GROSS ANATOMY

Review Notes and Work Sheets

I. Cardiovascular System
A. Heart - organ review
B. Arterial flow
C. Venous drainage
D. Lymphatic flow

II. Digestive System

A. Position of GI tract and accessory organs and ducts
B. Concepts of intra, retro, and extra peritoneal organs- views of mesenteries
C. Some embryo thoughts
D. Blood supply and innervation

III. Urogenital System

A. Position of kidneys; male and female organs
B. Contents of perineal pouches - definitions
C. Homologues

IV. Respiratory System

A. Follow the airway - compare right and left lungs
B. Larynx and speech - function and innervation

V. Body Cavities, Walls, and Regions

A. Consider definitions and boundaries of compartments
B. Triangles
C. Inguinal canal and hernias
D. Cross sections

VI. Musculoskeletal System

A. Which bones form articulations?
B. Skull and foramina
C. Muscle groups - common facts
D. Embryo thoughts
E. Limb muscles and functions
F. Nerve lesions - functional losses

VII. Nervous System

A. Definitions - spinal nerves
B. Cranial nerves: foramen, function, lesions
C. Autonomic nervous system - origin and distribution

These drawings, charts, and lists were gathered to provide anatomical highlights of major
body systems, cavities, and regions for your review.
 ORGAN REVIEW

Name

Location

Shape

Coverings

Specializations

Arterial supply

Venous drainage

Innervation

Function

Anatomical relationships
What vessels course together?
1. LAD and great cardiac vein
2. Post. interventricular art. and middle cardiac vein
3. Right marginal artery and small cardiac vein

What opens into each chamber?

What is lateral to the heart?
What chamber is at the base? right margin? diaphragmatic surface?
 CIRCULATION

ARTERIAL SYSTEM

Thoracic aorta
Ascending aorta
Right coronary
Marginal
Post. intervent.
Left coronary artery
LAD
Circumflex
Arch of the aorta
1. Brachiocephalic
2. L. com. carotid
3. Left subclavian
Descending aorta
Visceral branches
Esophageal
Bronchial
Pericardial
Mediastinal
Perietal branches
P. intercostals
(3 to 11)
Subcostal (T12)
Sup. phrenic

Common iliac artery

External iliac
Inferior epigastric
Deep circumflex iliac
Internal iliac
Parietal branches
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacrals (2)
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Obturator
Internal pudendal
Visceral branches
Umbilical
Superior vesical
Uterine
Inferior vesical
Vaginal/prostatic
Middle rectal
Label the major vessels

Axillary artery
1. Superior thoracic
2. Thoracoacromial
3. Lateral thoracic
4. Subscapular
5. Anterior humeral circumflex
6. Posterior humeral circumflex

Brachial artery
7. Profunda brachii

Radial artery
8. Deep palmar arch

Ulnar artery
9. Common interosseus
10. Superficial palmar arch

How does blood reach the fingers?

Label the major blood vessels

Femoral Artery
1. Superficial epigastric
2. Superficial circumflex iliac
3. External pudendal
4. Profunda femoris
5. Medial circumflex
femoral
6. Lateral circumflex
femoral
7. Popliteal
8. Anterior tibial
9. Dorsalis pedis
10. Posterior tibial
11. Peroneal
12. Lateral plantar
13. Plantar arch
14. Medial plantar
Which vessels run in which regions
of the lower extremity?

Thigh
Posterior

Anterior

Medial

Leg
Posterior

Anterior

Lateral
Abdominal aorta

Visceral branches
Paired
Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
paired
Suprarenals
Renals
Gonadals

Parietal branches
Paired
Inferior phrenics
Lumbars (4)
Common iliac
Unpaired
Middle sacral
Common carotid artery

Internal carotid artery

Ophthalamic
Anterior cerebral*
Middle cerebral*
*See in Neuroanatomy

External carotid artery

1. Superior thyroid
2. Ascending pharyngeal
3. Lingual
4. Facial
5. Occipital
6. Posterior auricular
7. Superficial
temporal
8. Maxillary

Anastomoses

Thyroid Gld. – EC & Sub

through inf. & Sup Thyroid

Tongue – R to Left EC
Through lingual

Facial - - R-L EC

Brain - - Circle of Willis

Carotid/Subc

Subclavian artery

9. Internal thoracic
10. Vertebral
11. Costocervical
12. Thyrocervical trunk
Transverse cervical
Suprascapular
Inferior thyroid
 VENOUS DRAINAGE

Generalization: Veins follow arterial pattern

Exceptions
1. Dural sinuses
2. Hepatic portal vein
3. Diploic veins, emissary veins
4. Pulmonary veins
5. Venous plexuses
6. Right-left inferior

Inferior Vena Cava

1. Inferior phrenics
2. Hepatics
3. Right renal
4. Left renal
5. Left gonadal
6. Left suprarenal
7. Right gonadal
8. Right suprarenal
9. Lumbars
 DURAL SINUSES

1. Superior sagittal*
2. Inferior sagittal
3. Straight*
4. Transverse* (2) Identify
5. Sigmoid (2)
6. Cavernous (2) A. Falx cerebri
7. Superior petrosal (2) B. Tentorium cerebelli
8. Occipital*

*Drain into the confluence

of sinuses located at the inion
 PORTAL HEPATIC SYSTEM

Portal vein
Splenic vein

Inferior mesenteric vein - enters in the area of the junction of the superior messenteric and
splenic veins

The portal vein also receives veins from the stomach.

Sites of anastomoses between the portal and caval systems.

1. Umbilicus
2. Rectum
3. Esophagus
4. Retroperitoneal organs
 CIRCULATION
Venous System

Brachiocephalic veins (direct tributaries)

Internal jugular
Subclavian
Vertebral

Left brachiocephalic vein (additional) Venous drainage of the heart

Left superior intercostal Right atrium
Inferior thyroid Superior and inferior vena cava
Anterior cardiac veins
Retromandibular vein Coronary sinus
Superficial temporal Great cardiac vein
Maxillary Middle cardiac vein
 LYMPHATICS

Generalization: follows venous pattern

Exceptions
1. Pelvis
2. Head and neck

Thoracic duct versus right lymphatic duct

Shaded areas drain into the right lymphatic duct NOT the thoracic duct

Thoracic Duct
Rt Head
Rt Neck
Rt Upper Ext.
Rt Upper Chest

↓Diaphragm
Everything
drains into
Thoracic duct
LYMPHATICS
 GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM

Follow food through pathway:

What happens in the oral cavity?

What is characteristic (different) about each segment of the tract?

Think HISTOLOGY!

How does the system receive secretions?

 MESENTERY

Definition: a portion of the peritoneum that suspends a part of the GI tract from the body wall.
Allows for the passage of vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

Intraperiotneal

Retroperiotneal

VENTRAL

Intraperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Organs

Intraperitoneal Retroperitoneal

Stomach Duodenum - parts 2, 3, & 4

Duodenum - first part Ascending colon
Jejunum Descending colon
Ileum Rectum
Cecum
appendix Kidneys and ureters
Transverse colong Suprarenal glands
Sigmoid colon Pancreas
Spleen Aorta
Liver and gall bladder Inferior vena cava

Blood and lymph vessels, nerves

contained in the mesenteries

Uterus and uterine tubes

Ovaries
 Innervation of the GI Tract

Parasympathetic

Input Target

Sympathetic

Input Ganglia

Arterial supply of the GI tract

Celiac artery (supplies foregut derivatives)

Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Liver and gall bladder
Pancreas
NOTE: The spleen is also supplied by the celiac artery but it is NOT a foregut
derivative, it is derived from mesoderm.

Superior mesenteric artery (supplies midgut derivatives)

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon - right half

Inferior mesenteric artery (supplies hindgut derivatives)

Transverse colon - left half
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum - upper portion
 PERITONEAL CAVITY
Lesser omentum: a mesentery that consists of the
1. hepatoduodenal ligament
2. hepatogastric ligament

What structures are found in #1?

Omental bursa = lesser peritoneal sac: a subdivision of the peritoneal cavity found posterior to the stomach, liver,
and lesser omentum.
What are the lateral boundaries?

How do you enter this space?

Epiploic foramen of Winslow: opening into the omental bursa.

A finger in the epiploic foramen that presses
anteriorly touches:

posteriorly touches:
 ANATOMICAL RELATIONSHIPS

How does the bile duct

reach the duodenum?

What contacts the right

colic flexure?

What contacts the

left colic flexure?

Through which foramen do

the ureters pass as they
enter the pelvis?

What is superior to
the liver?
 UROGENITAL SYSTEM

Urinary portion - position of kidneys and ureters

Pelvic

diaphragm
Levator ani muscles
Coccygeus muscles

UG (urogenital) diaphragm
Deep transverse perinei muscles
Sphincter urethrae muscle
Position of organs and peritoneum in the male

Urethra
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous urethra
- where sphincter is
3. Penile urethra

Recto vesicle
Pouch
Position of organs and peritoneum in the female
What view is this?

1. Broad ligament
a. Mesosalpinx
b. Mesovarium
c. Mesometrium
2. Round ligament of the uterus
3. Ovarian ligament (proper lig. of the ovary)
4. Suspensory ligament of the ovary

Where is the ureter?

Review homolog list in the Embryology section

 DEEP MUSCLES SCAN DIAGRAMS

Pelvic Diaphragm
Levator Ani

SUPERIOR FASCIA OF THE

UG DIAPHRAGM

THE UG DIAPHRAGM

Sphincter urethrae
Deep Transversus perinei

PERINEAL MEMBRANE
(Inferior fascia)

STRUCTURES IN THE
SUPERIFICAL POUCH Bartholin’s
glands

MUSCLES IN THE
SUPERFICIAL POUCH

Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Superficial transversus perinei

Layers of the Perineum (Male and Female)

 SUPERFICIAL and DEEP PERINEAL POUCHES (SPACES)
Male and Female
SUPERFICIAL PERINEAL POUCH (SPACE)

Boundaries
Superficial perineal fascia = Colle's fascia
Inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm = perineal membrane

Male and Female

Muscles
Superficial transverse perineus
Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus

Arteries (branches of the internal pudendal artery)

Perineal
Artery to the bulb (bulb of the penis or vestibular bulb)

Nerves (branches of the pudendal nerve)

Perineal
Posterior scrotal or labial
Muscular branches

Erective tissue
Male Female
Corpora cavernosa Corpora cavernosa
Corpus spongiosum Vestibular bulb

Glands
Male - none Female - greater vestibular gland

DEEP PERINEAL POUCH (SPACE)

Boundaries
Superior and inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
Male and Female

Organs
Male - urethra Female - urethra and vagina

Muscles
Deep transverse pernieus
Sphincter urethra

Arteries (branches of the internal pudendal artery)

Dorsal artery of the penis or clitoris
Deep artery of the penis or clitoris

Nerves (branches of the pudendal nerve)

Muscular branches of perineal nerve
Dorsal artery of the penis or clitoris

Glands
Male - bulbourethral glands Female - none
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Follow airway - label the parts of the pharynx

1. Uvula
2. Epiglottis
3. Vocal cords
4. Auditory tube opening
5. Esophagus
6. Post. pharyngeal wall
7. Frontal sinus
8. Sphenoid sinus
9. Nasal conchae
At what level does the trachea bifurcate:

With what level is the apex of the lung associated?

Compare the right and left lungs.

Note: lobes, fissures, bronchopulmonary segments

 Larynx
Draw in two muscles
Posterior cricoarytenoids

Cricothyroids
 BODY SPACES AND CAVITIES

MEDIASTINUM

What is found in each segment of the mediastinum?

Superior Posterior Anterior Middle

Thymus Descending aorta Thymus, Fat Pericardium & heart

Trachea Esophagus Ligaments Phrenic nerves
Esophagus Thoracic duct Ascending aorta
Phrenic nerves Azygos vein Superior vena cava
Azygos vein Splanchnic nerves Inferior vena cava
Vagus nerves Vagus nerves Pulmonary arteries
Superior vena cava Pulmonary veins
Brachiocephalic veins (roots of the lungs)
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Thoracic duct

What structures are found in more than one part of the mediastium?
 Label the Triangles of the Neck

Anterior Triangle Posterior Triangle

A. Submandibular E. Occipital
B. Submental F. Subclavicular
C. Carotid
D. Muscular
 BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS

INGUINAL CANAL

Hernia - definition:

Types and locations of hernias

Inguinal, femoral, hiatal (diaphragmatic)

Classification of inguinal hernias

1. Direct: emerges through the posterior wall of canal medial to the inferior
epigastric vessels.
2. Indirect: passes through the deep ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels,
courses through the inguinal canal.

Descent of the testis

Spermatic fascia - abdominal wall derivative

1. External spermatic fascia - external abdominal oblique

2. Cremasteric spermatic fascia - internal abdominal oblique
3. Internal spermatic fascia - transversalis fascia

What does the tunica vaginalis represent?

 Femoral Triangles Anterior Triangle of the Neck
Boundaries Boundaries
Sartorius Sternocleidomastoid
Adductor longus Mandible
Infuinal ligament Anterior midline
Contents Subtriangles
Femoral nerve, artery & vein Carotid triangle
Femoral canal Boundaries
Lymph nodes Superior belly of omobyoid
Femoral sheath Posterior belly of digastric
Suboccipital Triangle Sternocleidomastoid
Boundaries Contents
Rectus capitus posterior major Accessory nerve
Obliquus capitis superior Vagus nerve
Obliquus capitis inferior Hypoglossal nerve
Contents Ansa cervicalis
Suboccipital nerve (CI) Common carotid artery
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane External and internal carotic aa.
Vertebral artery Internal jugular vein
Posterior arc of the atlas Submandibular triangle
Anal triangle Boundaries
Boundaries Anterior and posterior bellies of digastric
Lines connecting the two ischial tuberosities and Mandible
the coccyx Contents
Contents Submandibular gland and duct
Anus and associated muscles Facial artery and vein
Ischiorectal fossa and fat Stylohyoid muscle and ligament
Pudendal nerve Mylohyoid nerve (V3)
inferior rectal nerves Muscular triangle
Internal pudendal artery and vein Boundaries
inferior rectal arteries and veins Superior belly of omohyoid
Urogenital triangle Sternocleidomastoid
Boundaries Anterior midline
Lines connecting ischial tuberosities and the Contents
pubic symphysis Infrahyoid (strap) muscles
Contents Branches of ansa cervicalis
Superficial perineal space Thyroid gland
Superficial perineal fascia Thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Muscles First trachel ring
Superficial transverse perineus Posterior triangle of the neck
Bulbospongiosus Boundaries
Ischiocavernosus Sternocleidomastoid
Erectile tissue Trapezius
Crus of the penis clitoris Clavicle
Bulb of the penis Contents
Vestibular bulb Accessory nerve
Branches of the pudendal nerve and the internal Brachial plexus (roots, trunks, divisions)
pudendal artery and vein Suprascapular nerve
Female - greater vestabular gland Long thoracic nerve
Dorsal scapular nerve
Phrenic nerve
Cutaneous nerves of cervical plexus
Inferior belly of omohyoid
Subclavian artery and vein
Scalene muscles
 Ischiorectal fossa Cranial fossae
Boundaries Anterior cranial fossa
Levator ani Boundaries
Obturator internus and fascia Frontal bone
Skin of buttock region Lesser wing or sphenoid bone
Contents Contents
Anal canal and anus associated muscles Frontal lobe
Pudendal nerve Olfactory nerve
Inferior rectal nerves Middle cranial fossa
Perineal nerve Boundaries
Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
Internal pudendal artery and vein Superior ridge of temporal bone
Inferior rectal art. & vein Contents
Fat Temporal lobe
Superficial perineal pouch (space) Optic nerve
Boundaries Oculomotor nerve
Superficial perineal fascia Trochlear nerve
Ischiopubic (conjoined) rami Abducens nerve
Inferior fascia of the urogenital Trigeminal nerve and ganglion
Diaphragm (perineal membrane) Ophthalmic nerve
Contents Maxillary nerve
See perineal triangle Mandibular nerve
Deep perineal pouch (space) Lesser petrosal nerve
Boundaries Greater petrosal nerve
Superior and inferior fascia of the Internal carotid artery
urogenital diaphragm Middle meningeal artery
Contents Cavernous sinus
Deep perineus muscles Hypophysis (pituitary)
Sphincter urethra muscle Posterior cranial fossa
Urethra Boundaries
Male Superior ridge of temporal bone
Bulbourethral glands Occipital bone
Female Contents
Vagina Cerebellum
Adductor Canal Brainstem
Boundaries Facial nerve
Sartorius Vestibulocochlear nerve
Vastus medialis Glossopharyngeal nerve
Adductor longus and magnus Vagus nerve
Contents Accessory nerve
Femoral artery and vein Hypoglossal nerve
Saphenous nerve Dural sinuses
Popliteal fossa Occipital
Boundaries Transverse
Lateral and medial head of gastrocnemius Sigmoid
Biceps femoris Vertebral and basilar arteries
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus Infratemporal fossa
Contents Boundaries
Popliteal artery and vein Ramus of mandible
Tibial nerve Lateral pterygoid plate (sphenoid)
Common peroneal nerve Maxilla
Temporal bone
Contents
Maxillary artery and vein
Lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
Otic ganglion
 CROSS SECTIONS

1. Look at the periphery of the sections or images. Landmarks: ribs, vertebrae, or pelvic
bones. Establish dorsal and ventral surfaces.

2. Look for solid or tubed organs.

Solid - like the liver, Tubed - like the trachea or heart

This establishes right and left sides in your mind.

3. Recall neighboring structures and walk from one to another.

Abdominal section Thoracic section

1. Liver - right lobe 1. Pericardial sac

2. Liver - left lope 2. Right ventricle
3. Inferior vena cava (IVC) 3. Right atrium
4. Hepatic veins 4. Superior vena cava (SVC)
5. Ligamentum venosum 5. Aortic valve
6. Caudate lobe of liver 6. Left atrium
7. Coronary ligament 7. Esophagus
8. Pleural cavity 8. Descending aorta
9. Diaphragm 9. Anterior mediastinum
10. Bronchus
11. Right pulmonary vein
12. Lung - superior lobe
13. Lung - inferior lobe
 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Skeletal System

What bones articulate to form the joints listed below?

Shoulder

Elbow

Wrist

Where does supination and pronation take place?

Hip

Knee

Ankle

Where does eversion and inversion take place?

Vertebral column
Curvatures: primary = thoracic & sacral;
secondary = cervical & lumbar
Disks: annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
Notochord remnants?
 Skull: foramina - fossa

1. Cribriform plate
2. Optic canal
3. Foramen rotundum
4. Foramen ovale
5. Foramen spinosum
6. Foramen lacerum
7. Internal auditory meatus
8. Jugular foramen
9. Hypoglossal canal
10. Foramen magnum

Cranial fossa
 SKULL

Base of the skull

1. Stylomastoid foramen
2. Carotid canal
3. Jugular foramen
4. Foramen ovale
5. Foramen spinosum
6. Foramen lacerum
7. Foramen magnum
8. Greater palatine foramen
9. Lesser palatine foramen
10. Incisive canal

Front of the skull

1. Supraorbital foramen (fissure)
2. Infraorbital foramen
3. Mental foramen
4. Superior orbital fissure
5. Inferior orbital fissure
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscle Groups

Head
a. Face
b. Mastication
c. Extraocular
d. Tongue

Neck
a. Lateral
b. Infrahyoid
c. Suprahyoid
d. Anterior vertebral

Back
Sets

Thorax
a. Intercostal and diaphragm
b. Accessory muscles of respiration

Abdomen
a. Anterolateral
b. Posterior

Pelvis
a. Diaphragm
b. Walls

Perineum
a. UG triangle
b. Anal triangle

Upper limb

Lower limb

Functional groups
a. Swallowing
b. Head turning
c. Speech

Branchial arch muscles

See Embryology
 Upper Limb Muscle Groups

Deltoid
Lower Limb Muscle Groups
 Muscular System - Nerve Lesions

Reminder: Follow the clues in the question as to the location of the injury. An injury will
manifest in symptoms distal to the site of the injury.
Example: Radial nerve cut at the wrist. Sensory: loss on the dorsum of the hand
No muscular loss as these are already innervated above the sit of the nerve injury.

Thoughts on muscle-nerve lesions

1. Without specifically naming all the muscles assign a function to the various
compartments of the limbs. Example: Posterior brachium = extension at the shoulder
and the forearm.
2. List the nerve(s) that innervate those muscles or that area. Example: Posterior
brachium = radial nerve.
3. You have: an area of the limb; a function of the muscles within that area; a nerve
responsible for the function.
Now you can damage a nerve and note what function is lost or weakened!

Upper extremity - lesions of the following nerves in the axilla

Radial nerve: Loss of extensors at the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and digits:
weakened supination.

Median nerve: Loss of flexion of the digits; weakened wrist flexion; loss of
pronation; loss of thenar muscles.

Ulnar nerve; Weakened wrist flexion; loss of abduction and adduction of the
digits; loss of hypothenar muscles.

Musculocutaneous nerve: greatly weakened shoulder flexion; loss of flexion at the

elbow; very weakened supination.

Axillary nerve: Loss of abduction of the arm above the horizontal plane.

NOTE: What is the area of sensory loss with each nerve lesion?
Lower extremity

Superior gluteal n.: loss of abduction of the limb; impairment of gait; patient
cannot keep pelvis level when standing on one leg.

Inferior gluteal n.: weakened hip extension; patient cannot rise from a sitting
position or climb stairs.

Femoral nerve: greatly weakened hip flexion; loss of extension at the knee.

Obturator nerve: loss of adduction of the limb.

Sciatic nerve: loss of flexion of the knee; loss of function below the knee.

Tibial portion only: loss of flexion of the knee, and toes; loss of plantar
flexion; weakened inversion.

Common peroneal nerve:

Deep peroneal n.: weakened inversion; loss of extension of the toes

and dorsiflexion at the ankle.

Superficial peroneal n.: loss of eversion of the foot.

 NERVOUS SYSTEM - GROSS VIEW

Define a spinal nerve. Spinal nerve

What are the functions of ventral rami?

What are the functions of the dorsal rami?

 VENTRAL RAMI

What's missing?

Cervical plexus
Sensory to
neck
scalp & ear
shoulder

Motor to
infrahyoids (ansa)

Brachial plexus
Sensory & motor to
upper extremity
lateral chest

Lumbar plexus
Sensory & motor to
abdominal wall
lower extremity

Lumbosacral plexus
Sensory & motor to
lower extremity
gluteus
pelvis & perineum
 PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

Compare and contrast the origin and distribution of these systems.

SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
Label cranial nerves.

What's missing?
 CRANIAL NERVES - TYPES

Purely sensory cranial nerves

Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear

Purely motor cranial nerves

Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Accessory
Hypoglossal

Mixed (sensory and motor) cranial nerves

Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

Cranial nerves that are autonomic

Oculomotor
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

Cranial nerve - autonomic ganglia

Oculomotor - ciliary ganglion

Facial - submandibular and pterygopalatine ganglia

Glossopharyngeal - otic ganglia

Vagus - terminal ganglia located near or within the walls of organs

 CRANIAL NERVE LESIONS

I. Olfactory nerve:

II Optic nerve:

III Oculomotor nerve:

IV Trochlear nerve:

V Trigeminal (Let's get specific!)

V1 - Ophthalmic nerve:

V2 - Maxillary nerve:

V3 - Mandibular nerve:

VI Abducens nerve:
CRANIAL NERVE LESIONS

VII Facial nerve:

VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve:

IX Glossopharyngeal nerve

X Vagus nerve:

XI Accessory nerve:

XII Hypoglossal nerve:

 STUDY QUESTIONS GROSS

1. All of the following are branches of the axillary artery EXCEPT the

a. lateral throacic
b. thyrocervical trunk
c. subscapular
d. thoraco-acromial
e. highest thoracic

2. The inferior mesenteric artery supplies all of the following EXCEPT the

a. ascending colon
b. descending colon
c. sigmoid colon
d. distal transverse colon
e. upper rectum

3. All of the following drain to iliac nodes EXCEPT the

a. fundus of the uterus

b. superior rectum
c. cervix
d. upper vagina
e. bladder

4. All of the following are associated with a mesentery EXCEPT the

a. stomach
b. spleen
c. inferior mesenteric artery
d. ovaries
e. ureters

5. Access to the vertebral artery would be best accomplished by dissecting through the

a. carotid triangle
b. submandibular triangle
c. suboccipital triangle
d. posterior triangle
e. anal triangle

6. All of the following changes in circulation occur at birth, EXCEPT

a. closure of the ductus arteriosum

b. dilation of blood vessels of the lungs
c. enlargement of the right ventricle
d. closure of the foramen ovale
e. constriction of the umbilical arteries
7. All of the following pass through the cavernous sinus EXCEPT the
a. optic nerve
b. trochlear nerve
c. occululomotor nerve
d. abducens nerve
e. internal carotid artery
8. Which of the following does NOT contribute blood into or receive blood from the
cavernous sinus

a. superior ophthalmic vein

b. inferior ophthalmic vein
c. internal carotid artery
d. superior petrosal sinus
e. inferior petrosal sinus

9. All of the following are derivatives of ventral mesogastrium EXCEPT the

a. hepatoduodenal ligament
b. ligamentum teres
c. hepatogastric ligament
d. triangular ligament
e. gastrosplenic ligament

10. All of the following are branches of the internal iliac artery EXCEPT the

a. umbilical
b. ovarian
c. obturator
d. inferior gluteal
e. internal pudendal

11. The ulnar artery continues into the hand as the

a. princeps pollicis
b. common interosseue
c. superficial palmar arch
d. digital branch to the index finger
e. deep palmar arch

12. Contents of the posterior triangle of the neck include all of the following structures,
EXCEPT the
a. scalene muscles
b. brachial plexus
c. thyrocervical trunk
d. accessory nerve
e. subclavian vein
13. Which of the following statements concerning the innervation of the heart is
INCORRECT?

a. The vagus nerves gives rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

b. The postganglionic sympathetic neurons are in the sympathetic chain.
c. The sympathetic system is responsible for decreasing the heart rate.
d. The ganglia in the cardiac plexus are parasympathetic.
e. Pain afferents from the heart are carried by sympathetic nerves.

14. The "wrist drop" sign indicates damage to which nerve?

a. ulnar
b. median
c. musculocutaneous
d. accessory
e. radial

15. Which of the following arteries is NOT a branch of the external carotid artery?

a. lingual
b. transverse cervical
c. facial
d. superior thyroid
e. superficial temporal

16. Which of the following statements about the extrahepatic biliary system is
INCORRECT?
a. The common bile duct empties into the second part of the duodenum.
b. The cystic duct contains a spiral valve.
c. The right and left hepatic ducts form the common hepatic duct.
d. The extrahepatic ducts have a simple squamous epithelium.
e. The common bile duct passes through the pancreas.

Select the single best answer:

a. Femoral nerve f. Psoas major muscle

b. Obturator muscle g. Superior gluteal nerve
c. Posterior thigh muscles h. Popliteus muscle
d. Lateral compartment of leg muscles i. Common peroneal nerve
e. Inferior gluteal nerve j. Lateral plantar nerve

17. _____ Involved in the flexion of the leg at the knee.

18. _____ If injured, patient cannot rise from a sitting position.

19. _____ Provides sensory innervation to the dorsal surface of the great toe.
Select the single best answer:

a. Gastrocolic ligament f. Suspensory ligament of the ovary

b. Gastrosplenic ligament g. Lienorenal ligament
c. Hepatic coronary ligament h. Medical umbilical ligaments
d. Hepatogastric ligament i. Falciform ligament
e. Broad ligament j. Lateral umbilical ligaments

20. _____ Part of the ventral mesentery enclosing the bare area of the liver.

21. _____ Mesentery in which the short gastric arteries are found.

22. _____ Contains the obliterated umbilical arteries.

ANSWERS

EMBRYOLOGY GROSS

1. C 6. C 1. B 7. A 12. C 17. C
2. B 7. E 2. A 8. C 13. C 18. E
3. C 8. B 3. B 9. E 14. E 19. I
4. C 9. C 4. E 10. B 15. B 20. C
5. E 10. E 5. C 11. C 16. d 21. B
6. C 22. H