Chapter-1 Customer Needs Recognition

1.1 Introduction
The past five decades witnessed significant development in high voltage direct current (HVDC)
electrical power transmission system, which is continuously innovated by the utilizing state-
of-the art of power electronic devices. Most of the transmission systems are based on current
source converters (CSC) utilizing thyristor technology. The short-coming of this transmission
technology is that the valve, thyristor cannot be turned off with the gate signal directly. That
limits the range of application.
To ensure the stable operation of HVDC Light transmission system, research works about its
control strategy have been carried out. Sinusoidal phase width modulation (SPWM) technology
is now widely employed SPWM modulator is constructed by comparing a low frequency
sinusoidal with a unity amplitude triangular carrier. The sine wave signal holds two degrees of
freedom, i.e. phase and amplitude. On the basis of it, phase and amplitude control (PAC)
technology is developed. The problem for this technology is that it is not easy to realize the
decoupled control of real and reactive power. To solve this problem, a decoupled PI control of
real and reactive power for HVDC Light system has been proposed.
In this project, PI controller is been used in the HVDC light transmission system. A steady-
state model of HVDC Light system is first of all developed, and then it is transformed into d-
axis and q-axis in rotating synchronous frame. According to this model, the corresponding
relationship between the control inputs and controlled variables of each station is determined,
-the values of Kp and Ki. System stability is improved with the proposed control method.
HVDC Light technology saves the environment by replacing remote fossil-fuelled diesel
generators with cost-efficient transmission of power from efficient and clean, large-scale
generation production units. The efficiency of a modern, large scale, thermal generating plant
is usually 25 percent higher than that for a modern, small or moderate scale diesel genera- tor
plant. HVDC Light provides a convenient and cost-effective way for connecting renewable and
non-polluting energy sources as wind power farms and photovoltaic power plants to a main
grid. The HVDC Light technology in itself has strong environ- mental benefits. Since power is
transmitted via a pair of under- ground cables, the electromagnetic fields from the cables cancel
each other. Any residual field is a static field, as opposed to the power-frequency fields radiated
from ac cables. Since HVDC Light transmissions are bipolar, they do not inject any currents
into the ground. Ground currents can disturb communications systems or cause corrosion on
gas or oil pipelines. A pair of light-weight dc cables can be easily plodded into the ground at a
cost that is comparable to or less than for a corresponding ac overhead line. As opposed to an
overhead line, an underground cable pair has no visual impact at all on the land- scape. Usually
it is also much easier to obtain permissions and public approval for a cable transmission than
for an overhead line, especially in residential area.
4.2 Questionnaires
1. Would you prefer utilization of HVDC over HVAC transmission lines?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
2. Is Shortage of energy now-a-days are of great concern?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
3. Do you think energy saving is really necessary in recent scenario?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
4. Would you like to minimize the transmission losses?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
5. Will HVDC transmission be helpful for energy conservation?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
6. Shall we use HVDC systems everywhere?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
7. Do you think HVDC cost-efficient over conventional HVAC power lines?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
8. Do you think HVDC is a waste of energy resources?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
9. Do you think PI controller is best for control strategy in HVDC systems?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
10. Is it important to reduce the power losses during long-distance transmission?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
11. Do you prefer fuzzy controller over PI controller?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
12. Should PI controller be used over sliding mode controller?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
13. Will the project be helpful in reducing the transmission losses?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
14. Do you think huge amount of energy losses will be saved by using this project idea?
i) Strongly agree ii) Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strongly disagree
 Chapter-2 Function Decomposition
2.1 Introduction
In this project, a physical model is designed as per the cigre model with values taken in per
unit system. A decoupled HVDC system is designed between two the synchronous generator
and main objective of the system is to control the power flow in the HVDC system. If any fault
occur in the system, then the PI controller come into picture and formulate the working of the
system.
2.2 Function Tree by Fast Method

Save
To reduce
transmission Generation Rectifier DC Converter losses
losses and
conductor Transmission
cost

Synchronous Converts DC is Converts

Generator Ac to DC flown DC to AC

AC is
generat Size and For feeding
ed number of loads and
conductors further
For DC are less transmission
transmissi
on
2.3 Function structure by energy diagram:

Electrical Energy Electrical Energy

Energy

Materials Rectifier Inverter

HVDC
TRANSMISSION

Information Converts AC to DC Converts DC to AC

Chapter-3 Engineering Specification
3.1 Introduction
In the given project, a HVDC model is being simulated in the matlab software with some
engineering specification parameters value. The parameter values for the above model is been
taken from the cigre model available on the internet. A decoupled model of a HVDC
transmission system is formulated and the various components and their values used are as
follows:-
There are two converter stations in the system. Each station shown in Fig. is coupled with the
AC network via equivalent converter impendences R1+jX and R2+jX2. DC capacitors C and
C2(C=C2=C) are used across DC side. It is assumed that AC networks at the terminals are
strong. Hence they are modelled as the AC sources in this paper. It is possible as most of the
HVDC Light systems capacities are relatively small when compared with that of power system.
What is more, three–phase line-to-line voltages are assumed to be well balanced.
Each VSC has 2 degrees of freedom. The reactive modulation of each VSC will use up one
degree. The other degree is used to control the real power or dc voltage. In this project, station
1 is chosen as rectifier station to control the reactive power Qr and dc bus voltage Vdc while
station 2 is designated as inverter station to control the reactive power Qi and active power Pi.
3.2 Engineering Specification
For the HVDC model of the systems
Source Voltage: Us1=Us2=1.0 p.u
Ac lines Zline1=0.001+j0.12 p.u. Zline2=0.001+j0.06 p.u
Transformers: ZT1=j0.08p.u., ZT2=j0.07p.u.
Dc Capacitor:Xc1=Xc2=1.5 p.u.
Dc line Resistor: R0=0.05 p.u.
A fault is created in the system and the control strategy used here is PI controller and the values of the
PI controller are:-
Kp1=0.1; Ki1=0.1; Kp2=0.1; Ki1=-0.1;
Kp3=0.2; Ki3=-0.1 ;Kp4=0.2; Ki4=-0.05;
Chapter-4 Product Architecture
4.1 Introduction
In the given project, a HVDC model is being simulated in the matlab software with some
engineering specification parameters value. The parameter values for the above model is been
taken from the cigre model available on the internet. A decoupled model of a HVDC
transmission system is formulated.
The various components used in project are:-

1> Synchronous Generators:-

The two Synchronous generators are connected as it is a two machine model which are
decoupled in nature generating a voltage of 11kV put in per unit system.
2> Rectifier
Rectifier is used to convert the ac into dc for transmission. The resistance and reactance
of the rectifier are also in per unit denoted by rr and xr.
3> Inverter
Inverters is used to convert the dc into ac for feeding load and further transmission. The
resistance and reactance of the inverter are also in per unit denoted by ri and xi.
4> PI Controller
PI controller is used to control the values of voltage if there any fault occurs. The
controller is designed for various types of faults.
5> HVDC Transmission Line
Between two points HVDC transmission line is connected and if fault occurs then the
flow of the voltage can be interpreted using the graph obtained from the code.

4.2 Modular Design: Basic Clustering

Generator HVDC
Rectifier Inverter Generator 2
1 Transmission
Line

Controller
Chapter-5 Concept Generation
5.1 Introduction

A high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system (also called a power
superhighway or an electrical superhighway) uses direct current for the bulk transmission of
electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current (AC) systems. For long-
distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses.
For underwater power cables, HVDC avoids the heavy currents required to charge and
discharge the cable capacitance each cycle. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC
conversion equipment compared to an AC system may still be justified, due to other benefits
of direct current links.

HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronized AC transmission systems. Since

the power flow through an HVDC link can be controlled independently of the phase angle
between source and load, it can stabilize a network against disturbances due to rapid changes
in power. HVDC also allows transfer of power between grid systems running at different
frequencies, such as 50 Hz and 60 Hz. This improves the stability and economy of each grid,
by allowing exchange of power between incompatible networks.

The modern form of HVDC transmission uses technology developed extensively in the 1930s
in Sweden (ASEA) and in Germany. Early commercial installations included one in the Soviet
Union in 1951 between Moscow and Kashira, and a 100 kV, 20 MW system between Gotland
and mainland Sweden in 1954.[6] The longest HVDC link in the world is the Rio Madeira link
in Brazil, which consists of two bipoles of ±600 kV, 3150 MW each, connecting Porto Velho
in the state of Rondônia to the São Paulo area. The length of the DC line is 2,375 km (1,476 mi).

In July 2016, ABB Group received a contract in China to build an ultrahigh-voltage direct-
current (UHVDC) land link with a 1100 kV voltage, a 3,000 km (1,900 mi) length and 12 GW
of power, setting world records for highest voltage, longest distance, and largest transmission
capacity.

5.1 Brain-Storming
Reducing Transmission losses

Reducing Conductor size and cost

Increasing Power Flow

Reducing charging and discharging of capacitance

Maintaining a constant power flow

Reducing corona loss

Reducing Skin effect and Proximity effect

Reducing communication Interference

Proper control Strategy such as PI Controller

Plotting various graphs depicting the work of controllers

Chapter-6 Concept Selection
6.1 Introduction

A long distance point to point HVDC transmission scheme generally has lower overall
investment cost and lower losses than an equivalent AC transmission scheme. HVDC
conversion equipment at the terminal stations is costly, but the total DC transmission line costs
over long distances are lower than AC line of the same distance. HVDC requires less conductor
per unit distance than an AC line, as there is no need to support three phases and there is no
skin effect.

Depending on voltage level and construction details, HVDC transmission losses are quoted as
less than 3% per 1,000 km, which are 30 to 40% less than with AC lines, at the same voltage
levels. This is because direct current transfers only active power and thus causes lower losses
than alternating current, which transfers both active and reactive power.

HVDC transmission may also be selected for other technical benefits. HVDC can transfer
power between separate AC networks. HVDC power flow between separate AC systems can
be automatically controlled to support either network during transient conditions, but without
the risk that a major power system collapse in one network will lead to a collapse in the second.
HVDC improves on system controllability, with at least one HVDC link embedded in an AC
grid—in the deregulated environment, the controllability feature is particularly useful where
control of energy trading is needed.

The combined economic and technical benefits of HVDC transmission can make it a suitable
choice for connecting electricity sources that are located far away from the main users.

6.2 Technical Feasibility

Specific applications where HVDC transmission technology provides benefits include:

 Undersea cables transmission schemes (e.g., the 580 km NorNed cable between Norway and
the Netherlands, Italy's 420 km SAPEI cable between Sardinia and the mainland, the 290 km
Basslink between the Australian mainland and Tasmania,[26] and the 250 km Baltic Cable
between Sweden and Germany).
 Endpoint-to-endpoint long-haul bulk power transmission without intermediate 'taps', usually to
connect a remote generating plant to the main grid, for example the Nelson River DC
Transmission System in Canada.
 Increasing the capacity of an existing power grid in situations where additional wires are
difficult or expensive to install.
 Power transmission and stabilization between unsynchronized AC networks, with the extreme
example being an ability to transfer power between countries that use AC at different
frequencies. Since such transfer can occur in either direction, it increases the stability of both
networks by allowing them to draw on each other in emergencies and failures.
 Stabilizing a predominantly AC power grid, without increasing fault levels (prospective short-
circuit current).
 Integration of renewable resources such as wind into the main transmission grid. HVDC
overhead lines for onshore wind integration projects and HVDC cables for offshore projects
have been proposed in North America and Europe for both technical and economic reasons.
DC grids with multiple voltage-source converters (VSCs) are one of the technical solutions for
pooling offshore wind energy and transmitting it to load centres located far away onshore.
6.3 Apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science And Engineering

Park and Clark’s Transformation

The direct-quadrature-zero (DQZ or DQ0 or DQO, sometimes lowercase) transformation or

zero-direct-quadrature (0DQ or ODQ, sometimes lowercase) transformation is a tensor that
rotates the reference frame of a three-element vector or a three-by-three element matrix in an
effort to simplify analysis. The DQZ transform is the product of the Clarke transform and the
Park transform, first proposed in 1929 by Robert H. Park.

The DQZ transform is often used in the context of electrical engineering with three-phase
circuits. The transform can be used to rotate the reference frames of ac waveforms such that
they become dc signals. Simplified calculations can then be carried out on these dc quantities
before performing the inverse transform to recover the actual three-phase ac results

The DQZ transformation uses the Clarke transform to convert ABC-referenced vectors into two
differential-mode components (i.e., X and Y) and one common-mode component (i.e., Z) and
then applies the Park transform to rotate the reference frame about the Z axis at some given
speed. The X component becomes the D component, which is in direct alignment with the
vector of rotation, and the Y component becomes the Q component, which is at a quadrature
angle to the direct component. The DQZ transform is
Runge-Kutta Method

In numerical analysis, the Runge–Kutta methods are a family of implicit and explicit iterative
methods, which include the well-known routine called the Euler Method, used in temporal discretization
for the approximate solutions of ordinary differential equations. These methods were developed around
1900 by the German mathematicians C. Runge and M. W. Kutta. The runge kutta method was used to
find the solution of the 4th order differential equation in the program.