Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
dv
dy
2
r ( P2 P1 ) (2 rL)
2 ( r ) Pr
= P
P x r 2 (2 rL) 2 rL 2L
4
P R 2 r 2 PR
v(r ) 1 =
4 L R 0
8LV
Definition of a Newtonian Fluid
F du
yx yx
A dy
For Newtonian behaviour (1) is proportional to and a plot
passes through the origin; and (2) by definition the constant of
proportionality,
Newtonian
dv
dy
2
r ( P2 P1 ) (2 rL)
2 ( r ) Pr
= P
P x r 2 (2 rL) 2 rL 2L
4
P R 2 r 2 PR
v(r ) 1 =
4 L R 0
8LV
Newtonian
From (r 2 ) Pr du
= P
2rL 2L dy
PR 4 8LQ
and = P =
8LV 0 R 4
= 8v/D
5
6
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Flow Characteristic of Non-Newtonian Fluid
Newtonian
K
n
Pseudoplastic ( n 1)
K
n
Dilatant ( n 1)
y
n
Bingham
1 1 1 1
Casson 2 2 2 2
0 c
Herschel-Bulkley y K
n
(1) Fluids for which the rate of shear at any point is determined
only by the value of the shear stress at that point at that instant;
these fluids are variously known as “time independent”, “purely
viscous”, “inelastic”, or “Generalised Newtonian Fluids” (GNF).
(2) More complex fluids for which the relation between shear
stress and shear rate depends, in addition, on the duration of
shearing and their kinematic history; they are called “time-
dependent fluids”.
(3) Substances exhibiting characteristics of both ideal fluids and
elastic solids and showing partial elastic recovery, after
deformation; these are characterised as “visco-elastic” fluids.
Time-Independent Fluid Behaviour
1. Shear thinning or pseudoplastic fluids
Viscosity decrease with shear stress. Over a limited range of shear-
rate (or stress) log (t) vs. log (g) is approximately a straight line of
negative slope. Hence
Aggregates
Anisotropic Particles align break up
with the Flow Streamlines
Random coil
Polymers
elongate and
Courtesy: TA Instruments
break
Shear Thinning Behavior
yx 0B B yx for yx 0B
yx 0 for yx 0B
Often the two model parameters 0B and are treated as curve fitting
constants, even when there is no true yield stress.
Rheopectic
Shear rate
Time independent Time dependent
+
_ + _
A B C D E F G
Non - newtonian
Shear stress
Shear stress
Viscosity
Shear rate Shear rate Shear rate
Common flow behaviours
Examples
Newtonian flow occurs for simple fluids, such as water, petrol, and
vegetable oil.
The Non-Newtonian flow behaviour of many microstructured
products can offer real advantages. For example, paint should be
easy to spread, so it should have a low apparent viscosity at the
high shear caused by the paintbrush. At the same time, the paint
should stick to the wall after its brushed on, so it should have a
high apparent viscosity after it is applied. Many cleaning fluids and
furniture waxes should have similar properties.
Examples
The causes of Non-Newtonian flow depend on the colloid
chemistry of the particular product. In the case of water-based
latex paint, the shear-thinning is the result of the breakage of
hydrogen bonds between the surfactants used to stabilise the
latex. For many cleaners, the shear thinning behaviour results
from disruptions of liquid crystals formed within the products. It
is the forces produced by these chemistries that are responsible
for the unusual and attractive properties of these
microstructured products.
Newtonian Foods
Shear
stress
Shear rate
Examples:
• Water
• Milk
• Vegetable oils
• Fruit juices
• Sugar and salt solutions
Pseudoplastic (Shear thinning)
Foods
Shear
stress
Shear rate
Examples:
• Applesauce
• Banana puree
• Orange juice concentrate
• Oyster sauce
• CMC solution
Dilatant (Shear thickening) Foods
Shear
stress
Shear rate
Examples:
• Liquid Chocolate
• 40% Corn starch solution
Bingham Plastic Foods
Shear
stress
Shear rate
Examples:
• Tooth paste
• Tomato paste
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian Fluid
du z
rz
dr
Non-Newtonian Fluid
du z
rz
dr
η is the apparent viscosity and is not constant for
non-Newtonian fluids.
η - Apparent Viscosity
The shear rate dependence of η categorizes
non-Newtonian fluids into several types.
Power Law Fluids:
Pseudoplastic – η (viscosity) decreases as shear rate
increases (shear rate thinning)
Dilatant – η (viscosity) increases as shear rate increases
(shear rate thickening)
Bingham Plastics:
η depends on a critical shear stress (0) and then
becomes constant
Modeling Power Law Fluids
Oswald - de Waele
n
du z du z du z
n 1
rz K K
dr dr dr
where:
K = flow consistency index
n = flow behavior index eff
Yield stress
du z
rz 0
dr
rz 0
Frictional Losses
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Recall:
2
LV
hf 2 f
D g
1n
1 p n
n 1 n 1
uz R n
r n
2 KL n 1
Power Law Results (Laminar Flow)
n
n2 3n 1 n
2 LKV
p n
n 1
D
↑ Hagen-Poiseuille (laminar Flow) for Power Law Fluid ↑
Recall
1 D 2 p
f 2
4 L V
Laminar Friction Factor
Power Law Fluid
n 16
n 1 3n 1 f
2 K RePL
n
f
V 2 n D n
L = 50 miles
n'
V V
K ' app
r r
1 0.4
100 kg
K ' 50cP 0.792
s m s1.6
~
900 gal 1 ft 3 1 min 1 m m
V
1.759
min 7.48 gal 60 s 0.3474 ft 2 3.281 ft s
0.4 kg m
1 .6
2
L V
Wp h f 4 f
D 2
2
m
1 . 760
80460m s m2
W p h f 40.0048 11,845 2
0. 202 m 2 s
kg m2
81.9 11,845 2
s s
Power 970.1 kW 1300 Hp
1000
Bingham Plastics
Bingham plastics exhibit
Newtonian behavior after
the shear stress exceeds
o. For flow in circular
conduits Bingham
plastics behave in an
interesting fashion. Sheared Annular
Region
Unsheared Core
Bingham Plastics
Unsheared Core
0
r rc u z uc R rc 2
2 rc
r rc
R r rz
1
r
uz
2
R
0
Laminar Bingham Plastic Flow
16 He He 4
f 1 3 7
(Non-linear)
Re BP 6 Re BP 3 f Re BP
D 0 2
He Hedstrom Number
2
D V
Re BP
Turbulent Bingham Plastic Flow
0.193
f 10 Re
a
BP
a 1.378 1 0.146e 2.9 x10 5 He
Bingham Plastic Example
Drilling mud has to be pumped down into an oil well that is 8000 ft
deep. The mud is to be pumped at a rate of 50 GPM to the bottom of
the well and back to the surface through a pipe having an effective
diameter of 4 in. The pressure at the bottom of the well is 4500 psi.
What pump head is required to do this ? The drilling mud has the
properties of a Bingham plastic with a yield stress of 100 dyn/cm 2, a
limiting (plastic) viscosity of 35 cP, and a density of 1.2 g/cm3.
P = 14.7 psi
L = 8000 ft
P = 4500 psi
4
D ft 0.3333 ft Area 0.0873 ft 2
12
gal min ft 3 1 ft
V 50 1.276
min 60 s 7.48 gal 0.0873 ft 2 s
lbm lbm
1.2 62.4 74 . 88
ft 3 ft 3
lb
6.7197 10 4 m
ft s lb
35 cP 0.0235 m
cP ft s
ft lb
0.3333 ft 1.276 74.88 m
s ft 3
N RE 1355
lbm
0.0235
ft s
dyn g
o 100 100
cm 2 s 2 cm
2
2.54 cm g 100 g
4in 1.2 3 2
in cm s cm
N HE 2
1.01 10 5
g
0.35
cms
f 0.14
P V 2 gZ
Wp hf
2gc gc
lb f 144 in 2 2
4500 14.7 2 2 ft
ft lb f 4 0.14 8000 ft 1.276
in ft s
Wp 8000
lbm lbm 0.3333 ft 32.2 ft lbm
74.88 3
ft 2 lb s 2
f
ft lb f
Wp 8626 8000 339 965
lbm
Viscometers
In order to get meaningful (universal) values for the
viscosity, we need to use geometries that give the
viscosity as a scalar invariant of the shear stress or shear
rate. Generalized Newtonian models are good for these
steady flows: tubular, axial annular, tangential annular,
helical annular, parallel plates, rotating disks and cone-
and-plate flows. Capillary, Couette and cone-and-plate
viscometers are common.
Non-newtonian fluid
• from
= 2r2L
r dω
=
dr
Ω - μ rdω n
2Lr 2 dr
Integrate from r = Ro Ri and = 0i
Non-newtonian fluid or a
º
• obtain n
4N
- K -K.n n 4N n 14N
n
- K.n n 4N n 1
ln ln K - n ln n (n -1) ln 4N
Linear : y = y-intercept + slope (x)
K and n
4
y = -0.7466x + 3.053
3.5
R 2 = 0.9985
3
n = 1.7466
2.5
ln Ua
2
1.5
1 K = 56.09
0.5
-1 -0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
(shear thinning)
ln 4TTN