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A Research Work
Presented to the Faculty,
Electronics Engineering Department,
School of Engineering and Architecture,
Saint Louis University
Submitted By:
Bautista, Francis Ryan L.
Aromin, Mart Marciano Antonn A.
Consolacion, Jan Khristel Rei P.
Epler, Marian Pheliz R.
Submitted To:
Engr. Ireene P. Valencia
Date:
14 March 2018
I. Introduction
A. History
B.
II. Instrumentation
A. Block Diagram
B. Schematic Diagram
III. Applications/Operations
IV. References
Helmenstine, P. A. (n.d.). Learn What pH Stands For and How the Term Originated.
Retrieved March 12, 2018, from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-does-ph-stand-for-
608888
I. Introduction
pH meter is an essential piece of equipment in most laboratories; it is vital
for many analytical and synthetic processes. Typical pH meters consist of a glass
electrode connected to an electronic meter. The electrode produces a small
voltage, which is converted to and displayed in pH units by the meter.
Consequently, this paper will discuss the current technologies of pH meters that
are used in the biomedical field and how is pH connected to the interpretation of
the results for those in the medical field.
A. History
The term "pH" was first termed by Danish biochemist Søren Peter Lauritz
Sørensen in 1909. We all know pH is the negative log of hydrogen ion
concentration in a water-based solution, but pH is also an abbreviation of
"pondus hydrogenii" in 1909 to express very small concentrations of
hydrogen ions. It is also an abbreviation for "power of hydrogen" where "p"
is short for the German word, potenz (meaning “power”) or in French
word, pouvoir (also means “power”) and H is the element symbol for
hydrogen. The H is capitalized because it is an element symbol where it is
standardized for element symbols to be in capital.
(INSERT LITMUS PAPER)
In 1906, Max Cremer discovered that some types of glass generated a
potential difference dependent on the acidic value of the liquid it was
immersed in. Together with Fritz Haber, they proved that this potential
difference is within a fixed pH range and followed Nernst's law in the
same manner as the "Hydrogen Electrode". They discovered that what
made their glass sensors sensitive to changes in pH levels was the
formation of what is known in the pH industry as the "gel-layer", or
"hydration-layer" of the glass. Then in 1909, Fritz Haber and Zygmunt
Klemensiewicz used the principle described by Cremer to create the first
glass electrode that measured hydrogen activity. However, due to the
large internal resistance of glass electrodes, the large-scale potentiometric
measurements of pH was prevented, so to get reliable results, they used a
very sensitive, but expensive, galvanoscope. Today, glass electrodes are
the most commonly used measuring electrodes.
In 1936, The Beckman model known as the Model G acidimeter was the
proof of all their theories and the first device to combine the whole
apparatus - amplifier, electrochemical cell, electrode, calibration dials,
batteries and measuring gauge - into one unit, it was then later renamed
as the Model G pH meter and was introduced as the first commercialized
pH meters in the U.S.
Although 81 years passed since then, almost all pH meters follow the
same general idea - external pH and reference electrodes (often in the
same housing), high gain amplifier, and amperometer, all in one portable
box.
B. Theory of pH Measurement