FACIAL

RECOGNITION
SYSTEM

Submitted By:-
Biswa Ranjan
Patra

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 Reg No.
0401229099
ENTC B

CONTENTS:-
• OVERVIEW

• DEFINATION

• EARLY DEVELOPMENT

• NODAL POINTS OF YOUR FACE

• SOFTWARES USED

• THE BASIC PROCESSES

• MULTI MODAL SYSTEM FOR LOCATING

HEADS AND FACES

• SHAPE ANALYSIS

• FILTERING

• THRESHOLDING

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 • COLOUR ANALYSIS

• MOTION ANALYSIS

• POTENTIAL USES

• CONCLUSION

OVERVIEW:-

People have an amazing ability to recognize and

remember thousands of face. In this seminar we will see how
computers are turning our face into computer code so it can
be compared to thousands of other faces.

Biometric security on the PC started with

fingerprint recognition. Anyone would get blown away on
seeing a fingerprint scanner on a desktop in those days.
Later, fingerprint scanners migrated to laptops in the form of
a swipe scanner. Today, computers become have smart
enough to recognize human faces. Any guesses what it takes
to enable the computer to recognize faces? Don’t be
surprised, but if your pc or laptop is equipped with a
webcam, you can add face recognition security simply by
installing a face recognition software.

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Using facial recognition software, police can zoom in
with
cameras and take a snapshot of a face.

DEFINATION:-

 Facial Recognition Systems are computer based

security systems that are able to automatically detect
and identify human face.

 The automatic access control system on the basis of

modern biometrics methods of identification of face
recognition.

Identification
Verification

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EARLY DEVELOPMENT:-

 Pioneers of Automated Facial Recognition include:

Woody Bledsoe, Helen Chan Wolf & Charles Bisson.

During 1964 & 1965, Bledsoe,

along with Helen Chan & Charles Bisson, worked on using
the computer to recognize human faces. This project was
labeled Man-Machine because the human extracted the

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 coordinates of a set of features from the photographs,
which were then used by computer for recognition.
THE FACE :-

 Your face is an important part of who you are and how

people identify you. Imagine how hard it would be to
recognize an individual if all faces looked the same.
Except in the case of identical twins, the face is
arguably a person’s most unique physical
characteristics. While humans have had the innate
ability to recognize & distinguish different faces for
millions of years, computers are just now catching up.

 If you look in the mirror, you can see that your face has
certain distinguishable landmarks. These are peaks and
valleys that make up facial features. Visionics defines
these landmarks as NODAL POINTS.

There are about 80 Nodal Points on human face. Here

are a few of the Nodal Points that are measures by
the software:-

 Distance between eyes

 Width of mouth

 Width of the nose

 Depth of eye sockets

 Cheek bones

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  Jaw lines

 Chin

HOW DOES IT WORKS ?

The face is a person’s most unique physical

characteristic which easily distinguishable from a distance.
Whether we want to or not, we can recognize faces or feel
familiarity even if seen once before. It’s like to forget a
person’s name, but the face is effortlessly locked inside your
memory. Imagine how hard it would be to recognize people
if everyone had similar faces. No wonder it’s difficult to
distinguish twins from each other !
But the way a computer recognizes human
faces is different from the way human mind does. It takes
into consideration the geometry of the face. There are
different biological land marks on your face, called as NODAL
POINTS from which computer takes the geometry of the
face.

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 Different nodal points on face
SOFTWARE :-

 Facial Recognition Software is based on the ability to

first recognize faces, which is a technological feat in
itself & then measure the various features of each face.
 The software that are used are FaceIt and FRS SDK
Ver2.0

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Facial recognition software is designed to pinpoint a
face and measure its features.

THE BASIC PROCESS :-

1) Detection:- When the system is attached to a video

surveillance system, the recognition software searches
the field of view of a video camera for faces. If there is
a face in the view, it is detected within a fraction of a
second.

2) Alignment:- Once a face is detected, the system

determines the head's position, size and pose. A face
needs to be turned at least 35 degrees toward the
camera for the system to register it.

3) Normalization:- The image of the head is scaled and

rotated so that it can be registered and mapped into an
appropriate size and pose. Normalization is performed
regardless of the head's location and distance from the

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 camera. Light does not impact the normalization
process.

4) Representation:- The system translates the facial

data into a unique code. This coding process
allows for easier comparison of the newly acquired
facial data to stored facial data

5) Matching:- The newly acquired facial data is

compared to the stored data and (ideally) linked to at
least one stored facial representation.

 The heart of the FaceIt facial recognition system is the

Local Feature Analysis (LFA) algorithm. This is the
mathematical technique the system uses to encode
faces. The system maps the face and creates a
faceprint, a unique numerical code for that face. Once
the system has stored a faceprint, it can compare it to
the thousands or millions of faceprints stored in a
database. Each faceprint is stored as an 84-byte file.

Using facial recognition software, police can zoom in

with cameras and take a snapshot of a face.

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MULTI MODAL SYSTEM FOR LOCATING HEADS AND
FACES :-

 For a head location system to be perceived as truly

non-intrusive by the observed people, a free motion of
the heads has to be permitted. This results in large
variations of the heads sizes and orientations. To
handle such a large range of conditions efficiently, we
combine the information of three channels: shape, color
and motion. This has resulted in a robust face and head
location system that is suited for such applications as
tracking people for surveillance purposes, model-based
image compression for video telephony, and intelligent
computer-user interfaces.

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 Overview of the sequence of algorithms used for
finding
faces and facial features
SHAPE ANALYSIS :-

 The shape analysis tries to find outlines of heads or

combinations of facial features that indicate the
presence of a face. It uses luminance only, and
therefore can even work with cheap monochrome
cameras. For frontal view of faces, we first identify
candidate areas for various facial features, and then we
search for combinations of such areas to find the whole
face.

Example of the facial feature detection process.

The top-left image is the original, the top-right image
has been filtered to select a range of spatial

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frequencies and sizes. The bottom-left shows the
image after adaptive thresholding where areas of
interest have been marked with connected areas of
gray pixels. The bottom right image shows the best
combination of facial features that could be
identified: eyebrows, eyes and nostrils.

FILTERING :-

 An image is first transformed by two filters, the first one

is a bandpass filter selecting a range of spatial
frequencies. The second one is tuned to detect a range
of sizes of a simple shape such as a rectangle or an
ellipse. These processing steps reduce variations due to
different lighting conditions and enhance areas of facial
features or head boundaries. The band-pass filter
eliminates slowly varying gradients in light intensity
and reduces differences in intensities between the two
sides of a face in the case of side illumination.

Examples of head locations, as well as eye

and mouth locations, found with the shape analysis.
In the face on the left only the search for the head
outline succeeded since the search for facial features
is limited to a head tilt of +-30 degrees.

THRESHOLDING :-

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 After the filtering operations, the image is
thresholded with an adaptive thresholding technique. The
goal is to identify individual facial features with a simple
connected component analysis.

n-GRAM SEARCH :
Once candidate facial features are marked with connected
components, combinations of these features, that could
represent a face, have to be found. This is done with an 'n-
gram' search. First the shape of each individual connected
component is analyzed and those that can definitely not
represent a facial feature are discarded.
The combinations of two connected components
are tested whether they can represent a combination of two
facial features, for example an eye pair, eye brows, or an
eye and a mouth. In the next step triple combinations are
evaluated, etc.

Marking areas of interest for identifying the positions

of facial features. The top two images have been
filtered for spatial frequencies and sizes and are
binarized with two different thresholds.

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COLOUR ANALYSIS :

 Color information is an efficient tool for identifying

facial areas and specific facial features if the system
can be calibrated properly for particular conditions.

 We can use the color information to track a face or a

facial part, such as the lips.

 As color space we chose normalized rgb values [r = R/

(R+G+B), g = G/(R+G+B), b = B/(R+G+B)]

Example of the color analysis. The top left

image is the original and the top right the
downsampled representation, where different hue
values have been transformed into different gray
levels. The bottom right image is the segmented
image, where the colors inside the ellipse of the
diagram at the bottom right were taken as skin
colors. The bottom right diagram shows the
distribution of the image colors in the r-g plane. Many
of the background colors are very similar to the face

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colors and without calibration face and background
could not be distinguished.

MOTION ANALYSIS :

 If multiple images of a video sequence are available,

motion is often a parameter that is easily extracted and
offers a quick way for locating objects, such as heads.
When a close-up view of a talking person is analyzed,
motion usually leads quickly to the area around the
mouth, because this is the part of a face that moves the
fastest.
 The first step in the algorithm is to compute the
absolute value of the differences in a neighborhood
(typically 8x8 pixels) surrounding each pixel. When the
accumulated difference is above a predetermined
threshold T, we classify the pixel as belonging to a
moving object.

APPLICATIONS OF FRS:-
ATM SYSTEM

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Many people who don't use banks use check cashing
machines. Facial recognition could eliminate possible
criminal activity.

Facial recognition software can be used to lock your

computer.

CONCLUSION:-

 While humans have had the innate ability to recognize

and distinguish different faces for millions of years,
computers are just now catching up.

 To identify someone, facial recognition software

compares newly captured images to databases of
stored images.

 The newly acquired facial data is compared to the

stored data and (ideally) linked to at least one stored
facial representation.

 While facial recognition can be used to protect your

private information, it can just as easily be used to
invade your privacy by taking you picture when you are
entirely unaware of the camera.

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 SUBMITED BY:
RAKESH
KUMAR BARIK
REGD:
0521212048
BRANCH:
COMP. SC.&ENGG.
SEC: B
SEM: 7th Sem.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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 Facial
This seminar“

Recognition System” has

been accomplished by me as a result of my strenuous
efforts, single minded devotion and visionary dedication to
achieve this coveted goal.
This project would never have been a solid reality, if
we would not have been assisted in our efforts by our
project guide Er. A K Subudhi. I thank my guide
profusely for her unconditional help. I am also thankful to
all the staff members of EN&TC for their help.

Biswa Ranjan Patra

Regd No
0401229099

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 SEMINAR REPORT ON
Facial Recognition
System
SUBMITTED BY :
Biswa Ranjan Patra
EN & TC –B
Regd No 0401229099

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
&TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG
DHANESWAR RATH INSTITUTE OF ENGG &
MANAGEMENTSTUDIES, KAIRAPARI, TANGI,
CUTTACK.

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 CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Mr. Biswa Ranjan

Patra bearing Regd No 0401229099, a student
of final year EN&TC branch has successfully

Facial
completed his seminar on the topic “

Recognition System” for

fulfillment of his B-Tech. degree in DRIEMS from
BPUT Rourkela.

He has taken keen interest in completing seminar

report during his tenure.

I found him sincere, hardworking and his

performance is excellent. He bears good conduct and
moral character.
I wish him all success in future endeavor.

Prof S.N.Pattnaik Er. A K

Subudhi
HOD, ENTC Seminar Guide

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