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10/5/2011

Slings & D/d Ratio

CANADA
888--416-
888 416-1965
No part of this presentation may be reproduced or distributed
without the written permission of Rigging Institute, LLC
1 Copyright ©2011 Rigging Institute, LLC All rights reserved.

Slings & D/d Ratio


D/d Ratios

 D/d Ratio – the diameter of curvature around which


a sling is bent affects its capacity.

– The upper case ‘D’ refers to the


diameter of the object to which the
sling hitch is applied. d
– The lower case ‘d’ represents the
diameter of the sling.
D

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10/5/2011

Slings & D/d Ratio


Wire Rope Slings

 To determine the D/d ratio, divide the diameter of


the wire rope sling into the diameter of the load.

 A good rule to follow with wire rope slings, is to keep


at least a 6:1 ratio which results in an 80% efficiency
of the sling.
 A 1:1 ratio results in only 50% efficiency of the wire
rope sling.

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Slings & D/d Ratio


Wire Rope Slings

D/d RATIO FOR WIRE ROPE ON SHEAVES & DRUMS

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Slings & D/d Ratio


Wire Rope Slings
1” wire rope sling D/d Wire Rope Sling
Ratio Strength Efficiencies
25:1 100%
20:1 92%
15:1 88%
1”
10:1 86%
8:1 84%

6” 6:1 80%
4:1 75%
2:1 65%
D/d ratio = 6” ÷ 1” = 6
1:1 50%
6: ratio = Approx. 80% efficiency

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Slings & D/d Ratio


Wire Rope Slings

 Softeners are often used to help create better


D/d ratios.

Radius of contact should


at least be equal to one rope lay.

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10/5/2011

Slings & D/d Ratio


Wire Rope Slings

 The diameter of the pin or hook in D


the eye of the sling should be no L

greater than 1/2 the eye length.

 It is recommended that the pin in


the eye be no less than 2 times the
sling diameter.

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Slings & D/d Ratio


Multi--Part Wire Rope Slings
Multi

 When using multi-part slings follow the


manufacturer’s requirements for D/d ratio
reductions.

Basket capacity on this multi-part wire


rope sling is based on the D/d ratio of
the component wire diameter. The pin
diameter in the eye is based on the
slings finished diameter .

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10/5/2011

Slings & D/d Ratio


Multi--Part Wire Rope Slings
Multi

 When using multi-part slings follow the


manufacturer’s requirements for D/d ratio
reductions.

Basket capacity on this multi-part wire


rope sling is based on the D/d ratio of
the sling’s finished diameter. The pin
diameter in the eye is also based on
the slings finished diameter .

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Slings & D/d Ratio


Multi--Part Wire Rope Slings
Multi
Slingmax® Gator 9-Part
Slingmax® (9-prt) Sling
D/d Ratio
Strength Efficiencies
5:1 100%

4:1 92%
d
3:1 84%

2:1 73%
D
1:1 65%

0.5:1 50%

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10/5/2011

Slings & D/d Ratio


Alloy Chain Slings

 D/d Ratio – the diameter of curvature around which


a sling is bent affects its capacity.

– The upper case ‘D’ refers to the d


diameter of the object to which the
sling hitch is applied.
– The lower case ‘d’ represents the D
diameter of the chain link of the
sling.

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Slings & D/d Ratio


Alloy Chain Slings
 Chain is different than wire rope.
― Flexible inter-link.
― Rigid intra-link.
― Based on link length also. However,
inside length to wire diameter is
relatively constant for alloy chains.

– therefore D/d works.

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10/5/2011

Slings & D/d Ratio


Alloy Chain Slings
Deformation at Proof Test load Odd # of links.

D/d = 4

D/d = 3

Odd # Links. D/d = 2

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Slings & D/d Ratio


Alloy Chain Slings
Deformation at Proof Test load, even # of links.

D/d = 4

D/d = 3

D/d = 2
Even # Links.
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10/5/2011

Slings & D/d Ratio


Alloy Chain Slings

NACM D/d De-rating Recommendations of Basket Hitch


Alloy Chain D/d Ratio Efficiency

D/d Ratio % of Rated Capacity


d
Less than 2 Not Recommended
2 60
3 70
4 80 D
5 90
6 and greater 100

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Slings & D/d Ratio


Synthetic Web Slings
 D/d ratios are NOT a concern for synthetic web slings.
Is this a diameter issue?

NO

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Slings & D/d Ratio


Synthetic Web Slings Bunching
 Spatial issues of web slings reduce its efficiency.

BUNCHING FOLDED SLING

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Slings & D/d Ratio


Roundsling Bearing Stress
Sling Load Value (Lbs.)
= BEARING STRESS
Load Bearing Area
5/8 IN
RS90 Roundsling with a vertical work
load limit of 8400 lbs. is connected to the
2 IN rounded bow end of a 5/8in. Shackle.
The shackle has an inside opening of 2
inches and a stock diameter of 0.62.
RS90
8400 lbs. A force of only 6000 lbs. is applied,
Vertical 6000 lbs. noticeably less than the work load limit.
Force
Is the shackle suitable?

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10/5/2011

Slings & D/d Ratio


Roundsling Bearing Stress
Effective Contact Width
Curved – 75% of Actual Inside Width
.75 x 2 inches = 1.5 inch

Load Bearing Area


Hardware Effective Load
Thickness X Contact = Bearing
or Diameter Width Area
.62 X 1.5 = .93 IN
Sling Load Value BEARING STRESS
=
Load Bearing Area (Not to exceed 7000 PSI)
6000
= 6451 Lbs. / IN
.93 IN
19 Copyright ©2011 Rigging Institute, LLC All rights reserved.

Slings & D/d Ratio

CANADA
888--416-
888 416-1965
No part of this presentation may be reproduced or distributed
without the written permission of Rigging Institute, LLC
20 Copyright ©2011 Rigging Institute, LLC All rights reserved.

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