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Objective:
To measure the following parameters of op-amp
Apparatus:
i. Op-amp
ii. Resistors
iii. Capacitors
iv. Signal generator
v. CRO
vi. Dual power supply
vii. Bread board
viii. Connecting wires
Theory:
Input bias current:
Input bias current is defined as average of currents entering the input
terminals of an Op-amp. Typically these currents are of the order of nano amperes. Let I1 and I2 be the
currents entering the input terminals of an Op-amp the input bias current is given by
Ib = (I1+I2)/2
If = (I1-I2)
Input offset voltage:
Input offset voltage is the voltage applied at the input terminals of an Op-
amp to make output zero, typically of the order of milli volts.
Slew rate:
It is the maximum rate at which output can change in an op-amp. It is one of the major limitations in an
op-amp. It is expressed in volt/second. The output gets distorted if the rate at which output changes
exceeds slew rate.
Circuit diagrams:
Input bias 1 current:
Slew rate:
Procedure:
Input bias current
I. Connect the circuit.
II. Measure the output voltage from which the inverting input bias current can be calculated as
III. Ib(-ive)=Vo/Rf
IV. Connect the circuit.
V. Measure the output voltage from which the non-inverting input bias current can be calculated
as
VI. Ib(+ive)=Ro/Rf
VII. Average of magnitude of both Ib(-ive) and Ib(+ive) gives the input bias current.
Slew rate
i. Give the square wave input from the signal generator.
ii. Increase the frequency slowly until the output is just barely a triangular wave.
iii. Calculate sew rate as SR= (del V /del t).
Question and answers
What is the input bias current?
The average of the currents entering the negative input and positive input of an op-amp is called input
bias current.
Offset current drift is measured in nA/deg C and offset voltage drift is measured in mV/deg C.these
indicate the change in offset current or voltage for each degree Celsius change in temperature.
Apparatus:
i. Dual power supply
ii. Bread board
iii. Connecting wires
iv. Resistors
v. IC471
vi. Signal generator
vii. CRO
Theory:
Inverting amplifier:
Inverting amplifier is an amplifier which is used to amplify the input signal
and invert the input signal. Gain of inverting amplifier is as follows
Gain=-R1/R2
Non-inverting amplifier:
Non-inverting amplifier is an amplifier which is used to amplify the
input signal. Gain of non-inverting amplifier is as follows
Gain=1+R1/R2
Circuit diagram:
Inverting amplifier:
Non-inverting amplifier:
Non-inverting amplifier
i. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
ii. Give input to the amplifier using signal generator.
iii. Now check the output voltage using voltmeter and non inverted form of input signal on the
CRO.
Apparatus:
i. Dual power supply
ii. Resistors
iii. Regulated power supply
iv. IC471
v. AFO
vi. Capacitors
vii. CRO
viii. Connecting wires
Theory:
Op-amp integrator:
Operational amplifier can be configured to perform calculus operations
such as differentiation and integration. In an integrating circuit, the output is the integration of the input
voltage with respect to time. A passive integrator is a circuit which does not use any active devices like
op-amps or transistors. An integrator circuit which consists of active devices is called an Active
integrator. An active integrator provides a much lower output resistance and higher output voltage than
is possible with a simple RC circuit.
Op-amp differentiating and integrating circuits are inverting amplifiers, with appropriately placed
capacitors. Integrator circuits are usually designed to produce a triangular wave output from a square
wave input. Integrating circuits have frequency limitations while operating on sine wave input signals.
Op-amp Integrator Applications:
i. Op-amp integrating amplifiers are used to perform calculus operations in analogue
computers.
ii. Integrating circuits are most commonly used in analogue-to-digital converters, ramp
generators and also in wave shaping applications.
iii. Another application would be to integrate a signal representing water flow, producing a
signal representing the total quantity of water that has passed by the flow meter. This
application of an integrator is sometimes called a totalizer in the industrial
instrumentation trade.
Op-amp differentiator:
An op-amp differentiator or a differentiating amplifier is a circuit
configuration which produces output voltage amplitude that is proportional to the rate of change of the
applied input voltage. A differentiator with the only RC network is called a passive differentiator,
whereas a differentiator with active circuit components like transistors and operational amplifiers is
called an active differentiator. Active differentiators have higher output voltage and much lower output
resistance than simple RC differentiators.
An op-amp differentiator is an inverting amplifier, which uses a capacitor in series with the input
voltage. Differentiating circuits are usually designed to respond for triangular and rectangular input
waveforms. For a sine wave input, the output of a differentiator is also a sine wave, which is out of
phase by 180o with respect to the input (cosine wave). Differentiators have frequency limitations while
operating on sine wave inputs; the circuit attenuates all low frequency signal components and allows
only high frequency components at the output. In other words, the circuit behaves like a high-pass filter.
Output:
Differentiator:
Output:
Procedure:
i. First of all, took all the required apparatus.
ii. Then connect the resistors and capacitor with the IC as shown in the figure.
iii. Give dc supply to the circuit using dc power supply.
iv. Then give input using function generator.
v. At the end check the output voltage and output waveforms on the CRO of both integrator and
differentiator.
Questions and answers
What are the applications of current sources?
Transistor current sources are widely used in analog ICs both as biasing elements and as load devices for
amplifier stages.