Making 5G NR a

Commercial Reality
A unified, more capable 5G air interface

December 2017

@qualcomm_tech
Mobile is the largest technology
platform in human history

~7.7B
Total mobile
2010s connections1

1980s 1990s 2000s

Analog voice Digital voice Mobile data Mobile broadband
AMPS, NMT, D-AMPS, GSM, WCDMA/HSPA+, LTE, LTE Advanced,
TACS IS-95 (CDMA) CDMA2000/EV-DO Gigabit LTE

2
 5G will address the
insatiable demand
for mobile broadband

30x growth in mobile data

traffic from 2014 to 2020
>75% of traffic from multi-media streaming in 2020

~8B
Gigabytes
Daily global mobile
data traffic in 2020

3
5G Consumer Survey Surveyed smartphone owners from:

key findings 1,002 1,010 1,000 1,006 1,002 824 5,844

WW total

>86 %
~ 50 %

10x 10x cost-effective

Source: “Making 5G a reality: Addressing the strong mobile broadband demand in 2019
and beyond,” September 2017, jointly published by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and Nokia. 4
Mobilizing media Rich user-generated Congested High-speed
and entertainment content environments mobility

• Fiber-like data speeds

5G is essential for
• Low latency for real-time interactivity
next generation • More consistent performance
mobile experiences • Massive capacity for unlimited data

Connected cloud Immersive Connected Augmented

computing experiences vehicle reality

5
More autonomous Safety conscious, autonomous Reliable access Smarter
manufacturing transportation to remote healthcare agriculture

Powering the digital economy

5G will expand the
mobile ecosystem
to new industries
> $12 Trillion
in goods and services by 2035*

More efficient use of energy Improved public Sustainable cities Digitized logistics
and utilities safety and security and infrastructure and retail

6
*Source: The 5G Economy, an independent study from IHS Markit, Penn Schoen Berland and Berkeley Research Group, commissioned by Qualcomm
 NR Designing a unified, more capable 5G air interface
Enhanced
mobile
broadband
High-bands
Mission- Massive Above 24 GHz (mmWave)
critical Internet
services of Things
Mid-bands
1 GHz to 6 GHz

Low-bands
below 1 GHz

Diverse services Diverse spectrum Diverse deployments

Scalability to address an extreme Getting the most out of a wide array From macro to indoor hotspots, with
variation of requirements of spectrum bands / types support for diverse topologies

A unifying connectivity fabric for future innovation

A platform for existing, emerging, and unforeseen connected services
7
 NR Accelerating 5G NR — the global 5G standard
3GPP 5G NR R15 5G NR R16+ 5G NR study items
R14 Study Item Study Items continue to evolve/expand 5G NR

R15 5G work items R16 5G work items R17+5G evolution

5G NR Standalone (SA) mode

We Are Here
5G NR Non-Standalone
5G NR R15 launches 5G NR R16 launches
1

(NSA) mode

Gigabit LTE & eMTC / Continue to evolve LTE in parallel to

NB-IoT deployments become a critical part of the 5G Platform

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

5G NR NSA 3GPP Rel-15 specifications complete

Supporting eMBB deployments as early as 2019 to meet the insatiable demand
1. Forward compatibility with R16 and beyond 8
 NR Pioneering advanced 5G NR technologies
Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Spectrum sharing Flexible slot-based framework Enhanced power save modes

Drone communications Private Networks Scalable OFDM Massive MIMO Mobile mmWave Deeper coverage Grant-free UL

Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Comms (URLLC) Dual Connectivity Advanced channel coding Narrow bandwidth Efficient signaling

• Live

Mission-critical Enhanced mobile Massive Internet

services broadband of Things

To meet an extreme variation of 5G NR requirements

10x 10x 3x 100x 100x 10x
Decrease in Experienced Spectrum Traffic Network Connection
end-to-end latency throughput efficiency capacity efficiency density
9
Making 5G NR a commercial reality for 2019
For standard-compliant networks and devices

Qualcomm®
Snapdragon™

X50

Best-in-class 5G 5G NR standards and 5G NR interoperability Modem, RFFE and

prototype systems technology leadership testing and trials platform leadership
Designing and testing 5G Our technology inventions are Utilizing prototype systems and our Snapdragon X50 5G modem supporting
technologies for many years driving the 5G NR standard global network experience anticipated 2019 mobile device launches

LTE foundational technologies

Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. 10

Designing 5G
New Radio (NR)
3GPP Release 15
 3GPP Rel-15 establishes the foundation for 5G NR
For enhanced mobile broadband and beyond

Scalable OFDM- Flexible slot- Advanced Massive Mobile

based air interface based framework channel coding MIMO mmWave

Scalable OFDM numerology Self-contained slot structure ME-LDPC and CA-Polar1 Reciprocity-based MU-MIMO Beamforming & beam-tracking

Efficiently address diverse Key enabler to low Efficiently support Efficiently utilize a large # Enables wide mmWave
spectrum, deployments latency, URLLC and large data blocks and a of antennas to increase bandwidths for extreme
and services forward compatibility reliable control channel coverage / capacity capacity and throughput

Our technology inventions are driving Rel-15 specifications

12
 Frequency
Scalable OFDM-based
5G NR air interface
Time

Scalable Frequency Lower power Asynchronous

numerology localization consumption multiple access
2n scaling of subcarrier Windowing1 can effectively Single-carrier2 OFDM Can co-exist with
spacing to efficiently minimize in-band and out- utilized for efficient uplink optimized waveforms and
support wider bandwidths of-band emissions transmissions multiple access for IoT UL3

3GPP Rel-15 specifications aligned with Qualcomm Research whitepaper published Nov 2015 (link)
Qualcomm Research is a division of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
1. Such as Weighted Overlap Add (WOLA) utilized in LTE systems today. 2. DFT-Spread (DFT-S) OFDM. 3. Such as non-orthogonal Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) 13
Scalable 5G NR OFDM numerology—examples
Subcarrier spacing,
Outdoor macro e.g. 15 kHz 2n scaling of
Sub-Carrier Spacing (SCS)
coverage
e.g., FDD 700 MHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 1, 5,10 and 20 MHz

Subcarrier spacing,
Outdoor macro e.g. 30 kHz
and small cell
e.g., TDD 3-5 GHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 100 MHz

Subcarrier spacing,
Indoor e.g. 60 kHz
wideband
e.g., unlicensed 6 GHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 160MHz

Subcarrier spacing, e.g. 120 kHz

mmWave
e.g., TDD 28 GHz
Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 400MHz

Efficiently address 5G diverse spectrum, deployments and services

14
 <1GHz 3GHz 4GHz 5GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz
24.25-24.45GHz 37-37.6GHz
24.75-25.25GHz 37.6-40GHz
600MHz (2x35MHz) 2.5GHz (LTE B41) 3.55-3.7 GHz 3.7-4.2GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 27.5-28.35GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 64-71GHz
37-37.6GHz
600MHz (2x35MHz) 3.55-3.7 GHz 27.5-28.35GHz 37.6-40GHz 64-71GHz

700MHz (2x30 MHz) 3.4–3.8GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 24.5-27.5GHz

700MHz (2x30 MHz) 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz

700MHz (2x30 MHz) 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz

700MHz (2x30 MHz) 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz

700MHz (2x30 MHz) 3.6–3.8GHz 26.5-27.5GHz

3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz

3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz

3.6–4.2GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 27.5-29.5GHz

3.4–3.7GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 39GHz

Designed for diverse spectrum bands/types New 5G band

Licensed
Global snapshot of 5G spectrum bands allocated or targeted Unlicensed / shared
Existing band
15
Flexible slot-based 5G NR framework
Efficiently multiplex envisioned and future 5G services on the same frequency

Scalable slot duration Forward compatibility

Efficient multiplexing of diverse Transmissions well-confined in time / frequency
latency and QoS requirements to simplify adding new features in future

Blank subcarriers

D2D

eMBB Multicast

UL Ctrl
Self-contained slot structure Nominal traffic puncturing
DL Ctrl

UL Ctrl
eMBB transmission URLLC
Ability to independently decode To enable URLCC transmissions
slots and avoid static timing to occur at any time using mini-slots
relationships across slots

16
 Scalable 5G NR slot duration for diverse latency/QoS
1ms subframe aligned with LTE
CP-OFDM
Symbol Subframe

15 kHz SCS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

500 µs
30 kHz SCS Slot Mini-Slot

250 µs
60 kHz SCS Slot
125 µs
120 kHz SCS Slot

14 OFDM symbols per slot Supports slot Efficient multiplexing

with mini-slot (2, 4, or 7 symbols) aggregation for data- of long and short
for shorter transmissions1 heavy transmissions transmissions2
17
Flexible 5G NR slot structures possible—examples
Slot-based scheduling/control interval
TDD Self-Contained DL
DL
DL Data Guard
UL
Opportunity for UL/DL Ctrl Ctrl
scheduling, data and DL UL
UL Guard UL Data
ACK/SRS in the same slot Ctrl Ctrl

Data-centric DL
DL
DL Data
Ctrl
More relaxed TDD timing
configurations + FDD operation UL
UL UL Data Ctrl

Mini-slot DL DL e.g., 2-symbol mini-slot

Optimized for shorter data
transmissions, e.g. URLLC UL e.g., 4-symbol mini-slot
UL

Blank slot
Designed in a way not to limit
future feature introductions
DL reference signals (DL DMRS) & UL Reference + Sounding (UL DSMR, SRS) not showed for simplicity 18
Benefits of the 5G NR TDD self-contained slot
Much faster, more flexible TDD switching and turn around than 4G LTE

Flexibility for additional headers More adaptive UL/DL

E.g., channel reservation header for Faster TDD switching allows for
unlicensed/shared spectrum more flexible capacity allocation

DL UL
Guard UL Data TDD UL
Ctrl Ctrl

DL S A
DL Data Guard R C TDD DL
Ctrl S K

Low-latency Efficient massive MIMO

Faster TDD turn-around, with opportunity for Optimized TDD channel reciprocity
UL/DL scheduling, data and ACK in the same slot with opportunity for SRS1 every slot

1. Sounding Reference Signal 19

 5G NR TDD self-contained slot structure in action DL Ctrl
DL Data
UL
Three examples showcasing faster TDD switching for low latency
Slot 0: 500 µs Slot 1: 500 µs Slot 2: 500 µs Slot 3: 500 µs

#1

#2

Slot 0: 125 µs Slot 1: 125 µs Slot 2: 125 µs Slot 3: 125 µs Slot 4: 125 µs Slot 5: 125 µs Slot 6: 125 µs Slot 7: 125 µs

#3

#1: Indoor (sub-6 or mmWave) #2: Outdoor (sub-6 or mmWave) #3: Outdoor mmWave

20
DL reference signals (DL DMRS) & UL Reference + Sounding (UL DSMR, SRS) not showed for simplicity
5G NR flexible FDD slot structure
Delivering low latency, extended coverage, and forward compatibility
FDD baseline for continuous transmission and extended coverage

FDD full DL
DL Data
DL slot Ctrl

UL Ctrl
UL
FDD full
UL Slot UL Data Ctrl

FDD partial slot for faster DL/UL turn-around and efficient half-duplex FDD implementation

FDD partial DL
DL Data
DL Slot Ctrl

UL Ctrl
FDD partial
UL
UL slot UL Data Ctrl

21
Advanced ME-LDPC1 channel coding is more
efficient than LTE Turbo code at higher data rates

Normalized throughput (for given clock rate) High efficiency

Significant gains over LTE Turbo—particularly for
6
large block sizes suitable for MBB
5

4 Low complexity
LDPC Easily parallelizable decoder scales to achieve high
3
Polar throughput at low complexity
2 Turbo
1 Low latency
Efficient encoding/decoding enables shorter
0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 transmission time at high throughput
Code rate (R)

Selected as 5G NR eMBB data channel as part of 3GPP Release-15

22
Performance gains of CRC-Aided Polar channel coding
led to its adoption across many 5G NR control use cases
5G NR CRC-Aided (CA-Polar) design Link-level gains of 5G NR CA-Polar design
Efficient construction based on single Cyclic Redundancy Versus PC-Polar1 (lower is better)
Check (CRC) for joint detection and decoding

Required SNR (dB) for BLER = 0.01

5
Control
Rate = 0.67
payload U-domain Polar encoder 4
bit mapping (Arikan kernel)
3 CA-Polar

2 Rate = 0.50
Single CRC Rate matching
Concatenation & channel bit PC-Polar
as Outer Code interleaving 1

0 Rate = 0.33
To 32 48 64 80 120
modulation
mapper Effective payload size (bits)

1. Parity-Check Polar channel coding 23

5G NR optimized design for massive MIMO
Key enabler for using higher spectrum bands, e.g. 4 GHz, with existing LTE sites
Exploit 3D beamforming with
up to 256 antenna elements
Mitigate UL coverage
with 5G NR massive
MIMO + HPUE3

UL SRS

CSI-RS
5G NR co-located with
existing LTE macro sites Accurate and timely channel knowledge
essential to realizing full benefits

Enabled through an advanced 5G NR end-to-end Massive MIMO design (network and device)
Optimized design for TDD Enhanced CSI-RS2 Advanced, high-spatial New features, such
reciprocity procedures design and reporting resolution codebook as distributed MIMO
utilizing UL SRS1 mechanism supporting up to 256 antennas
1. Sounding Reference Signal. 2. Channel State Information Reference Signal; 3. High-Power User Equipment (HPUE) Tx power gains 24
5G NR optimized design for TDD reciprocity procedures
Self-contained slot structure & enhanced Ref Signals enable fast/accurate feedback

Step 1:
UL SRS1 → Step 3:
Precoding decision→ Precoding + CQI →
DL Precoded CSI-RS2 Final scheduling decision

SRS + PUCCH

SRS + PUCCH

SRS + PUCCH
Asynchronous
DL CTRL

CSI-RS
DL DL

MIMO rate prediction latency

0.5ms TDD slot
reduced from >10 ms in LTE
Step 2:
CSI-RS→
to 1 ms in 5G NR
UE CQI3 feedback

*Sub 6 GHz, macro cell numerology, 30 kHz tone spacing; Channel sounding opportunity increases from <= 200 Hz with
LTE to 2 kHz with 5G NR. 1. Sounding Reference Signal. 2. Channel State Information Reference Signal. 3. Channel Quality Indicator 25
5G NR Sub-6 GHz Massive MIMO Simulation

5G NR massive
MIMO increases
coverage & capacity
Faster, more uniform data rates throughout cell

195 Mbps

3.8x
5G NR
79 Mbps
Massive
MIMO 2.9x
52 Mbps 5G NR
Massive
27 Mbps MIMO
4x4 MIMO
4x4 MIMO

Median user Cell edge user

perceived throughput perceived throughput

26
The large bandwidth opportunity for mmWave
The new frontier of mobile broadband

NR
Unified design across diverse spectrum bands/types

5G NR sub-6GHz 5G NR mmWave
(e.g. 3.4-3.6 GHz) (e.g. 24.25-27.5 GHz, 27.5-29.5 GHz)

6 GHz 24 GHz 100 GHz

Multi-Gbps data rates Much more capacity Flexible deployments

27
Overcoming numerous challenges to mobilize mmWave

Front antenna module

(+X, +Y, +Z direction)

Back antenna module

(-X, -Y, -Z direction)

Coverage Robustness Device size/power

Innovations to overcome Innovations to overcome Innovations to fit mmWave
significant path loss in bands mmWave blockage from hand, design in smartphone form
above 24 GHz body, walls, foliage, etc. factor and thermal constraints

28
Mobilizing mmWave with 5G NR technologies
Key properties for robust mmWave operation in a NLOS mobile environment

Directional antennas with adaptable 3D

beamforming and beam tracking

Seamless NLOS operation

mobility

Macro
(Sub-6 GHz)

Very dense network Fast beam steering & Tight integration

topology and spatial switching within/across with sub-6 GHz
reuse (~150-200m ISD) access points (LTE or NR)
29
Significant 5G NR mmWave coverage via co-siting
Qualcomm Research simulations based on extensive testing and measurements

28 GHz 81% 81%

74% 76%
66%
outdoor downlink coverage 65%
% co-siting with LTE 49% 49%
41%
Frees up sub-6 GHz
resources for out-to-indoor
capacity (5G NR or LTE)
US US US US EU Korea Korea Hong Japan
City 1 City 2 City 3 City 4 City 1 City 1 City 2 Kong City 1
Outdoor coverage can be
Total 48 36 32 31 28 41 31 39 37
complemented with targeted
Macro 0 8 15 14 7 33 31 39 37
indoor deployments
Small 48 28 17 17 21 8 0 0 0

City site density (per km2)

Learn more at: www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/5g-nr/mmwave
Qualcomm Research is a division of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Assumptions: 3GPP 38.900 Umi/Uma propagation models, 256 x2 (V&H) antennas at gNodeB, 133 dB Maximum Allowable Path-Loss, 0.4 bps/Hz spectral efficiency. 30
The essential role of
spectrum aggregation
and LTE in 5G NR
deployments
3GPP Release 15
Spectrum aggregation Dual Connectivity across LTE and NR
essential to 5G NR Fully leveraging LTE investments and coverage, including
NSA operation for early 5G NR deployments

deployments CA across spectrum bands

E.g., tight CA between 5G NR mmWave and sub-6 GHz
to address mmWave coverage gaps

CA across FDD and TDD bands

Sub-1 GHz and mid/high band aggregation; supplemental
uplink for better coverage, supplemental downlink for capacity

Carrier Aggregation (CA) and Dual CA across spectrum types

Connectivity enable deployments with E.g., Licensed and unlicensed with 5G NR Licensed
tightly and loosely coordinated cells Assisted Access (LAA) — approved Rel-15 Study Item

5G NR
Building on solid LTE CA Rel-15+ LTE/5G NR NSA
and Dual Connectivity Supplemental DL
Supplemental UL
Supplemental DL
foundation LTE FDD/TDD CA FDD/TDD CA
Rel-10+ LAA CA NR LAA CA
Dual Connectivity Dual Connectivity 32
Dual Connectivity to fully leverage LTE investments

Existing deployments 5G augmented deployments

Gigabit LTE, VoLTE

Gigabit LTE, VoLTE 5G NR below 6 GHz

Automotive Internet of Things 5G NR above 6 GHz

(C-V2X) (LTE IoT)
5G NR mmWave
Seamless mobility
Ubiquitous 5G NR sub-6 GHz and
Simultaneous Dual-Connectivity
LTE coverage across 5G NR and 4G LTE LTE coverage

Ensures a seamless 5G Provides VoLTE services using Delivers foundation for

eMBB experience — LTE’s ubiquitous coverage new 5G verticals with
Gigabit LTE the anchor (500+ commercial networks) LTE IoT, C-V2X, etc.
33
5G NR FDD/TDD CA to support mid-band deployments
Low-band FDD can help increase 5G NR TDD UL data rate/range1

5G NR mmWave DL UL DL UL
e.g., TDD 28 GHz
Non-Standalone (NSA)
Low band LTE or NR UL can help increase UL data rate/range

NR UL LTE DL NR DL UL
NR UL LTE UL
5G NR mid-band DL UL e.g. <1 GHz LTE Anchor NR TDD, e.g. 3.5 GHz
e.g., TDD 3-5 GHz

Standalone (SA)
NR low band can carry NR uplink control and data for edge cell users
Low-band DL
e.g., FDD 700 MHz UL NR UL NR DL UL
Frequency

NR UL
e.g. <1 GHz NR TDD, e.g. 3.5 GHz
Time

1 Thanks to less path loss and no DL:UL split – depends on massive MIMO, site density, TDD configuration 34
 Network architecture options for 5G NR

4G Evolved 5G Next
Packet Core Gen Core

4G macro and 5G mmWave 5G sub-6GHz 5G mmWave

small cell and/or sub-6GHz Radio Network Radio Network
Radio Network Radio Network

Data + control Data only Data and control

over 4G LTE link over 5G NR link over 5G NR link
Dual connectivity Carrier Aggregation

NR

Non-Standalone (NSA) option Standalone (SA) option

Fast-to-launch | Higher BW & UX* | VoLTE & CS voice Network slicing | New services | VoNR & 4G fallback

35
*Initial NSA bandwidth and user experience in 2019-2020 5G NR launches as compared to SA launches in the same timeframe. Source: Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
NSA 5G NR is accelerating 5G NR deployments for 2019

Control & user plane

LTE EPC

LTE RAN NSA Dual Connectivity across

UE LTE-band and NR-band

User plane

5G NR RAN

Non-Standalone (NSA) leverages LTE RAN and EPC for coverage and mobility
36
NSA stepping stone to SA 5G NR for full 5G capability

Control & user plane

LTE EPC

SA provides full
LTE RAN NSA SA user/control plane
UE UE capability for 5G NR,
seamlessly coexisting
User plane with NSA UEs

5G NGC Control & user plane

5G NR RAN

Standalone (NSA) utilizes 5G NextGen Core Network (NGC)

37
Ongoing network evolutions simplify NSA to SA evolution
Mitigate impact to legacy services and in-market devices while network evolves

Edge Cloud More cloud-based

LTE EPC BTS radio RAN
processing more
centralized (C-RAN) Trend starting today to help
minimize changes to RAN for
LTE RAN 5G NR evolution

More edge-based
Core processing
more distributed at
computing
5G NGC edge (MEC) Key enabler to low latency
services such as VR and
industrial automation

5G NR RAN

38
Making 5G NR a
commercial reality
Qualcomm, leading the world to 5G
Our system-level inventions fuel the mobile industry
Taking significant risks to start early with an end-to-end design

> 46 Billion *

In research and development

*Cumulative expenditures to date since 1985 40

Foundation to 5G leadership is technology leadership
Early R&D and technology inventions essential to leading ecosystem forward

Invention Proof-of-concept
Invent new technologies and Deliver end-to-end prototypes and
e2e system architecture impactful demonstrations

Vision Standardization
Identify a problem or need; Drive e2e design with ecosystem
establish requirements and through standards process

Commercialization Trials
Engage with global network operators Collaborate on OTA field trials that track
to deploy new features with standards- 3GPP standardization and drive ecosystem
compliant infrastructure and devices towards rapid commercialization

41
Qualcomm has led the evolution and expansion of LTE
Delivering fundamental systems-level inventions that are essential to 5G

Carrier Hybrid Fast link OFDMA, SC- FDMA

aggregation ARQ adaptation waveforms

Leading in 5G requires

CoMP CSFB 4G LTE LTE- U/LAA/

eLAA
MulteFire

leadership
Lower power consumption LTE Broadcast Small cells LWA
technologies, e.g. DTX/DRX (eMBMS) interference management

Handover Small cell self- Advanced MIMO LTE Direct and

procedure configuration techniques technologies, e.g. UL MIMO C-V2X

42
 Our LTE advancements will be essential to 5G NR
Learn more at: www.qualcomm.com/lte-advanced-pro
Drone
communications

Private IoT
networks

New 5G NR mmWave
nx10 Gigabit 5G

Public safety/
Emergency
services New 5G NR Sub-6 GHz,
and LTE coverage
LTE IoT
nx1 Gigabit 5G LTE IoT

LTE IoT Automotive Existing LTE

(C-V2X) Existing LTEdeployments
(C-V2X) deployments
LTE IoT Ubiquitous LTE
Gigabit LTE, VoLTE, ULL

Gigabit LTE essential to LTE IoT, C-V2X, etc. are LTE will be submitted 5G NR will fully leverage
a seamless 5G mobile expanding the mobile with 5G NR to meet LTE investments for a
broadband experience ecosystem today IMT-2020 requirements1 phased roll-out

43
Our technology inventions are driving the 5G NR standard

Scalable OFDM-based air interface

Flexible slot-based framework
Advanced channel coding
NR
Early R&D investments and
best-in-class prototypes
First successful 5G NR
interoperable connection

Massive MIMO

Fundamental contributions
Mobile mmWave to 3GPP standardization
Technologies part of
5G NR Release-15

44
 Qualcomm Research 5G NR Sub-6 GHz Prototype
Showcasing 5G NR technologies to achieve multi-Gbps at ultra-low latency

Wide area coverage at 3.3-3.8 GHz High data rates (up to multi-Gbps)
Live connection with sub-2 ms latencies
band with multiple simultaneous users utilizing multi-user Massive MIMO

Faster, more uniform data rates both outdoor and indoor Self-contained TDD operation 45
 The world’s first
end-to-end 5G NR sub-6 GHz
interoperable connection based
on 3GPP standard

Compliant with the 5G NR layer 1 standard

currently being finalized by 3GPP
5G NR scalable OFDM air interface
5G NR low-latency slot-based framework
5G NR advanced channel coding
100 MHz bandwidth, operating at 3.5 GHz

46
 Qualcomm Research 5G mmWave prototype
Showcasing robust mobile communications in real-world OTA testing

Handheld and in-vehicle UEs Multiple gNodeBs with Indoor mobility with wall penetration
with hand-blocking seamless handovers and dynamic blocking

Utilizing adaptive beamforming and beam tracking techniques Outdoor vehicular mobility up to 30 mph
47
 Extremely wide spectrum range

Complexity
of mobile
systems is Exploding number of RF bands
accelerating and band combinations
By technology generation
>10,000

>1,000
5G NR massively
impacts RF front
end design 49
16
Support of
legacy
2G/3G/4G
technologies Early 4G 4G bands 4G carrier Early 5G
today aggregation
combinations combinations

Source: Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. internal analysis 48

Qualcomm® RF Front End evolution

ANTENNAS

` Frequency Bands Antennas Power efficiency

Wider bandwidths*
More aggregated carriers* High Tx power
Wider frequency range*
Adding cellular >3.5 GHz High peak-to-avg
Antenna sharing with
and below 700 MHz power ratio
Wi-Fi, GPS
Up to 100 MHz BW Wider-band ET*
Antenna tuning
optimization
RF TRANSCEIVER

MODEM Antenna tuning and power tracking key to achieving NR requirements

RFFE RFFE
capabilities enhancements
*As compared to current commercially available solution 49
 Realizing 5G mmWave in mobile devices
Achieving coverage, power efficiency and size

antenna 4-antenna module

element

PA
1 power amp
PA
per antenna

Power amp output Antenna element gain Power summation gain Beamforming gain Single polarization

Physics dictates antenna

size and spacing Effective
directional
# of PAs and antennas transmit power
(aka EIRP1)
determines max EIRP1
Beamforming and directional
architectures allow more gain
1 EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power. Represents peak directional power transmitted from the antenna array relative to an isotropic transmission 50
Snapdragon X50 mmWave solution

Antenna
module
5G mmWave
antenna modules & SDR051
transceiver chips Integrated
Circuit

Intermediate mm
Wave
Frequency
Digital Trans- Power Low Switches Switch diversity for
ceiver Amps Noise mmWave coverage
Baseband
Amps

Snapdragon X50 5G mmWave Integrated antenna array and RFFE for Architecture allows flexible
architecture performance and ease-of-use placements and multiple modules

51
Commercializing mmWave in a smartphone form factor
76 mm

157.25 mm
`

11ad in Asus Zenfone 4 Pro 9.7 mm

mmWave (60 GHz) viability Qualcomm 5G NR mmWave prototype 5G NR mmWave

in handset form factor Qualcomm Reference Design
52
 The world’s first announced
5G connection on
a mobile chipset

53
Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
5G Modem family

World’s first 5G-NR

multimode modems
2G / 3G / 4G / 5G in a single chip
Sub-6 + mmWave
Premium-tier smartphones in 2019

Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

54
Making 5G NR a commercial reality for 2019
For standard-compliant networks and devices

Qualcomm®
Snapdragon™

X50

Best-in-class 5G 5G NR standards and 5G NR interoperability Modem, RFFE and

prototype systems technology leadership testing and trials platform leadership
Designing and testing 5G Our technology inventions are Utilizing prototype systems and our Snapdragon X50 5G modem supporting
technologies for many years driving the 5G NR standard global network experience anticipated 2019 mobile device launches

LTE foundational technologies

Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. 55

Expanding 5G NR
beyond enhanced
mobile broadband
3GPP Release 15 and beyond
 5G NR evolution and expansion beyond eMBB
URLLC part of Rel-15 Work Item + new Rel-15 5G NR Study Items approved

5G NR non-orthogonal
multiple access, e.g. RSMA
3GPP Rel-15 Study Item
5G NR for C-V2X 5G NR operation in
communications unlicensed spectrum (LAA
3GPP Rel-15 Study Item and standalone)
3GPP Rel-15 Study Item

5G NR Ultra-Reliable Low Latency

Communications (URLLC) 5G NR Integrated Access
Part of 3GPP Rel-15 Work Item
3GPP Rel-15 and Backhaul (IAB)
5G NR eMBB design 3GPP Rel-15 Study Item

provides the foundation

Sub-6 GHz | mmWave
57
5G Next Gen Core (NGC) also part of 3GPP Rel-15
Increased flexibility through NFV and SDN — essential to 5G NR expansion

• Configurable end-to-end connectivity per vertical

Mobile broadband
• Modular, specialized network functions per service
Internet of Things
• Flexible subscription models
Mission-critical
control • Dynamic control and user planes with more
functionality at the edge

Better cost/energy Optimized Flexible biz models Dynamic creation

efficiency performance and deployments of services

NFV: Network Functions Virtualization; SDN: Software Defined Networking

58
 5G NR URLLC
for new mission-
critical services Aviation and public safety Industrial automation

Ultra-low 1 ms e2e latency

Faster, more flexible frame structure; also new
non-orthogonal uplink access

High reliability targeting 10-5 BLER1

Ultra-reliable transmissions that can be time multiplexed with
nominal traffic through puncturing
Autonomous vehicles Remote medicine

High availability
Simultaneous links to both 5G and LTE for failure
tolerance and extreme mobility

A platform for tomorrow’s more autonomous world

Robotics Smart grid/energy 59

New slot structure enables low-latency communication
Efficient multiplexing with other services — more flexible than dedicated resources
Slot (e.g., 1 ms)

1st 2nd Time-bounded retransmissions help to

transmission transmission achieve higher reliability with specified
latency limit

Nominal eMBB data

(with new CBG1 Design such that other traffic can
HARQ design) sustain puncturing from mission-critical
transmission
Guard
URLLC Data

URLLC Data

eMBB UL
eMBB Ctrl

URLLC Ctrl

URLLC Ctrl

Self-contained TDD slot structure can

Frequency

enable lower slot latency and quicker

link adaptation (e.g., faster SRS/CQI
feedback)
Time
Mini-slots optimized for short data transmissions; Opportunity for uplink RSMA non-orthogonal
can start at anytime — no need to wait for scheduling access using OFDM waveforms
1 Code Blog Group
60
New 5G NR design allows for optimal trade-offs
E.g., leveraging wider bandwidths to offset mission-critical capacity reductions

But wider bandwidth

Latency vs. capacity… Reliability vs. capacity…
can offset reductions
Mission-critical Mission-critical Mission-critical
capacity capacity capacity

Example: 2X bandwidth
for 3x capacity gain2
e.g. 1e-2 BLER

e.g. 1e-4 BLER1

Latency Latency Latency

1 Low BLER Block Error Rate, required to achieve high-reliability with a hard delay bound; 2 All data based on Qualcomm simulations with approximate graphs and linear scales; 3x gain when increasing from 10
61
to 20MHz for 1e-4 BLER
 Reconfigurability
5G NR URLLC Wireline replacement and full mobility

enables advanced of connected workers, robots, devices

industrial IoT
applications
Single network for entire factory
Ultra reliable low latency New user interfaces
Head-mounted displays
Deterministic latency with AR / VR

Unified and global ecosystem Enabling

Licensed and unlicensed spectrum Industry 4.0
Sub-6 GHz and mmWave spectrum

New kinds of devices

Example: AGV with robotic arm

62
C-V2X V2V
Vehicle-to-vehicle
e.g. collision avoidance safety systems

Intelligently connecting
the car to surroundings
V2P
Vehicle-to-pedestrian
and cloud e.g. safety alerts to pedestrians, bicyclists

V2N
Vehicle-to-network
e.g. real-time traffic / routing, cloud services

V2I
Vehicle-to-infrastructure
e.g. traffic signal timing/priority

63
Expected to be ready for
commercial deployment in
vehicles for 2020

64
 C-V2X has a strong evolution path towards 5G NR
While maintaining backward capabilities

Advanced safety
Evolution to 5G NR, while being backward compatible C-V2X R16 (building upon R14)
C-V2X R14 is necessary and operates with R16
Backward compatible with R14 enabled vehicles
Basic and enhanced safety
C-V2X R14/R15 with enhanced range and reliability Higher throughput Wideband ranging/positioning
Higher reliability Lower latency

Basic safety
IEEE 802.11p

65
5G V2X brings new capabilities for the connected vehicle
While maintaining backward compatibility

High throughput Intention / Wideband ranging Local high definition

sensor sharing trajectory sharing and positioning maps / “bird’s eye view”

High throughput and low- High throughput and low- Wideband carrier support High throughput to build
latency to enable the latency to enable planned to obtain accurate local, dynamic maps based
exchange of raw or trajectory sharing positioning and ranging for on camera and sensor
processed data gathered cooperated and automated data; and distribute them
use cases at street intersections

66
Ubiquitous connectivity Ultra energy efficiency
To reach challenging locations by To realize10+ year device battery life 2

achieving device link budget of 164 dB 1

and 100x network energy efficiency 3

Evolving

Massive scale
LTE IoT Extreme simplicity
To efficiently support dense for the massive To allow scaling to the lowest-end use
connections of 1+ million devices/km cases with e.g., single Rx antenna
Internet of Things
2

Addressing the growing needs of low-power, wide-area IoT use cases

67
LTE IoT starts to connect the massive IoT today
Over 35 mobile operators committed to deploy Cat-M1 and/or Cat-NB1 networks

Wearables City
infrastructure MDM9206
Flexible LTE IoT chipset
platform for Cat-M1 /
Energy
management Cat-NB1 / E-GPRS
Utility
metering
• Global dual-mode solution — single SKU
Cat-M1 Cat-NB1 • Pre-certified modules commercially available today
Voice
(VoLTE) (eMTC) (NB-IoT) • Multiple design wins across industry-leading OEMs
Higher throughput, Lower cost, larger
mobility, VoLTE coverage, 2G
migration
Environment
Connected monitoring
health care

Object Smart
tracking buildings

…and many more

68
Continued evolution to meet tomorrow’s massive IoT needs
Essential to 5G Platform1
Future advanced 5G NR IoT design
LTE Cat-1 to address even broader IoT use
cases, such as ultra-low end devices
and above
(Rel-8+) In-band 5G NR deployment
Reduced complexity Single-cell multicast TDD support Non-orthogonal access
Lower power Device positioning Higher spectral efficiency Grant-free uplink
Deeper coverage Higher data rates Early data transmission Multi-hop mesh
Higher density VoLTE improvements Wake-up radio Pruned signaling

eMTC FeMTC eFeMTC 5G NR eMTC

NB-IoT eNB-IoT FeNB-IoT 5G NR NB-IoT

eMTC/NB-IoT in unlicensed spectrum2 based on 3GPP for MulteFire™

Rel-13 Rel-14 Rel-15 Rel-16+

1. LTE IoT, part of LTE Advanced Pro, will be submitted with 5G NR to meet IMT-2020 requirements per defined in ITU Recommendation ITU-R M.2083-0, September, 2015; 2. Standardization in MulteFire Alliance 69
Pioneering tomorrow’s massive IoT technologies
Applies to LTE IoT and 5G NR IoT evolution — potential for 3GPP Rel-16+
Non-orthogonal multiple access Grant-free uplink Mesh networking
Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) Autonomous mode transmission Multi-hop mesh with WAN management

Frequency Direct access on

licensed spectrum

Mesh on unlicensed
or partitioned with
uplink licensed
spectrum1

Time

• NOMA is part of 5G NR Rel-15 Study Item • Contention-based access for IoT devices • For low-power devices with challenging placements
• Can be either scheduled or grant-free • For sporadic uplink of small data bursts • Especially uplink data relayed via nearby devices
• Increases device density & network efficiency • Also key enabler of mission-critical communication • Expands on LTE Device-to-Device (D2D)

1. Greater range and efficiency when using licensed spectrum, e.g. protected reference signals. Network time synchronization improves peer-to-peer efficiency 70
Spectrum sharing valuable for wide range of deployments

• Live

Licensed spectrum Enhanced local Private 5G

aggregation broadband networks
Better user experience with higher speeds Neutral host, neighborhood network Industrial IoT, Enterprise

Enhancing existing deployments, New types of deployments,

Examples today: Gigabit LTE with LAA Examples today: Private LTE networks
1

1. Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA);

71
3GPP study on 5G NR operation in unlicensed spectrum
First time 3GPP studies cellular technology operating stand-alone in unlicensed 1

High bands
Aggregation above 24GHz
(mmWave)
Unlicensed
Mid bands
1GHz to 24GHz
Licensed
anchor Low bands
below 1GHz

NR-based LAA Stand-alone unlicensed Across spectrum bands

NR in unlicensed aggregated with LTE NR operating standalone in Both below and above 6 GHz, e.g.,
(dual-connectivity) or NR unlicensed spectrum. This will become 5GHz, 37GHz, 60GHz*
(carrier-aggregation) in the MulteFire™ evolution path to 5G. (*assuming no change
licensed spectrum to waveform)

Designing with fair co-existence in any unlicensed spectrum: NR / NR, NR / LTE, NR / Wi-Fi
1 Study item in Rel. 15 (RP-170828), which could be followed by a work item that is completed in Rel. 16. 72
Many years in the making to lead up to NR in unlicensed
Work started over 5 years ago when we first envisioned LTE in unlicensed
LTE-U S
P
E
C
Concept Industry LTE-U Trials Commercial
discussions Forum work deployments
LAA S
P
E
C
Concept 3GPP 3GPP work item Trials Commercial
study item deployments
MulteFire S
P
E
C
Concept Industry Alliance Expected
discussions work trials
NR in unlicensed
Concept Possible 3GPP
work item
3GPP study

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

73
 Flexible NR framework supports new sharing paradigms
Building on spectrum sharing technologies that we are pioneering today for LTE
Today’s spectrum Introducing new Flexible NR framework
sharing technologies sharing paradigms
Flexible slot-based framework

LTE-U / LAA
Scalable OFDM-based air interface

LWA

NR-SS Network MIMO

1

MulteFire
TDD self-contained slot structure

CBRS / LSA Mobile mmWave

Learn more at:

1) 5G NR Spectrum Sharing (NR-SS) www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/5g-nr/spectrum-sharing 74
5G NR mmWave continuing to evolve beyond R15
Bringing new capabilities, new spectrum bands and new deployment opportunities

Integrated Access Unlicensed Higher spectrum

& Backhaul Spectrum bands

Rel-15 Study Item on enabling Rel-15 Study Item for both LAA Exploring the use of spectrum
easy/low-cost deployment of small and standalone operation bands above ~40 GHz, including
cells using mmWave spectrum for (aka 5G MulteFire™) in sub-6 GHz and unlicensed spectrum in the 57 GHz
access and backhaul mmWave spectrum bands to 71 GHz band

75
5G NR mmWave IAB1 for cost-efficient dense deployments
Improves coverage and capacity, while limiting backhaul cost
Sub-6 GHz Multi-hop Redundant
gNodeB capability links

Fiber backhaul Efficient operation through dynamic resource

partitioning between access and backhaul

Traditional fiber backhaul • mmWave access inherently requires small cell deployment
can be expensive for • Running fiber to each cell site may not be feasible and can be cost prohibitive
mmWave cell sites • mmWave backhaul can have longer range compared to access
1 Integrated Access & Backhaul 76
5G NR IAB supports Number of fiber drops needed

more adaptive flexible 18

18 18 18

deployments and 16

reduces network cost 14

12
10
Fewer fiber drop points needed compared 10 9
8
to fixed backhaul for a given traffic demand 8
6
6 5 5
Dynamically adjusts to changes in fiber drop 4
4
locations and numbers
2 2
2

0
10 Mbps 20 Mbps 25 Mbps 30 Mbps 40 Mbps 50 Mbps

Integrated Access Backhaul Fixed Access Backhaul

*Assumptions: 28 GHz band, 1GHz b/w, 18 base-stations; 200m ISD; 600 devices, uniform distribution; results obtained without any constraint on the number of hops
77
Anyone can talk about 5G.
We are making it a reality.

NR

Learn more at www.qualcomm.com/5G

78
 Questions? - Connect with Us

www.qualcomm.com/wireless

www.qualcomm.com/news/onq
BLOG

@qualcomm_tech

http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8AD95E4F585237C1&feature=plcp

http://www.slideshare.net/qualcommwirelessevolution
Thank you
Follow us on:
For more information, visit us at:
www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog

Nothing in these materials is an offer to sell any of the components or devices referenced herein.
©2017 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved.
Qualcomm and Snapdragon are trademarks of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries. Other products
and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsidiaries
or business units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable. Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensin g business,
QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a wholly -owned subsidiary of Qualcomm Incorporated,
operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of Qualcomm’s engineering, research and development functions, and s ubstantially all
of its product and services businesses, including its semiconductor business, QCT.