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Out line:
•Iron and Steel
•Cast iron and wrought iron
•Steel making process
• Steel Products
•Cold forming and heat
treatment of steel
Hardening
Tempering
Annealing
*Properties of Steel
*Structural Steel and Grades
*Failure Types
•Steel alloys 1
Iron and Steel
The basic constituent of steel is iron. Iron is widely available allover the
world, but only in combination with other elements.
Wrought iron has the least, and cast iron the greatest amount of carbon.
Increase in the amount of carbon decreases the melting point of the metal.
Wrought iron can be cold worked, forged, and welded like steel. Forging is
working a metal to a predetermined shape by one or more processes such as
hammering, pressing, and rolling.
Cast Iron. Cast iron is manufactured by reheating pig iron (in a cupola) and
blending it with other materials of known composition
4
STEEL MAKING PROCESS
Sintering is a process of
application of heat that results
in the conversion of fine ore
into hard and porous lumps
Pelletizing is a process of
forming balls in the presence
of moisture and additives such
as bentonite or lime.
(Bentonite is a fine-grained
plastic clay that is water
absorbent.)
Material Carbon Silicon Manganese (%) Melting point Tensile Tensile modulus
conte (%) [oF (oC)] Strength [ksi (GPa)]
nt [ksi (MPa)]
(%)
Mild steel <0.25 0.05-0.25 <0.68 Varies with carbon 64 (450) 3 X 103
content (207)
High-carbon 1.4 <0.8 <1.5 varies with carbon 130 (900) 30 X 103
steel content (207)
Cast iron 5.0 1.25 1-2.5 2084 (1140) 16 (110) 15-22 X 103 (103-
152)
6
Cold forming and Heat treatment of steel
All steels show an initial elastic phase followed by yielding or strain hardening. The
elongation or strain at failure depends on the type of steel.
The modulus of elasticity of steel, which is the slope of the initial straight-line portion of the
diagram, is constant, equal to 29,000 ksi (200 GPa) for all types of ordinary mild steel.
10
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
Notch toughness is a measure that is commonly used to calculate steel's
behavior in a ductile or brittle transition range. It is influenced by many factors,
such as chemical composition, hot and cold working temperatures, internal
cleanliness and method of fabrication, carbon content, oxygen level, and grain size.
thickness and width, cross-sectional area, and moment of inertia) are listed in
tables in the Manual of Steel Construction of the American Institute of Steel
Construction (Chicago).
11
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Structural steel shapes are rolled flanged sections having one dimension of the cross section
equal to or greater than 3 in. (7.5 cm). They are manufactured in many shapes and grades.
These products are used as columns, beams, and bracing members in buildings; for trusses; as
bridge girders; and in prefabricated structures and similar construction.
12
STRUCTURAL GRADES
Structural steel (hot-rolled structural shapes, plates, and bars) is produced in seven grades:
A36, A529, A44l, A572, A242, A588, and A514. Chemical and tensile requirements for these
grades are shown in Table
TABLE 7.2 PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
ASTM Type Grade Carbon Manganes Copper Tensile Yield point Availability
designatio (max) e (max) (min) Strength min
n [ksi (MPa)] [ksi
(MPa)]
A36 Structural carbon steel 36 0.26 - 0.20 58-80 36 (250) All plates, shapes, and bars
(400-550)
A572 High-strength 42 0.21 1.35 0.20 60 (415) 42 (290) All shapes, sheet piling, and
low-alloy steel of structural tees
quality
50 0.23 1.35 0.20 65 (450) 50 (345) All shapes, sheet piling, and
tees
65 0.26 1.35 0.20 80 (550) 65 (450) Limited shapes and all tees
A529 Structural steel 42 0.27 1.2 0.20 60-85 42 (290) Selected shapes,
with 42 ksi min yield point (415-485) plates, and bars of 1/2 in.
and less in thickness
A441 High-strength low-alloy (discontinued as of 1989; replaced by A572)
structural steel
A242 High-strength low-alloy 42-50 0.15 1.0 0.20 63-70 42-50 Limited shapes, plates, and
structural steel (435-480) (290-345) bars
(corrosion resistant)
14
Failure Types
Typical failures in steel construction may be due to yielding of a member, failure of
connections, or buckling of a member.
Connection failure is the most common cause of collapse of steel buildings.
Welding may also leave notches or flaws in the parent metal, which may promote
brittle fracture.
. Investigations of earthquake
damage have revealed that
buildings of structural steel
have performed excellently.
This is due to physical and
mechanical properties of steel:
•Light weight
• Ductility
• High tensile strength
15
REINFORCING STEEL
The cost of steel reinforcement in a reinforced concrete structure is about 50-70 percent
of the total cost, including the cost of form work and construction.
Reinforcing steel is manufactured in three forms:
· Plain bars
· Deformed bars
· Plain and deformed wire fabric
A572 High-strength 42 0.21 1.35 0.20 60 (415) 42 (290) All shapes, sheet piling,
low-alloy steel of and tees
structural quality
50 0.23 1.35 0.20 65 (450) 50 (345) All shapes, sheet piling,
and tees
65 0.26 1.35 0.20 80 (550) 65 (450) Limited shapes and all tees
A529 Structural steel 42 0.27 1.2 0.20 60-85 42 (290) Selected shapes,
with 42 ksi min yield (415-485) plates, and bars of 1/2 in.
point and less in thickness
A441 High-strength low-alloy (discontinued as of 1989; replaced by A572)
structural steel
A242 High-strength low-alloy 42-50 0.15 1.0 0.20 63-70 42-50 Limited shapes, plates,
structural steel (435-480) (290-345) and bars
(corrosion resistant)