Glenn Eta-et February 12, 2018

ABM 12

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research methodology used in the study. This chapter will
cover all aspects concerning the overall data in the research. This includes the research design,
research locale, the respondents of the study, and the sampling techniques used to
collect the data. It also includes the validated research instrument given to the respondents, the
data collecting procedure, and the statistical treatment used to determine the main factor of
tardiness.

Research Design.

The research design is the actual structure or framework that indicates (a) the time
frame(s) in which data will be collected, (b) when the intervention will be implemented (or not),
and (c) how many groups will be involved (Edmonds & Kennedy, 2012).

This section aims to discuss the kind of research design the researchers used in this study. The
researchers used the descriptive design, which concerns gathering data from a huge number of
respondents. A descriptive design of research concerns data gathering from a specific population
which is neither manipulated nor experimented on. It was selected by the researchers because the
study comprises of a huge number of respondents, and only requires data from the respondents
who can suggest interventions which can further resolve the common issue of tardiness. This
method consists of using a questionnaire, which had undergone a series of test for validation and
verification from several experts.

Respondents and Locale of the study

In a quantitative study, describe the geographic location where the study will take place,
cite recognizable landmarks such as a nearby urban city. Describe the participant pool.

In a qualitative study, the decision regarding the number of participants in a study becomes a
reflection the study’s purpose. Ten to twelve participants may prove sufficient in qualitative
inquiries involving the understanding of experiences and perceptions of participants. A
successful purposeful sample in a phenomenological study could range from 1 to 40. Sample size
is based on the total number of potential participants. The required sample size should be
determined through a power analysis. Such an analysis uses the alpha level and the population
effect size (the estimated effect of the independent variable within the target population) to
estimate the number of participants needed to demonstrate an existing effect. Typically,
researchers strive for a power of .80, which refers to an 80% certainty that an existing effect will
be found in the sample. The effect is the difference in perceived effectiveness between mediums.

Data Gathering and Procedure

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in
an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection component of research is common to all
fields of study including physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods
vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same.

Fully describe how the data were collected. In a qualitative study, this is the section where most
of the appendices are itemized, starting with letters of permission to conduct the study and letters
of invitation to participate with attached consent forms. A paragraph must be inserted that states
the study is deemed to be one of minimal risk to participants and that the probability and
magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research will not be greater than any
ordinarily encountered in daily life, or during the performance of routine physical or
psychological examinations or tests. In a quantitative study, this section will detail when and
how the data were collected. In both qualitative and quantitative studies, the precise method of
how the data were processed and then analyzed is described.

Sampling procedure

Sampling is a process or technique of choosing a sub-group from a population to

participate in the study; it is the process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a
way that the individuals selected represent the large group from which they were selected
(Ogula, 2005). There are two major sampling procedures in research. These include probability
and non-probability sampling.

Data treatment

Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make use of the data in the right form.
Raw data collection is only one aspect of any experiment; the organization of data is equally
important so that appropriate conclusions can be drawn. This is what statistical treatment of data
is all about.