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Frequency Response
Reading: Sedra & Smith: Sec. 1.6, Sec. 3.6 and Sec. 9
(MOS portions),
(S&S 5th Ed: Sec. 1.6, Sec. 3.7 (capacitive effects), Sec.
4.8, Sec. 4.9, ,Sec. 6. (Frequency response sections,
i.e., 6.4, 6.6, …), Sec. 7.6
Typical Frequency response of an Amplifier
Up to now we have “ignored” capacitors in circuits & computed mid-band
properties. We have to solve the circuit in the frequency domain in order
to see the impact of capacitors (a typical response is shown below):
o Lower cut-off frequency: fL
o Upper cut-off frequency: fH
o Band-width: B = fH − fL
Example: R << (1 / ω C ) → | Z | = R || (1 / ω C ) ≈ R
| Z | = R || (1 / ω C ) R << (1 / ω C ) → ω << (1 / RC )
Note: The above circuit is like a low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 1/RC
f→0 f→∞
All Caps are open. All Caps are short.
This limit is used This limit is used
to find low- to find high-
frequency Caps frequency Caps.
Example:
Example:
Cs open:
Gain is reduced substantially
(from CS amp. to CS amp. With RS)
1. Set vsig = 0*
2. Consider each capacitor separately, e.g., Cn (assume all others are
short circuit!)
3. Find the total resistance seen between the terminals of the
capacitor, e.g., Rn (treat ground as a regular “node”).
4. The pole associated with that capacitor is
1
f pn =
2πRn Cn
5. Lower-cut-off frequency can be found from
fL ≈ fp1 + fp2 + fp3 + …
1
f p1 =
2π Cc1 ( RG + Rsig )
1. Consider Cc1 :
Terminals of Cc1
1
f p2 =
2π CS [ RS || [(ro + RD || RL ) /(1 + g m ro )]
ro + RD || RL
1 + g m ro
1. Consider CS :
ro + RD || RL ro + RD || RL Terminals of CS
1 + g m ro 1 + g m ro
1
f p3 =
2π Cc 2 ( RL + RD || ro )
4. Junction capacitance
3. Junction capacitance
between Drain and Body
between Source and Body
(Reverse-bias junction)
(Reverse-bias junction)
MOS High-frequency
small signal model
C L′ = C L + Cdb + C gd
Cin = C gs + Csb
vi − vsig vi v − vo
Node vi : + − g m ( −vi ) + i =0
Rsig 1 / sCin ro
Can be solved to find vo/vsig
vo vo v −v
Node vo : + + g m (−vi ) + o i = 0
RL′ 1 / sC L′ ro
Voltage divider
(Ri= 1/gm and Rsig) “Input Pole”
Mid-band Gain
vo vo g m RL′
Node vo : + sC L′ vo − g m (vi ) = 0 ⇒ =
RL′ vi 1 + sC L′ RL′ “Output Pole”
vo Ri 1 1
= × ( g m RL′ ) × ×
vsig Ri + Rsig 1 + sCin ( Rsig || 1 / g m ) 1 + sC L′ RL′
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (25/59)
Open-Circuit Time-Constants Method
1 + a1s + a2 s 2 + ... 1 + a1s + a2 s 2 + ...
H ( s) = =
1 + b1s + b2 s + ... (1 + s / ω p1 )(1 + s / ω p 2 )...
2
1 1
b1 = + + ...
ω p1 ω p2
1
A good approximation to fH is: f H =
2π b1
Cin = C gs + Csb
τ 1 = Cin [ Rsig || (ro +RL′ ) /(1 + g m ro )]
Terminals of Cin
ro + RL′
=
1 + g m ro
1. Consider Cin :
ro + RL′
=
1 + g m ro
ro + RL′
1 + g m ro 2. Find resistance between
Capacitor terminals
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (27/59)
High-f response of a CG amplifier –
time-constant method (output pole)
C L′ = C L + Cdb + C gd
Cin = C gs + Csb
τ 2 = C L′ [ RL′ || ro (1 + g m Rsig )]
1. Consider C’L :
≈ ro (1 +g m Rsig )
ro (1 +g m Rsig )
C L′ = C L + Cdb + C gd
Cin = C gs + Csb
V1 V Z
I1 = = 1, Z1 =
Z /(1 − A) Z1 (1 − A)
V2 V Z
I2 = = 2 , Z2 =
ZA /( A − 1) Z 2 1−1/ A
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (31/59)
Miller’s Theorem – Statement
V2 = A ⋅ V1
V2 = A ⋅ V1
Z Z
Z1 = Z2 =
1− A 1
1−
A
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (32/59)
Example of Miller’s Theorem: Inverting amplifier
OpAmp : vo = A0 ⋅ (v p − vn ) = − A0 ⋅ vn
V2 = A ⋅ V1
Z Z
Z1 = Z2 =
1− A 1
1−
A
1
Z=
jω C
Large capacitor at Z
Z1 = ⇒ C1 = (1 − A) C
the input for A >> 1 1− A
Z
Z2 = ⇒ C2 = (1 − 1 / A) C
1−1/ A
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (34/59)
High-frequency response of a CS amplifier –
Using Miller’s Theorem
Use Miller’s Theorem to replace capacitor
between input & output (Cgd ) with two
capacitors at the input and output.
vd
A= = − g m (ro || RL′ )
vg
C gd ,i = C gd (1 − A) = C gd [1 + g m (ro || RL′ )]
C gd ,o = C gd (1 − 1 / A) = C gd [1 + 1 / g m (ro || RL′ )]
≈ C gd *
Cin = C gs + C gd ,i C L′ = Cdb + C gd ,o + C L
1
= b1 = Cin Rsig + C L′ (ro || RL′ )
2π f H
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (36/59)
High-f response of a CS amplifier – Exact solution
gm gm
sz = , fz =
C gd 2π C gd
Substantial change in
gain and phase margins!
f p1 f p2 fz f p1 fz f p2
1 1 1 1
= + + + ...
ωH ω 2
p1 ω 2
p2 ω 2
p3
vi − vsig
Node vi : + sC gd vi + sC gs (vi − vo ) = 0
Rsig
vo
Node vo : + s (C L + C sb )vo + g m (vi − vo ) + sC gs (vo − vi ) = 0
RL′ || ro
gm gm
Zero : s z = − , fz =
vo g m (ro || RL′ ) (1 + sC gs / g m ) C gs 2π C gs
= ×
vsig 1 + g m (ro || RL′ ) 1 + b1s + b2 s 2
Lengthy analysis is needed to find
Mid-band gain b1, b2, and two poles
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (45/59)
High-f response of a source follower –
time-constant method (1)
Cgd : CL + Csb:
∞ 1/ gm
Vx = v gs
KVL Vx = I x Rsig + ( RL′ || ro )( I x − g m v gs )
Vx = I x Rsig + ( RL′ || ro ) I x − g m ( RL′ || ro )Vx
Vx [1 + g m ( RL′ || ro )] = I x [ Rsig + ( RL′ || ro )]
Vx Rsig + ( RL′ || ro )
Rgs = =
I x 1 + g m ( RL′ || ro )
τ 3 = C gs Rgs
1 Rsig + ( RL′ || ro )
= b1 = τ 1 + τ 2 + τ 3 = C gd Rsig + (C L + C sb )(1 / g m || RL′ ) + C gs ×
2π f H 1 + g m ( RL′ || ro )
i=0
i = g m v gs i=0
Procedure:
1. Include internal-capacitances of NMOS and simplify the circuit.
2. Use Miller’s approximation for “Miller” capacitors in
configurations with large (and negative) A.
3. Use time-constant method to find fH
4. Do not forget about zeros in CS and CD configurations.
Miller’s
C L′ : R = ro1 || ro 2 || RL
C gd 1,i = C gd 1 (1 − A) = C gd 1 (1 + g m RL′ )
⇒ τ 2 = C L′ (ro1 || ro 2 || RL )
C gd 1,o = C gd (1 − 1 / A) = C gd 1 (1 + 1 / g m RL′ )
Cin = C gs1 + C gd 1,i 1
= b1 = Cin Rsig + C L′ (ro1 || ro 2 || RL )
2π f H
C L′ = C L + C gd 1,o + C gd 2 + Cdb1 + Cdb 2
gm gm
sz = , fz =
C gd 2π C gd
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (52/59)
High-f response of Cascode amplifiers
Between output &
ground
Miller’s
C L′ = C L + C gd 2 + Cdb 2
Between D1
& ground
1 / f p = 2π C L ( RL || Ro )
1 / f p = 2π | A | CM ( Rsig || Ri )