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GRAMMAR

ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms"
and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully
speak English.
Active Form
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence
and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the
sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of
the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving
the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the
passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to
mention who is doing the action.

a. ACTIVE: Bob mailed the package. a, and b have the same meaning.
b. PASSIVE: The package was mailed
by Bob.

c. Bob mailed the package.

S v o
In c: the object of an active sentence
becomes the subject of a passive
The package was mailed by Bob. sentence.
S v “by-
phrase”
d. ACTIVE: The teacher corrects our FORM OF ALL PASSIVE VERBS:
homework.
e. PASSIVE: Our homework is corrected BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
by the teacher.
BE can be in any of its forms: am. Is, are,
was, were, has been, have been, will be,
etc.

THE PAST PARTICIPLE follows BE. For

regular verbs, the past participle ends in –
ed (mailed, corrected) some past
participles are irregular.

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TENSE FORMS PASSIVE VERBS

NOTICE THAT ALL THE PASSIVE VERBS ARE FORMED WITH BE + PAST
PARTICIPLE

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT The news surprises me
The news surprises Sam.
The news surprises us.
SIMPLE PAST The news surprised me.
The news surprised us.
I am surprised by the news.
Sam is surprised by the news.
We are surprised by the news.
I was surprised by the news.
We were surprised by the news.

PRESENT Bob has mailed the letter.
PERFECT Bob has mailed the letters.
FUTURE Bob will mail the letter.
Bob is going to mail the
letter.
The letter has been mailed by
Bob.
The letters have been mailed by
Bob.
The letter will be mailed by Bob.
The letter is going to be mailed by
Bob.

EXERCISES

1. Change the active verbs to passive verbs. Write the subject of the
passive sentence.
a. SIMPLE PRESENT
 The teacher helps me I am helped by the teacher.
 The teacher helps Jane ___________________________________
 The teacher helps us. ___________________________________

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b. SIMPLE PAST
 The teacher helped me. ____________________________________
 The teacher helped them. ____________________________________
 The teacher helped her. ____________________________________

c. PRESENT PERFECT
The teacher has helped Joe. __________________________________
The teacher has helped them. _________________________________
The teacher has helped us. ____________________________________
The teacher has helped me. __________________________________

d. FUTURE
 The teacher will help me.______________________________________
 The teacher is going to help me. _______________________________
 The teacher will help Tim. _____________________________________
 The teacher is going to help Tim.________________________________

2. Change the verbs to passive. Do not change the tense.

BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
a. Mike sent a message. A message was sent by Mike.
b. Mr. Smith delivers our mail.
__________________________________________
c. The children have eaten the
__________________________________________
cake.
d. Linda wrote that letter.
___________________________________________
e. The jeweler is going to fix
____________________________________________
my watch.
f. Ms. Bond will teach our class.
____________________________________________
g. That company employs many
____________________________________________
people.
h. That company has hired Sue.
____________________________________________
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i. The secretary is going to fax

____________________________________________
the letters.
j. A college student bought
____________________________________________
My old car.
k. Mr. Adams will do the work.
____________________________________________
l. Mr. fox washed the windows.
____________________________________________
m. Ms. Hopkins invited me to
____________________________________________
dinner.

3. Change the active sentences to passive sentences that have the

same meaning and tense.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

a. The cat killed the bird. The bird was killed by

the cat.
The cat didn’t kill the bird. The bird wasn´t killed by
the cat.
Did the cat kill the bird? Was the bird killed by
the cat?

b. Mike broke the window.

_______________________________________________________
Mike didn´t break the window.
_____________________________________________________
Did Mike break the window?
_____________________________________________________

c. A dog bites the jogger.

_____________________________________________________
A dog doesn´t bite the jogger.
_____________________________________________________
Does the dog bite the jogger?
_____________________________________________________

d. A maid will clean our room.

_____________________________________________________

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A maid won´t clean our room.

_____________________________________________________
Will a maid clean our room?
_____________________________________________________

e. Liz is going to write this poem.

_____________________________________________________
Liz isn´t going to write this poem.
_____________________________________________________
Is Liz going to write this poem?
_____________________________________________________

GRAMMAR
MODAL VERB
HAVE TO

We often use have to to say that something is obligatory, for example:

 Children have to go to school.
 Jenny has to wear jeans and jacket.
 Simon has to work 8 hours.

Structure of Have to

Have to is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but in fact
it is not a modal verb. It is not even an auxiliary verb. In the have to structure,
"have" is a main verb. The structure is:
Subject + auxiliary verb + have + infinitive (with to)

auxiliary main verb infinitive (with

subject
verb have to)

+ She Has to work.

have the
- I do not to see
doctor.

? Do you Have to go to school?

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Use of Have to
In general, have to expresses impersonal obligation. The subject of have
to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external power (for example,
the Law or school rules). Look at these examples:

 In France, you have to drive on the right.

 In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.
 John has to wear a tie at work.

We can use have to in all tenses, and also with modal auxiliaries. We
conjugate it just like any other main verb. Here are some examples:

auxiliary main verb

subject verb have infinitive

past simple I Had to work yesterday.

present simple I Have to work today.

future simple I will Have to work tomorrow.

present
She is Having to wait.
continuous

to
present perfect We have Had the time.
change

modal (may) They may Have to do it again.

HAVE TO

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

I/ You/ We They Have to go Don’t have to go.

He / she / It Has to go. Doesn’t have to go.

INTERROGATIVE SHORT
ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Do I / you have to go? Yes, I do or No, I don´t.
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Yes, you do. No, you don´t.

Do we / you / they have Yes, we do. No, we don´t.

to go? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
Does he / she /it have Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
to go? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.

EXERCISES

1. Jenny and Simon go to different schools. Write

sentences about what they have to or don’t have to do.

a. Jenny _________________________ (wear) a uniform. (+)

b. Simon _________________________ (wear) a uniform. (-)
c. Jenny _________________________ (do) a test every week. (-)
d. Simon _________________________ (do) two hours of homework every
day. (+)
e. Jenny __________________________ (be) at school at 7:00 a.m. (-)
f. Simon __________________________ (play) sports on Saturdays. (+)
g. Jenny and Simon __________________ (stand up) when a teacher
comes into classroom. (-)

2. Do you have to or don’t have to do these things at your school?

Write sentences.
Example: wear a uniform?
I have to wear a uniform. / I don’t have to wear a uniform.
a. Have lunch at school?
__________________________________________________________
Do a test every week?
__________________________________________________________

b. Play sports on Saturday?

__________________________________________________________
__

c. Do two hours of homework every day?

__________________________________________________________

d. Switch off cell phones during lessons?

__________________________________________________________

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Read the text. What is it about?

a. Child labor in the U.S. today.

b. Child labor in Third World Countries
c. Child Labor in the U.S. in the past.

In the U.S. in the 19th century many young children worked to support their
families. Children worked in factories, farms, mines, or in the homes of rich
families. Read about twelve- year- old Hannah Wheatley’s life as a maid in
Boston in 1832.

I start work at 5:30 a.m. and I finish at midnight, I have to

clean the kitchen, wash the floors, and lay and clear the
table in the dining room upstairs. I don’t have to cook,
Mrs. Harper, the cook, prepares the meals, but I have to
help her and after every meal I have to wash the dishes. I
hate washing the dishes it takes a long time and
everything has to be perfect. Last week I broke an
expensive crystal glass and I had to pay for it. I work
downstairs in the kitchen most of the time. I don’t see the
family who live in the house- that’s Mr. Henderson and his
wife and children. I only see Mrs. Harper and Mrs.
Granger he’s the head servant – and the other servants.
There are strict rules in the house. We must wear a
uniform and we must call Mrs. Granger “Sir”, and Mrs.
Harper “Ma’am”. We can only speak when they ask a
question.
I miss my family. I only go home one Sunday a month. I
hate going back to the house to work; but the next day
I’m happy again because I know I can send money to help
my family.

1. Complete the factfile with information from the text.

My name: Hannah Wheatley.
My age: _________________________
My Occupation: ___________________________
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My employer’s name: ____________________________________

I start work at : _____________________________
I finish work at : ____________________________
Jobs I have to do :
__________________________,____________________,________________
__________________________, ____________________,________________
House rules:
______________________________________________________________
My free days:
__________________________,____________________,________________
__________________________, ____________________,________________

GRAMMAR

ZERO CONDITIONAL

The zero conditional is a structure used for talking about general truths —
things which always happen under certain conditions.

The zero conditional is called the present real conditional. It is for present
actions.

ZERO CONDITIONAL STRUCTURE

If + Simple present + Simple present

Examples:

 If I go to bed late, I wake up late.

 You pay higher income taxes when you earn more money.
 If you visit London, go on the London
Eye.
 If I miss the bus, I am late for work.
 If I am late for work, my boss gets angry.

Negative
 If you do not exercise, you gain weight.
 If you exercise, you do not gain weight.
 If I don’t study, I don’t do well on tests.

Questions
 When do you wake up if you have to

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work?
 If you have to work, when do you wake up?

EXERCISE

1. Choose the correct option for these zero conditional sentences.

If you eat fast food, If you study hard,

a. You will win weight. a. you get good grades
b. You wins weight. b. you got good grades.
c. You win weight. c. you getting good
grades.

When she works early, when the radio plays

a. She woke up early. a. It’s hard to hear you
speak.
b. She wakes up early. b. It was hard to hear you
spoke.
c. She will wake up early. c. It is hard to hear you
will speak.

a. When I wake up late, I feel tired all day.
listen to the radio.
b. When I waking up late, I feel tired all day.
listening to the
b. When I drive to work, I
b. when I drive to work, I
radio.

Write passive sentences in Simple Present.

1. the documents / print

2. the window / open

3. the shoes / buy

4. the car / wash

5. the litter / throw away

6. the letter / send

7. the book / read / not

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8. the songs / sing / not

9. the food / eat / not

10. the shop / close / not

READING

NEW TO AMERICA

Nancy was new to America. She came to America speaking only her native

language. She brought her 8-year-old son with her. He was all she had in the

world.

They found an apartment in Arcadia. They were there for only two months when

a neighbor's dog jumped over the fence. The dog ran toward Nancy's son.

Nancy put her body in between the dog and her son. The dog stopped when it

saw Nancy screaming at it. She was going to punch it in the nose. The dog

turned around.

Shaking, Nancy took her son upstairs. They stayed in the apartment all

weekend. Then Nancy found another apartment, close to the school that her

son was going to attend.

She and her son walked everywhere. One day her son started coughing badly.

He had an asthma attack. All the walking was making his asthma worse.

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Nancy knew that she had to buy a car. So she called up the Honda dealer. She

talked to a salesman who spoke her language. She told him that she wanted to

buy a new car if he could come over to pick her up. The salesman said he

would be right over.

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