Introduction

Convolution

Convolution is a mathematical way of combination of two signal to form a third signal. It

is the signal is important technic in digital system in digital signal processing. Using convolution
of impulse decomposition, system are described by a signal call the impulse response,
convolution is important because it relates the tree signals of interest input signal, output
signal, and impulse response.

First, the input signal can be substitute into a set of impulse, each of which can be
viewed as a scaled and shifted delta function. Second, the output resulting from each impulse is
a scale shifted version of the impulse response. Third, the overall output signal can be found by
adding these scaled and shifted impulse responses.

Imagine two functions f and g. The purpose of the operation is to shift g over f. The resulting
amount overlap that occurs when g is shifted over f is the convolution of f and g. Because of the
nature of convolution, the resulting integral is a “blending” of f and g. he symbol “*” will refer
to convolution .This can be expressed in the following finite integral:
Fourier series

A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function f(x) in terms of an infinite sum of

sines and cosines. Fourier series make use of the orthogonality relationships of the sine and
cosine functions. The computation and study of Fourier series is known as harmonic analysis
and is extremely useful as a way to break up an arbitrary periodic function into a set of simple
terms that can be plugged in, solved individually, and then recombined to obtain the solution to
the original problem or an approximation to it to whatever accuracy is desired or practical.
Examples of successive approximations to common functions using Fourier series are illustrated
below figure 1:

Figure 1

Using the method for a generalized Fourier series, the usual Fourier series involving sines and
cosines is obtained by taking f_1(x)=cosx and f_2(x)=sinx. Since these functions form a
complete orthogonal system over [-pi,pi], the Fourier series of a function f(x) is given by
Fourier transform

Fourier transform is to overcome this shortcoming, Fourier developed a mathematical model to

transform signals between time (or spatial) domain to frequency domain & vice versa.
Ordinarily we make a measurement in the time domain (signal amplitude as function of time).
To obtain the frequency content we need to obtain the signal spectrum (signal amplitude as a
function of frequency). Conversion between the two domains is obtain by a mathematical
procedure called a Fourier transform.

The forward Fourier transform convert a temporal signal into 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚 ∶

The reverse (inverse) Fourier transform convert a spectrum into a temporal signal.