15–49. An estimated 5.7 million people
HIV/AIDS Virus
are affected.
The prevalence of the HIV/AIDS virus in Mozambique – with 11 % of the

population currently living with HIV – is a further point of vulnerability for poor
rural households, aggravating poverty and malnutrition levels. The virus affects the
most productive household members and drains already meagre resources, which
are used to pay for medical fees and other care.
THE ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD ISSUES AND

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE POPULATION
ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD

In 1987, due to the prolonged civil war and inadequate
economic policies, Mozambique was ranked the world's
poorest country because of economic collapse.
The economy of Mozambique has developed since the end

of the Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992), but the country
is still one of the world's poorest and most underdeveloped.
Today, the economy of Mozambique continues to be

dominated by agriculture. Export partners include Spain,
South Africa, Portugal, the United States, Japan, Malawi,
India, and Zimbabwe. Imports, such as farm equipment and
transport equipment, are capital goods that are worth more
than agricultural products.
ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD

The country also imports food, clothing, and petroleum products.
Import partners include South Africa, Zimbabwe, Saudi Arabia,
Portugal, the United States, Japan, and India.
Farming is their main source of food and income, but agricultural

productivity is low. Farmers and fishers generally make enough to
meet their households’ basic food requirements, with a small
surplus for sale in some cases. Incomes from both farming and
fishing are meagre, and most of the rural population survives at
subsistence level.
BACKGROUND OF ECONOMIC AND POPULATION

Population 2012 estimate 23,929,708
Population Growth 1.8% per year
Life Expectancy at Birth 41.4 years
Fertility Rate 5.1 children/woman
Labour force Agriculture (77%)
by occupation Industry (8%)
Services (15%) (2012 est.)
Maputo, capital and financial center of
Mozambique GDP by Sector (2012 est.)
-Agriculture (29.5%)
- Industry (23.9%)
- Services (46.5%)
GDP growth 7.5% (2012) growth to 8.5% in 2013

and 8% in 2014.
Main industries Aluminium, coal, petroleum
products, chemicals (fertilizer, soap,
paint) cement, asbestos, glass,
Women in Mozambique with maize
textiles and food processing
THE ECONOMIC ISSUE

The economy of
Mozambique has
developed since the end of
the Mozambican Civil
War (1977–1992), but the
country is still one of the
world's poorest and most
underdeveloped.
Poorest and Most Underdeveloped.
Mozambique is one of the world’s poorest countries.
Despite more than a decade of sustained high economic growth,
Mozambique’s economy did not undergo any significant structural change,
limiting its capacity to sustainably reduce poverty and foster human
development, still one of the lowest in the world.
Most peoples nations suffer from military dictatorships, corruption, civil

unrest and war, underdevelopment and deep poverty.. Numerous
development strategies have failed to yield the expected results.
THE ECONOMIC ISSUE

LIVE IN RURAL AREAS.
Poverty is still predominantly a rural phenomenon in Mozambique. More than
70 per cent of poor households live in rural areas. (World Bank, 2010).
The majority of families in these areas rely solely on rain-fed crops for their
living and food and are extremely vulnerable to floods, drought and crop
diseases. HIV/AIDS is dealing severe blows to rural livelihoods as well.
Although the country has made progress in increasing access to education,
the quality of schooling is low.
THE ECONOMIC ISSUE
RURAL POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE.
The vast majority of the rural population still lives on less than
US$1.25 a day and lacks basic services.
Rural poverty is marked by isolation, inadequate infrastructure and

the consequent lack of access to good and services.
THE ECONOMIC ISSUE

LACK OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES AND SUPPORTS
The country’s low agricultural productivity is the result of a lack of
appropriate technologies and supports. Produce markets are
generally distant, unreliable and uncompetitive for smallholder
farmers, who depend on traditional farming methods, low-yield seed
varieties and manual cultivation techniques.
Alternative sources of income outside agriculture are few. Poor rural

people have little to buffer them from food insecurity.
SMALL-SCALE FISHERS IN MOZAMBIQUE ECONOMIC ISSUE
There are approximately 280 000 small-scale fishers in Mozambique.

Some of these pressures stem from the fisheries sector itself as more
people take up artisanal fishing, new technologies increase the impact of
fisheries’ activities, and illegal fishing practices undermine governance
efforts. Increasingly, however, fisheries also face pressures that stem from
other sectors of the economy.
LIVELIHOOD ISSUE
LOSS OF NATURAL HABITAT
80% of Mozambique’s population live in
rural areas and depend on wood for
cooking and for heating of water for
domestic use, space heating and drying of
foodstuffs. This reliance on trees could
spell disaster should population levels rise.
LACK OF LONG TERM PLANNING, POOR SITE MANAGEMENT, POOR WASTE MANAGEMENT
Lack of long term planning, poor site management, poor

waste and water management and little appliance of
reusable energy sources. By only employing a few local
people, a company does not necessarily help sustain,
train or empower the local community
LIVELIHOOD ISSUE
THE POOR INFRASTRUCTURE AND EXPAND SOCIAL SAFETY
Poverty in rural Mozambique is marked by isolation,
inadequate infrastructure and the consequent lack of
access to goods and services. The road network is in very
poor condition, only about 60 per cent of rural people
have access to safe water.
LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION.
Rural poverty is also closely related to lack of access to

health care and education
WOMEN ARE PARTICULARLY DISADVANTAGED.

They have considerably less access to education
than men and, therefore, fewer skills. Health care is
inadequate, and the number of women who die in
childbirth is high.
LIVELIHOOD PROBLEMS
LACK OF LOCAL SOCIAL NETWORKS
local social networks among refugees/immigrants
communities and, between them and their hosts are
fundamental in accessing different ranges of paid
employment.
Their relevance is here explained in contexts whereby

social, economic, legal and skills play a significant role
in accessing jobs and shaping the social relations
between people..
LIVELIHOOD ISSUE
NATURAL DISASTERS SUCH AS DROUGHTS AND FLOODS
Poor rural households are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters such
as droughts and floods that periodically beset the southern and central
areas of Mozambique.
The numbers of people killed and displaced have dropped since 2000,
when floods in Mozambique killed 700 people and displaced a quarter
of a million others.
PERSONS MIGRATE TO URBAN AND COASTAL AREAS.

The impact on the environment has been considerable, resulting in land
desertification and the pollution of inland and coastal waters in certain areas.
THE EFFORTS OF THE LEADERS OF THE

COUNTRY TO UPLIFT THE WELL-BEING OF
THE PEOPLE
STRUCTURE OF THE PLAN OF ACTION TO REDUCE POVERTY – PARP (2011-2014)
POLICIES AND INSTRUMENTS FOR THE PROMOTION OF GENDER EQUALITY IN MOZAMBIQUE
CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC GENDER POLICY AND

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
2025
MDG,S AGENDA NATIONAL PLAN FOR THE
EMPOWERMENT
FIVE-YEAR PROGRAM OF THE
Note: OF WOMEN
Millennium
GOVERNMENT
Development
Goals NATIONAL PLAN FOR PREVENTION
(MDGs)
AND COMBAT VIOLENCE AGAINST
WOMEN
PARP + MTEF (CFMP)

Note: Portuguese GENDER STRATEGY OF THE
acronym for the
Note: PUBLIC SECTOR ST
country’s poverty
reduction strategy Medium-Term
(PARP) Expenditure
Framework SECTORS
PROGRAMS LOCAL LAW OF THE STATE
ESP + BUDGET
SECTORAL STRATEGIES FOR

Extended Service Plan THE PROMOTION OF
GENDER EQUALITY
SECTORS ACTIONS/ACTIVITIES BUDGET
Social Dynamic and Urban Conflict, Case Study at Mozambique THE EFFORTS OF THE LEADERS 28th October 2013
THE PRIORITY AREAS FOR PUBLIC POLICY TO SUSTAIN GROWTH AND

POVERTY REDUCTION, AND IMPROVE SERVICE DELIVERY ARE ARRANGED
 The Mozambican economy has been UNDER THREE PILLARS
growing at a rate slightly higher than 7% a
year with significant impact on the
population well-being. Action Plan
 The proportion of poor people in total

population reduced from 69.4% in 1997 to Governance
54.1% in 2003.
 Not withstanding this result and the positive

projections that indicate that rate of growth
will be maintained up to 2014, the
demographic data does not follow the same
trend.
Percentage of Poor Economic

Development
People
100.00%
69.4%
Human Capital
1997
1997
50.00% 54.1.4%
2003
2003
0.00% Social Sector, Health Sector

include treatement HIV dan
1997 2003
Keynote Address: H.E. Dr. Luísa Dias Diogo, Prime Minister of the
Republic of Mozambique to the 30th Session of IFAD's Governing
fight HIV/AIDS
Council
OVERVIEW OF GENDER ISSUES IN MEDIUM-TERM PLANNING AND BUDGETING

INSTRUMENTS – PQG [Programa Quinquenal do Governo (Government’s Five-Year Plan)]
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES PRIORITY ACTIONS

Develop capacity building activities on gender and
Combat all manifestations of discrimination and
leadership, participation in policy, planning and budgeting
exclusion based on differences in
from the perspective of gender and good governance for
culture, ethnicity, gender, race, religion, region of
women at all levels;
origin and political affiliation;
Promote gender equality by raising women's status Adopt and operationalize the 3rd National Plan of Action
and participation in political, economic and social for the Advancement of Women;
development;
Promote the dissemination of legislation and Promote training on planning and budgeting from a
operational strategies to support women in order to gender perspective for key actors within government
ensure social justice, equal rights and opportunities institutions and civil society;
between men and women in society and before the
law.
Create and operationalize the District Councils for the
Advancement of Women;
Promote and develop actions to raise awareness of
women's participation in all spheres of national life;
Develop and implement a mechanism for monitoring and
evaluating progress and impact of gender related actions.
STRUCTURE
Social OF THE
Dynamic and Urban Conflict, PLAN
Case Study OF ACTION
at Mozambique TO REDUCE POVERTY – PARP (2011-2013
28th October
2014)
Inclusive
Economic Growth
and Poverty
Reduction
1. Increased
Production and
Productivity for 3. Human and
2. Social
Agricultural Employment
and Fisheries Development
Promotion
Cross-cutting issues
(Gender, Rural
POVERTY Development, Environment, Food and
Nutritional Security, Science and Technology
and Mine Clearance)
Macroeconomic Management
Good Governance
and Public Finance
OVERVIEW OF GENDER ISSUES IN MEDIUM-TERM PLANNING AND BUDGETING INSTRUMENTS –

PARP/PRSP (2010 - 2014)
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF PARP PRIORITY ACTIONS

1. Increased Production and Productivity for Increase the quality and coverage of public and private
Agricultural and Fisheries extension, taking into account gender equity
2. Employment Promotion Promote special credit and guarantee funds to support
small producers and economic agents
Strengthening actions for increasing access of pregnant
women for institutional delivery
3. Human and Social Development Establish integrated services to prevent and respond to
violence against women
To promote income –generating activities with particular
focus on women
Social Problems and Control. Crime is a growing problem, particularly in the cities, which have been flooded with poor unemployed
men from the countryside seeking work.
Program Based Planning and Budgeting
• The Portuguese acronym for the country’s poverty reduction

strategy - PARP (2011-2014) And the economic and social plan
led to the creation of 3 gender related programs in budgetary
elaboration module of the state budget but not national program.
Public Sector Designation of the Government Objective Programme Strategic Objective

Government Programme Of PARP
Social Action Promoting gender equality Promote gender equity by raising
Women Sector women’s status and their participation in
-Political
-Economic and Human and Social
-Social development Development
Health Sector Public Health privileged Promoting equity in access to health care
Women’s Health and Children focusing on the health of women and
and Health Care children and other vulnerable groups
Employment Employment and training -improve the quantity and quality in the Employment Promotion
Sector training
-Aimed at increasing the employability of
citizens and the promotion of job
opportunities and employment in rural
areas
-With special attention to young people,
women, disable, people affected by HIV
and AIDS
GOVERNMENT PROGRAM TO ACHIEVE THE OBJECTIVES
OF THE PARP 2011-2014
SECTOR : AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
Program : Development of Community Fishing
Program Objective : Boost production and productivity in agriculture and fisheries
Activity / Action Stage
Increased contribution of fisheries sector to the country in the balance of payments National Level
Agricultural production and productivity to guarantee increased output and food security National Level
in the country
Increase fisheries production for food security
Community Level
- Enhance the contribution of the fisheries sector to the population food and
nutritional security
Improve living conditions for fishing communities Community Level
- Improve living conditions for small-scale fishing and aquaculture communities
SECTOR : HEALTH
Program : Public Health privileged Women’s Health and Children and Health Care
Program Objective : Promoting equity in access to health care focusing on the health and children and other
vulnerable groups.
- Training support groups for breastfeeding advice to mothers in the communities

- About the practice of breastfeeding, National Level
- Including the context of HIV
Expansion of services for screening and treatment of cancer of the cervix and breast for
National Level
the remaining province of the remaining six provinces of the country
Dissemination of standards for the provision of integrated care for victims of violence in National Level
light of the recent law passed on domestic violence against women
National Level
Training of 30 program managers of the National / HIV / AIDS within the gender focus
SECTOR : CULTURE
Program : Promotion of Culture for Development
Program Objective : To Promote culture, contribute to the economic and social development

- Promote consultation meetings
- With communities living in places where cultural practices still affect negatively
Communities Level
- Thus enabling greater gender gap
- Train community leaders in the field of gender equality

Communities Level
- In regions where cultural practices negatively affect the population in particular
SECTOR : MINISTRY OF INTERIOR (POLICE)
Program : Ministry of Interior (POLICE)
Program Objective : To ensure order and security of people and goods, the climate of peace and public

- Conducting training
- Awareness sessions on installation of a database
National Level
- Services to victims of domestic violence
Increasing the number of Police Stations equipped to better serve women and children
Communities Level
victims of violence
Military Activity. Under Frelimo, the police force was nationally

controlled, with local divisions in each town. Frelimo also put in
place the National Service of Popular Security, an arm of the
police force that deals with terrorism and sabotage.
SECTOR : MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND

SOCIAL ACTION
HIV AND AIDS PROGRAMS
Program : Promoting gender equality
Program Objective : To promote gender equity by raising women’s status and their participation in political,
economic and indicator result do program % of women leaders in political, economic and social
- Undertake sensitization of women Parliamentarians

- District advisory councils and leaders of the business Communities Level
- Sector on gender and leadership participation in political life, good governance,
planning and budgeting gender options.
Create and operationalize the district councils for the advance of woman Communities Level
Train members to promotions of women and men CDAM (District Council for the Communities Level
Advancement of Women) on gender issues, planning HIV – Aids and Nutrition
Disseminate and monitor the implementation of the 3rd National Plan for the Communities Level
Advancement of Women
SECTOR : HUMAN AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Program : Promoting education and social
Program Objective : To promote human and social development

Secondary education
Communities
- Expand secondary vocational education on a sustainable basis,
Level
- Through the formal system and distance education
- With due regard to quality
Public health, with special focus on women and children and women and children and medical
assistance Communities
- Promote equity in access to health care Level
- With priority to women and children
- Other vulnerable groups
Public health, with focus on reducing the impact of major epidemics and malnutrition
Communities
- Reduce impact of major epidemics such malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,diarrhea and
Level
other pandemics
- Help reduce chronic malnutrition and protein-calorie and micronutrient malnutrition
Communities
EDUCATIONS
Prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS
Level
-Help reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS.
CONCLUSION
Their relevance is here explained in contexts whereby social, economic,
legal and skills play a significant role in accessing jobs and shaping the
social relations between people. This case study argues that social networks
are important because of lack of employment opportunities.
In overall, poverty in rural Mozambique is marked by isolation, inadequate

infrastructure and the consequent lack of access to goods and services. The
road network is in very poor condition. Rural poverty is also closely related
to lack of access to health care and education. Although the situation has
improved over time, significantly more progress will be required to attain
the health and education-related development Goals and improve access
to other social services.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.thefreedictionary.com/leader
Food Security and Nutrition, Mozambique Coorporation Framework, 2013
The World Bank, Working for a World Free of Poverty, April 2013
Save the Children, HIV and Aids Program, www.savethechildren.org/OVC
Rural poverty in Mozambique, www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/home/tags/mozambique
The Hunger Project, www.thp.org/
Armon, Jeremy, and Dylan Hendrikson, eds. Mozambican Peace Process in Perspective, 1998.
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, Entry into force: 29 November 1999
Bowen, Merle L. State against the Peasantry: Rural Struggles in Colonial and Postcolonial Mozambique 2000.
Chan, Stephen, and Moises Venancio. War and Peace in Mozambique, 1988.
Ciment, James. Angola and Mozambique: Postcolonial War in Southern Africa, 1997.
Earle, Deborah, ed. From Conflict to Peace in a Changing World: Social Reconstruction in Times of Transition, 1998.
Ferraz, Bernardo, and Barry Muslow. Sustainable Development in Mozambique, 2000.
Hall, Margaret. Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique Since Independence, 1997.
James, R. S. Mozambique, 1988.
Jouanneau, Daniel. Mozambique, 1995.
Landau, Luis. Rebuilding the Mozambique Economy: Assessment of a Development
Partnership, 1998.
Lopes, Armando Jorge. Language Policy: Principles and Problems, 1997.
Newit, Mayn. A History of Mozambique, 1995.
Nordstrom, Carolyn. A Different Kind of War Story, 1997.
Reidy, Mary, ed. Mozambique, 1995.
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Social Dynamic and Urban Conflict, Case Study at Mozambique 28th October 2013

THE HISTORICAL ASPECT OF GOVERNANCE

POLITICAL HISTORY - TIMELINE

1964 - 7,000 Guerilla warfare in North Mozambique

1983 – FRELIMO party congress (President Samora Machel

1984 – Mozambique National Resistance Movement (MNR or

1992 – suffered worst droughts widespread famine that

1992 – FRELIMO dan RENAMO signed an accord ending civil

1994 – first multiparty election (democratic) President Joaquim

1999 – Second national election (Chissano won and being

2003 – Second local election – no boycotts from both party.

2004 – General election with Armando Guebuza (FRELIMO)

AFTER INDEPENDENCE - CENTRALIZE ADMINISTRATION

ISSUES AND PROBLEMS Armando Guebuza

The civic groups represented in the municipalities act

The contribution of these civic groups has been very

The political environment in Mozambique is

THE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND CULTURE

CLASSES AND CASTES

SYMBOLS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.

SYMBOLS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.

GENDER ROLES AND STATUSES

The Organizaçao de Mulheres de Mozambique (Organization of Mozambican Women, or

THE RELATIVE STATUS OF WOMEN AND MEN

RELIGIOUS AND BELIEFS

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

In 2010, the rate is estimated to be

The prevalence of the HIV/AIDS virus in Mozambique – with 11 % of the

THE ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD ISSUES AND

ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD

The economy of Mozambique has developed since the end

Today, the economy of Mozambique continues to be

ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD

Farming is their main source of food and income, but agricultural

BACKGROUND OF ECONOMIC AND POPULATION

GDP growth 7.5% (2012) growth to 8.5% in 2013

THE ECONOMIC ISSUE

Most peoples nations suffer from military dictatorships, corruption, civil

THE ECONOMIC ISSUE

THE ECONOMIC ISSUE

RURAL POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE.

Rural poverty is marked by isolation, inadequate infrastructure and

THE ECONOMIC ISSUE

Alternative sources of income outside agriculture are few. Poor rural

SMALL-SCALE FISHERS IN MOZAMBIQUE ECONOMIC ISSUE

There are approximately 280 000 small-scale fishers in Mozambique.

Lack of long term planning, poor site management, poor

LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION.

Rural poverty is also closely related to lack of access to

WOMEN ARE PARTICULARLY DISADVANTAGED.

Their relevance is here explained in contexts whereby

PERSONS MIGRATE TO URBAN AND COASTAL AREAS.

THE EFFORTS OF THE LEADERS OF THE

CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC GENDER POLICY AND

PARP + MTEF (CFMP)

SECTORAL STRATEGIES FOR

THE PRIORITY AREAS FOR PUBLIC POLICY TO SUSTAIN GROWTH AND

 The proportion of poor people in total

 Not withstanding this result and the positive

Percentage of Poor Economic

0.00% Social Sector, Health Sector

OVERVIEW OF GENDER ISSUES IN MEDIUM-TERM PLANNING AND BUDGETING

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES PRIORITY ACTIONS