The Social Origins of olaceetn ee eee‘THE SOCIAL ORIGINS OF CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE, PAGANS, JEWS, AND CHRISTUS 1. Mitel White RR ‘Trinity Press Internationalor Gloria, Jessica, and Travis Hiavard Theological Suis 42 pig © 190 Te Johas Hoplns Users Pros [Ap sessed. Eps br We oston oc nh ‘scm no plac my be rode! nay maa oat forse persia fem he psn Wie Berman, "Tiny Pr ermeeet PO. Bx, Vaby Forge A Tiny Prat eel i sn of the Moho big Gop Balding Gods howe in the Reman wor "Theat ngs of Chin seer batng Gos ome Inde Ronse vedatlecnra spare among peta Jom ts Chae Mtl ae ce iad lp ai) satis fi tied fre knee Sha fol eae Jer Hopin Uae Pes 90, SOR Tey i fat Nor Ee ats) Tek oibegrpl ees ind ISBN TSonOSBb4 Gk Pope) ‘Sheer Ey Che” 2 Bes 3. Tepe, opm, the. 5 Syegngos 6 Bangs —Rarodeng feretertsecfone: [Te Ik Snes Haar loge! Retsrovas dao ‘oe po: Aa Res, ee 38002 Contents Figures Preface Abbreviations 1, Inrroduction| ans of Edy Chisioe Hisory rhein) td Chia echt “The Beginnings of Christan Architecture: Maal and Perspectives ‘ome Cur and Bas Orga Thea Modes Howe hoch nd Cran Acer Apne Een “Private” Cait in Consractve Comtex The Adaptive Environment ‘he Comrie Cone Pre ale Ay neh Roman Wish 1h oman Pesan he Mice Syagoes inthe Graeco-Roman Diss Eat Rinpason and Aecommodaton omc San te Dion ‘Nico Paes Srl Fares ads ‘ton Doorn sd Aomnodson eeu Ape Eine5. From House Church to Church Building Phases of Christian Groweh and Adaptation The Howe Chuck The Dcme Eee Beyond he Domes Eee The fle Eeeae 6. Concasions: Christian Adapation ad the Social Environment Notes Index 1 140 1 207 Figures 1. The “Tere ofthe Farsgn God” oelooing the Therer Quine at Delos 2. Pls restnsion sowing contro af lsu 9 tnd Suapeion A Delor 4. Pn reoneocin ofthe Temple of Gale Dore Europos during Ped TV 4 Phan cecratrustin ofthe Temple of Gade se Dara-Europos ding Psiod I 5, Phin eestoraton ofthe Mire dl ore pt (CMa of he Pained Wall" at Ost 6, Phin estrton ofthe Avene Mithracum sekone 7, Phin ezorton of he Ea Mra Prien period hse x Dare Esropos 4. Pla rescrtion of the mie anda ages of renoveton ofthe Mihracom a Dstt Esropon ad 19, Schematic plan ofthe Dspace ysaggues at Suns, Prien, Dura Eur Deon, Ost tnd Seb 10, Plan resoaio ofthe sygogve a Deloe 11, Pla eration of he mage t Peene 12, Plan esoraton ofthe sage t Ostia 1D, Plan etration ofthe smagogue comple Sch 14, Plan esorntion ofthe synagogue a Suds 15, Plan restoration of ve ary ad Later Sago Daw Earp u 6 sae n *lan rstorton of Black L7 andthe gore seDut-Faropos Plan reoreacion before and afer the CChrtian Buding a Dur Furops was enornted nts dorms eceie Isometric ecomtrtion af the Cr Balding ot Dur Eoropos Plan retorttion of renovated nel ine Brows Rome Ismet reconstrction fad Byes ar Rome Pan setortion of the Basics SS. Gia Plo a Rome Schematic ston of the Basics San Clemente arRome Inner reontrvcin ofthe Roma vila wih (Carian chapel t Lalingstone Inometi reontroction ofthe Fst Church (ls eco) below San Crisgono at Ree Sing plan ofthe our sih-centry hrch beneth the meta ais of San Cigona ot Rome Pn estorton ofS Crisogono ad al tecete a Rome Plan estoron of he fourth cea all ‘huch ond hereon bent the Octagonal ‘hush compen Pili i 16 me i bs Preface “The presen sys net nthe election of ahaa {nd docomentary materia st semble nthe ser’ ale Scent and now published spray under he we Te Corson Doma xan In Eamon Man of eco “hasoneof he work hve cn coreratd int he organi tion of i uy which fos especialy 0 te paces OF ites slptaton way of ondesanding the rion tment or elope of etyChrsian ulin The ange {or howe cre to pute bess eid wth crc dclenssn both ci pec and reign pests in he Gaan momen Yer Chrsans were not he oy Pim apt and reno pte budings for woh $Fit spa anion ru so be paid othe ager carl cone of cnaracon and sapien pcaly te Dispos Jotsum an Remn Miran While hn say depends on Primary aocologed and documentary rear, the Mp row is timely ridicipinay ees equal on Eps tom mses els of New Tener ety Chr ‘an study well oc Helles and Roman sil istry. The os Belly ended conte mh to the soc Ihnoy ofthe ny Chrisin novement ef sre an ‘eso ee The nator whe terse appeeciiont tho who have helped wo ake daly sea: Fre Tam psc Obe- ln Cllege and ote Arcrcan Schoo of Cael Std at Aen for eel ad eich spor cling othe she ‘logs mate: Much ofthe socal Hor esearch we lag ea competed with the soppore ofl om he Niubnal Endowment forthe Homose ally Th toexpr peonal appreciton to Frc M. Myers and Rasy eMolen foethtr encouragement on deren amet oh project My deepen peste and respect go co Wayne A Mees nd Abstr J Miler, bo ugh malted and ‘encourged. The sty of che beuae church nea Chri Shan cern indeed to hem. NA ANEW as cucr core cucu cnc vit iG cu cu capa cy Abbreviations ear Jere of denn Aig Neder mich Wiel “Tempo and W. Fase. Bei, 172 Brown ic Sete CGpus Bear Crisenron Rae, § vl, 1 Krutheior Vasa Ci 10891986 Cerpas Cube Cele iis, 6 ol, od. M. Vermaseren Leiden, 977 ‘The Chien DE and ie Enso: A Colson of Tas and Maes, L. chal ‘White: Haran ThesogilSttes 38. Minne spol 190, ‘Amid VE Congres neni raga ‘ronan, Reson, 1962, Vb City 1988 ‘Ai let YU Congres Ito reba ‘rane, Bam 1968 Van City, 1972 Corpus Inriginmam Graaram, # vo, ee A Boa eta Bea 1825-1577 Copa nisin Fadia, 2 ose 1-P Trey Rome, 1936-1952 eras Irie Lainaran, 1 we, eT. ‘Mornin et Bei, 195 Cres Irina ct Manementon Reliois ‘Miri 2 ols, M}. Vermasere. The Hage, 1956-1960 Carpet ayn Incr, 3 ol. V-Tebe- shone. Cabeidge, MA, 1957RINT LD Der vt viv DEF Vt Der v2 reas PRO HE HTR » Competin Rea Iara Nic Tee smerny section oe, Th Jee Pe th Fir Cru volume one 8 Safad M. Sem, Prindelpi, 1978 Gompdion Rev nbiara al Ni Tae met: seton one. Te Jesh Pople th Fre ‘Gn, volume vo, eS. Saal and M. Ste, Phiacephin, 1976 The Exons at Dar Earp, Peony Be pres Sah Seon 1932-1998 ML Rowowtae, AUR. Balinger Hopkin and CB. Wells, New Hover, 936 “he Rast t Dae Ep, Priimiy Re ps Seth an Fgh Satin, 933-1950 ad 1934-1935 el ML Roost, EE Brown and CB. Wels New Hane, 199. The Exess et Deere, Final Br Time, The amet ond ap. ©. 8. Walls, RO Fink, and). Gillam. New Have 1959 The Exes ot Darema, Final Reg ime Vi, Pr Te Syogege, CW. Rrae= ling. New Hive, 1956 The Besa ot Dare-Erope, Final Ror Tae, or Tt: The Chin Bang, CH rating. New Hares, 1967 any Chien and yeni Artur ie, 1 Krsthomer, New Yor, 1977 inde price ate Ros ern des por rman Leen, 96 Hla Eoin, Evins Havird The Rese ‘sri de Dl 4 vhs es F Durch Pari 19261857 Ic ick Bs, ny Porte pac REG ER ve zw Irie Grae, e. A Boke al. Belin rises Gres es Romana erie, sels eR Cagnat eta Par, 111 Ircrpie Latne Sear wy H. Desi Bein, 192-196 ear f aman Suis Loc Case Library London and Cai, Ma, 19 neers dat do Sage es B Licht Cabos dla Re ibige VI Pas, 186 Oni Gras rips Seta. Saponenton Silos Pepiono Gracarm,2 sls ed. W. Dimenterger Lap, 903608 Papers of he Br Sb at Rae for abbrvintions for pp ee Grek Bagi Lesion compiled by H Lie nd Sco r= ied by Tones, Onfrd 1925-1940 Rian dace ine ewe des Brads Gregus Rese of Religion ‘he Sond Centr: A Jor f Early Civiion ‘Ses Vigle Criioae inc fre Novae WenchDeeb ri of Rm, time of er pine renne! Note se nr the arn shah et of his ‘npr rete ree yr ce. ‘Geach HOU) Nothing, ewouldsem so cokes conaiounes ofan of Sime orl chang, dus the moines of apex ps. ‘nd now. This Pears lament over Rome allen glory {Exered in Gon oa nore bier condemnation of the ee pris of deine? The Emperor Aug nal oat hat ele in marble that whith he found made obi He so lef therein of ori comment sen frm the op. rem of progress Yer uch perl quietoo evince the see Of ehnge of ald and ne, sich she momuments theres ‘rok "Laugh, O Casals Marea mocking ris of 1 ps ony "at hve Lingy wonders the pails” ‘Wermay conta the ae of aineceth-ey rome, scocksicam fling onthe hes of Giton ss pets sn Shuai alle edcorered tht put lor. Lord Byron is tugs be contemplated he mn of lente Sounion (Chie “Har Pima, Cant, 88) Save where ome sary coun mourns Ane is prorat been oft ce Swe where Teton ary shine some Colona cl nd gems slog the wives Swe wer some wars hlf forgone gene ‘Where the grey sone nd nme grt ‘Agr but cvon, bly bene,‘Whe strangers ony noc ears pas Lingering ike me, perchance, to pean igh Al” ‘With the fie lush of archaeloia dacovery can: ney foun signin neesing numer Egy easy and Greek marbles sued snd napred and yet sted the ons sf mutt and human Sade. In Shall, ke Byron Kea, therein sche Words on works are roig eet Fron ceson deca? Teen recompect hat harman concious bes an inter presrochchange arprogestc der. Batuchispertopethe uur incites of aelfconcis histori etopeson, ‘hie oc othe pst fo nda othe resee ‘Landmark of arly Christan History ing scandals in xt Chitin Nora dificae {ao butone than nce ad more in demand with he peter ‘alailiyof us and nonunents o be earned and ine: fected. Tnx ser of leurs ended "Landmarks of Esiy {Cis de church horn Kisopp Lake enayed acl ‘ciel setimene ted such 3 as Aces sight th istornofrligons appears tobe fied ty a umber of cel dingished ena to cach of hich he fel jst ning the same fs separate ‘eligon, bt on rer considerston becomes cio that exch oe of tee ens as ben ns condsion of {ua srooghour fs hiory. Each began as combinaton reyes of le form of het with compare) element composaon:each ended by dior ‘sto many cements of which the wos speared, Sth che bat were taken up nt new if in sme new velo “Te isoran los for dma hat char curse of ee pens dace ager nore post deseipion snd ly of tat eelopment ‘bling hse nia become the Sst in inter pwetaton, Is uch ie the arcaclogi who, ae ng ‘rour embe,sceminglyidisnghabe remains of be inom acrigydlghs nthe dscovery ofan alae. Rather {han some masbre perry dis deg in fing signs of ‘deucon fn the recopion tia Sema len stages of ‘ding begining» lea bea in cacepaonal oye Satiophy isla ram whch terra devel ‘pment, ath before and ae can none dered more hay ea Lake core abres, sich nds re at Shays eden, cther nthe history of religions or in sca Insync, ded, many caer sha pa for [tinal fama story eather bole of large devel ‘opmenal cone o plas ad ae oon imposed by rete Spee snmcnanese: Three fo ablners inthe hinry of ‘hy Chi andthe scolr slo ponder she bes ans fovmack aff i dewlopmen. Sil, monument send to Be ‘anges that ve oacred and el ot fr temps to hese them “Theta andar he wil be the cf iss the beginning of Christin chorch Doing and the exashent fan nvtonlnd elon the Roan wood Religion’ ‘more than 4 mesage nd the appl ofthe ely Ciston ‘monent did pore in tor fsakabonalone. Tere were ‘vor ga apeny im he Greco Roman world, and many 3 ‘it following ro promore thom. The competion an ines ‘Son of religens occured i the socal weed at wel a he inclecwal The ister of the ely Chritan movement cn orbe writen withot wresing de fa da ron, worship thelogy. ec shor. very aspect of religion in human lexperence-meve centr in communal exerens in sem tip, The Chasen movement dd nox bein separate re [pom bt a ae of worl refing cute in Brt-entary Sadun. By the fous eeu however, had become 28 ‘legion ofthe Roman sate.Ieseems then hat one ofthe est mays tose his isto progres nthe development ofthe le fase ae loch bing. Ine beponng ofthe movemen, hf lower of Jetset in the mes of members. According 0 At the pine Jerusalem community tered from howe te howe thas 246,342; cf 212). The domestic “oper ‘om (Acts 208) perpera the ridin of Jey Last Sup De ef Like 2212, Aes 13. Ie ely thatthe author of Tec as eed or rma the pure soe, tnd hs may nse oy flo the rt el-conacions i ‘opr Wr te cnet Chin sures conf the ba ‘enn Paul replay addrewed laters t9 and om “he ‘huh in he house [bk so bene of snd" Re ested are shown how “howe care sting condi ‘oned the arr of sembly, worth, and emmanal rani ten wes Est nd foremoxiwbaaplenemenes The onttocny ad socal leon of Pale conmanis te ‘iced the character and conditions of bun bouchold and (er pte domestic actin Tee mom ict, more (rer hath pce of sembly was unchanged rm is oma ‘mes neon. There wets yet no church Ding’ At ‘hi stage the Boe chrch was primarily socal phenomenon ofthe history. Wihin dee cena, ower, the station and with it thecharaser sey changed adel nha contra 9 the cro teen howe churches depicted Act sand the monumental church balding: One seminghy ondom tnd informal te other here and fal. From he fours Centar onward he Basa (he epitome of Cian crch ‘cuter betes bor of syle, Paonage by the epee Contained is socber Hens Ags acount fr the ‘roleraon of monumental chore bing bah a Roe nd inthe Holy Land” Besides endowing mew construction, ‘hy so supported the rsoretion and enovaton of es ‘paling ney Tht mommentlsten under eg of Cantante oe he Roto sandr for muy Fhe of developmen in eal Chiang The Chan Vacs ook place lone dhe mermentl bli ei ec the ste hinges rad pls, nd he “gs eto ine oe snmp bt oe {he enormous ents idan the Chri movement iM scdby fechas heal he wry fom be ped of oc Take hry of Chin he olan stdout mn the acted: om oe se he hws cre (Pie Paine period on hohe the banc the Cans hon pe Ove the pv fpr beng nd Shin deny theeheranagetemegence ea Tecmet Roman any sedcepven sess gn The {ism hanes ps fo pole of ogo on thou Tinogh ar mero hy te ena ‘esa sign change, Bo iron renmen ad Diet ab hw erin nonin ree paces of change or soak wold cll tocar, ‘her Sage b ume nan fff frst ow sine The Prien for he haan hn, eestor de ‘Gesu lin of deeopentheproev of hangs, {pe ond br ota hd Berl compen Boa epoca sd the tne perio of deepen fn soar choe hoses arecral understanding hen reise Cann woth ped fomaten an {don ofmotanpece ofooréyp clo ee or ‘iio daciaguch be Canes uate ae ts repaespeand ent ev pr drig whch ting ered wigs erin ay fom fade San ers al etn er ‘adorn y some view ar peed fap ‘Au oruron ture peat Church of eee mer (iu Byori ieewed an psd of dee rd sporty fram he prstine pry ofthe New Testament Funes ‘Singesiathe ure sd eting of Chit ny ce fore trcfmore ufone hn rte eeopenen fh {eos alone Thre sus oases Cis Sin pce, preceely beau sembly an wosip were a thectmer af reigeerenprone wel hes es Sorat ike mmeneneArchaeology and Chiian Architecture General she delopent of chuch bung hasbeen the province of terns of ac and acteurs and ony sce nda of se socal end inlet iors, Despe ‘New Tesameat ferences to household semen since he Remistine he norma chat of ala lnnng hs served ste tarng point for diacsions.Lnvecpins of Architect development mere preied sate coe tins of este and tle th ite oro considers of tea es from the ene periods before thee was 8 (Chesian architec “Much fer aterl or ti can cme from the ‘burgeoning achaclogildicorericat Rome arin the Neat East ding the eighteenth and eslynierech centri, Pos-Renasance nec and soahesce wete Witte by the emergence of the Roman school of ey Chia a= cfoeoigy socal especialy withthe mame of Gorn Bat ti de Hos (182-18. This period browgh inl ep ‘ation of both he eatcoms ad aberanean lvl eth ‘hurches and exhedrls Indeed, many of tetas doves ofeny Crs antiques hat contin tobe dase were ‘rough tolighe seisme Whi ues aed toi been debate for several ears, the ses eld wo opened up afesh wih profs new dicen commencing st theend ofthe ineterth cen nd ew shpe ad enon ger pen thew dated screen of at So profound were sme of teen doer tat he fundamental reshaped bcc spins about Chistian sdutectr made y (mong oes) the mas incl chrch Iisorian of the eur ewenth century, Ado von arack (ode in 1928). Ale concerne wh scales Har ssa a itching, profened ie competence in primary archaeological dt snd Fed on he prealing archteroral there he generation, ‘Theenentl poem of hit exriyschlahip asthe churchbaidings were known ha culé be recely ted pro to cme tn oe ec cree I ee walatemns od pcm a Poet eer re nt coneedser Wosd ere there Ts tape ik er ped nese mere Sunt ut tase e anes tinea Ce ng t ek can hare Rebar Rater egaenteneriternnd St elt wn we ed fo a ee rine bang ssa ete sncnie Ean een ger pa) ge A ee ta pea ng a o> soe Semi Sern et aoas cane eee ty rp ee seo neon er aancope ao ease Smet a es tne he ant Se ear sages te be roy See i Cerone ot Se Ecco pate ee Selle nt be sea mocerra e stna Rpts ee ee ede epee ee oh actu aed 1 at a pal ie Sore per eas pesca a eed a Ee Gaeta hae etc tad Seen ene Cre ney Ree ero a cer of 8 of muri iS ay ae eo Se ce iy Loen com set or cee reteset