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Advanced Speaking Topic Test

Contents
1. How to become a better listener by González, J.p.53-62........................................................ 3
1. Take listening seriously ....................................................................................................... 3
The first step toward becoming a better listener is to accord listening the seriousness it
deserves. Good listener have worked at learning how to listen effectively. Like any other
skills, it comes from practice and self-discipline .................................................................... 3
2. Be an active listener ............................................................................................................. 3
Active listeners give undivided attention to the speaker in a genuine effort to understand his
point of view. In conversation, they do not interrupt the speaker or finish his sentences.
When listening to a speech, they do not allow themselves to e distracted by internal or
external interferences, and they do not prejudge the speaker. The take listening seriously
and do the best they can to stay focused on the speaker and his message. ............................. 3
3. Resist distractions ................................................................................................................ 3
In the real world, we cannot eliminate all physical and mental distractions, because we think
so much faster than a speaker can talk, it is easy to let our attention wander. Sometimes it is
very easy. When the room is too hot, when construction machinery is operating right
outside the window, when the speaker is tedious. But our attention can stray even in the best
of circumstances...................................................................................................................... 3
There are several ways to avoid distractions. One is to make conscious effort to pull your
mind back to what the speaker is saying. Then force it to stay there. One way to do this is to
think ahead of the speaker (try to anticipate what will come next, in this case you will listen
and measure what the speaker says against what you had anticipated). Besides that, to keep
your mind on the speech is to review mentally what the speaker has already said and sure
you understand it. Another, it is to listen between the lines and assess what the speaker
implies verbally and says nonverbally with body language. .................................................. 3
Attentive listeners can pick up all kinds of clues to a speaker´s real message ....................... 4
4. Don’t be diverted by appearance or delivery ....................................................................... 4
Set aside preconceived judgements based on person´s looks or manner of speech................ 4
You do not let negative feelings about a speaker´s appearance or delivery keep you from
listening to the message. ......................................................................................................... 4
Try not to be misled if the speaker has an unusually attractive appareance. .......................... 4
5. Suspend judgment ................................................................................................................ 4
You should hear speaker out before reaching a final judgment. Try to understand their point
of view. Listen to their ideas, examine their evidence. Asses their reasoning. Then, make up
your mind. The aim of an effective listening is to set aside one´s own prejudices, frames of
references and desires so as to experience as far as possible the speaker´s world from the
inside. ...................................................................................................................................... 4
6. Focus your listening ............................................................................................................. 4
There 3 suggestions to focus on specific things on listening .................................................. 4
1. Listen for main points ................................................................................................... 4
Most speeches contain from two to four main points. These points are the heart of a
message. They are the most important things to listen for. .................................................... 4
2. Listen for evidence ....................................................................................................... 4
Listen for supporting evidence................................................................................................ 4
Advanced Speaking Topic Test
3. Listen for technique ...................................................................................................... 4
Study the methods other use to speak effectively: to get attention, to relate to the audience,
to establish credibility and goodwill, gestures, eye contact, visual aids. ................................ 4
7. Develop note-taking skills ................................................................................................... 4
Listen with a pen a paper to pick out main points, evidence and techniques. But do it
properly because research confirms students who take effective notes receive higher grades.
................................................................................................................................................. 4
2. Ethics and public speaking by Santo, F.p.30-36 ..................................................................... 4
2. Guidelines for ethical speaking............................................................................................... 4
1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound ............................................................................ 4
They are consistent with the welfare of society and audience .................................................... 5
2. Be fully prepared for each speech........................................................................................ 5
3. Be honest in what you say ................................................................................................... 5
Do not distort the truth for personal gain. Be accurate and fair in message and methods.......... 5
4. Avoid name-calling and other form of abusive language .................................................... 5
Name-calling is ethically suspect because it demeans the dignity of people being attacked and
because it can undermine the right of all groups to be fairly heard. Use of language to defame,
or degrade individuals or group .................................................................................................. 5
5. Put ethical principles into practice ....................................................................................... 5
3. Listening by González, Y.p.46-53 .......................................................................................... 5
1. Listening is important .......................................................................................................... 5
In our communication oriented-age, listening is important than ever. This is why, in most
companies, effective listeners hold higher position and are promoted more often. Listening are
important for employees, employers, students, doctors, children, parents and above all for you
as a student and speaker. So you can get highest grades due to strongest listening skills. The
way you get more ideas and information, to improve speeches ................................................. 5
2. Listening and critical thinking ............................................................................................. 5
There are four kind of listening .................................................................................................. 5
1. Appreciative listening .......................................................................................................... 5
Listening for pleasure or enjoyment. For examples, listening to music, a comedy routine, and
an entertaining speech. ................................................................................................................ 5
2. Emphatic listening ............................................................................................................... 5
Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker. For example, a psychiatrist listen to
patient.......................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Comprehensive listening...................................................................................................... 5
Listening to understand the message of a speaker: a classroom lecture. .................................... 5
4. Critical listening ................................................................................................................... 5
Listening to evaluate for purposes of accepting or rejecting it: sales speech, campaign speech 5
3. Four causes of poor listening ............................................................................................... 5
1. Not concentrating ................................................................................................................. 5
Advanced Speaking Topic Test
The brain is incredibly efficient. The brain can process 400 to 800 words a minute, due to
brain time. ................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Listening too hard ................................................................................................................ 5
Listening to details rather than main points. ............................................................................... 5
3. Jumping to conclusions ........................................................................................................ 5
Putting words into the speakers’ mouth. ..................................................................................... 5
Prematurely, rejecting a speaker´s ideas as boring or misguided. .............................................. 5
4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance ................................................................... 6
Judging a speaker by the way they look or speak and do not listen to what it says ................... 6
4. Guidelines for ethical listening Arjona, O.p.41-42 ................................................................. 6
Listener have three ethical obligations ....................................................................................... 6
1. Be courteous and attentive ................................................................................................... 6
Come to class prepared to listen and to learn from your classmate´s speeches .......................... 6
2. Avoid prejudging the speaker .............................................................................................. 6
Do not judge the speaker by name, race, lifestyle, appearance or reputation of the speaker.
Your aim is to listen carefully to the speaker ideas, to assess the evidence and reasoning
offered in support of those ideas and to reach intelligent judgment about the speech ............... 6
3. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas ................................................................... 6
The listener have an obligation to maintain the right speakers to be heard ................................ 6
5. Plagiarism by Camaño, D.p.36-41 .......................................................................................... 6

1. How to become a better listener by González, J.p.53-62

1. Take listening seriously


To accord listening the seriousness it deserves. Good listener have worked at learning how to
listen effectively. Like any other skills, it comes from practice and self-discipline
2. Be an active listener
Active listeners give undivided attention to the speaker in a genuine effort to understand his
point of view. In conversation, they do not interrupt the speaker or finish his sentences. When
listening to a speech, they do not allow themselves to e distracted by internal or external
interferences, and they do not prejudge the speaker. The take listening seriously and do the
best they can to stay focused on the speaker and his message.
3. Resist distractions
In the real world, we cannot eliminate all physical and mental distractions, because we think
so much faster than a speaker can talk, it is easy to let our attention wander. Sometimes it is
very easy. When the room is too hot, when construction machinery is operating right outside
the window, when the speaker is tedious. But our attention can stray even in the best of Commented [JFGA1]: Perderse, vagar en, errar.
circumstances.
There are several ways to avoid distractions. One is to make conscious effort to pull your
mind back to what the speaker is saying. Then force it to stay there. One way to do this is to
think ahead of the speaker (try to anticipate what will come next, in this case you will listen
Advanced Speaking Topic Test
and measure what the speaker says against what you had anticipated). Besides that, to keep
your mind on the speech is to review mentally what the speaker has already said and sure you
understand it. Another, it is to listen between the lines and assess what the speaker implies
verbally and says nonverbally with body language.
Attentive listeners can pick up all kinds of clues to a speaker´s real message

4. Don’t be diverted by appearance or delivery


Set aside preconceived judgements based on person´s looks or manner of speech.
You do not let negative feelings about a speaker´s appearance or delivery keep you from
listening to the message.
Try not to be misled if the speaker has an unusually attractive appareance.
5. Suspend judgment
You should hear speaker out before reaching a final judgment. Try to understand their point
of view. Listen to their ideas, examine their evidence. Asses their reasoning. Then, make up
your mind. The aim of an effective listening is to set aside one´s own prejudices, frames of
references and desires so as to experience as far as possible the speaker´s world from the
inside.

6. Focus your listening


There 3 suggestions to focus on specific things on listening
1. Listen for main points
Most speeches contain from two to four main points. These points are the heart of a
message. They are the most important things to listen for.
2. Listen for evidence
Listen for supporting evidence
3. Listen for technique
Study the methods other use to speak effectively: to get attention, to relate to the
audience, to establish credibility and goodwill, gestures, eye contact, visual aids.
7. Develop note-taking skills
Listen with a pen a paper to pick out main points, evidence and techniques. But do it
properly because research confirms students who take effective notes receive higher
grades.

2. Ethics and public speaking by Santo, F.p.30-36

Because public speaking is a power it carries with it heavy ethical responsibilities.


Today, the good speaker remains the ideal recommendable speech making.
Ethics is the branch of philosophy which deals with issues of right and wrong is human
affairs. Questions of ethics arise whenever we ask whether a course of action is moral or
immoral, fair or unfair, just and unjust and honest or dishonest
2. Guidelines for ethical speaking

1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound


Advanced Speaking Topic Test
They are consistent with the welfare of society and audience
2. Be fully prepared for each speech

3. Be honest in what you say

Do not distort the truth for personal gain. Be accurate and fair in message and methods.
4. Avoid name-calling and other form of abusive language
Name-calling is ethically suspect because it demeans the dignity of people being attacked
and because it can undermine the right of all groups to be fairly heard. Use of language to
defame, or degrade individuals or group
5. Put ethical principles into practice

3. Listening by González, Y.p.46-53


1. Listening is important
In communication oriented-age, listening is important than ever. This is why, in most
companies, effective listeners hold higher position and are promoted more often. Listening
are important for employees, employers, students, doctors, children, parents and above all for
you as a student and speaker. So you can get highest grades due to strongest listening skills.
The way you get more ideas and information, to improve speeches
2. Listening and critical thinking
There are four kind of listening
1. Appreciative listening
Listening for pleasure or enjoyment. For examples, listening to music, a comedy
routine, and an entertaining speech.
2. Emphatic listening
Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker. For example, a psychiatrist listen
to patient
3. Comprehensive listening
Listening to understand the message of a speaker: a classroom lecture.
4. Critical listening
Listening to evaluate for purposes of accepting or rejecting it: sales speech, campaign
speech
3. Four causes of poor listening
1. Not concentrating
The brain is incredibly efficient. The brain can process 400 to 800 words a minute,
due to brain time.
2. Listening too hard
Listening to details rather than main points.
3. Jumping to conclusions
Putting words into the speakers’ mouth.
Prematurely, rejecting a speaker´s ideas as boring or misguided.
Advanced Speaking Topic Test
4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance
Judging a speaker by the way they look or speak and do not listen to what it says
4. Guidelines for ethical listening Arjona, O.p.41-42

Listener have three ethical obligations


1. Be courteous and attentive
Come to class prepared to listen and to learn from your classmate´s speeches
2. Avoid prejudging the speaker
Do not judge the speaker by name, race, lifestyle, appearance or reputation of the speaker.
Your aim is to listen carefully to the speaker ideas, to assess the evidence and reasoning
offered in support of those ideas and to reach intelligent judgment about the speech
3. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas
The listener have an obligation to maintain the right speakers to be heard

5. Plagiarism by Camaño, D.p.36-41


Plagiarism
Plagiarism is presenting another person´s ideas as own: to give the impression you have written
or thought something yourself when you have actually taken from someone else. The punishment
inside can range from failing a grade to expulsion from school, outside, you stand to forfeit your
good name, to damage your career, or you are sued: to lose a large amount of money
1. Global plagiarism
Global plagiarism is stealing a speech entirely from another single source and passing it off
as your own. Plagiarism in a college classroom occurs because a student put off the
assignment until the last minute. The best way to avoid this is not to leave your speech until
the last minute.
2. Patchwork plagiarism
Patchwork plagiarism occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources. One key to
averting patchwork plagiarism is to start working on your speech as soon as possible.
3. Incremental plagiarism
Incremental plagiarism occurs when the speaker don’t give credit for particular parts of the
speech that are borrowed from other people
 Quotations
When you quote someone directly, you must attribute the word to that person.
 Paraphrases
When you paraphrase an author, you restate or summarize his ideas in your own
words. To guard against incremental plagiarism is to be careful when taking research
notes to distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrased material and your own
comment. The second way to avoid is err on the side of caution (when in doubt, cite
your source)
4. Plagiarism and the internet
Advanced Speaking Topic Test
Plagiarism and the internet comes from copying information from the web without citing
sources. To avoid this you must take careful research notes. Include: the title of the internet
document, the author or organization responsible for the document, the date when information
was updated, and the date when you accessed the site. Speech Bibliography

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