DELA CRUZ, MIKAELA MARIE R.

ECE – 3A

𝒓̇ . 𝒓̈ × 𝒓⃛
55. (a) Prove that 𝜏 = |𝒓̇ for the space curve 𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑡).
× 𝒓̈ |2
Let 𝒓 = 𝒓(𝑡) be the parametric equation of a space curve. Assume that this is a regular parametrization
and that the curvature of the curve does not vanish. Analytically, 𝒓(𝑡) is a three times differentiable
function of t with values 𝑹3 and the vectors 𝒓′ (𝑡), 𝒓′′ (𝑡) are linearly independent.
Then the torsion can be computed from the following formula:

det(𝑟 ′ ,𝑟 ′′ ,𝑟 ′′′ ) (𝑟 ′ × 𝑟 ′′ ) . 𝑟 ′′′

𝜏= ‖𝒓′ × 𝒓′′ ‖2
= ‖𝒓′ × 𝒓′′ ‖2
𝜃
57. Find Κ and Ƭ for the space curve = 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 1 − cos 𝜃 , 𝑧 = 4 sin ( ).
2

𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
𝜃
𝑟 = (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)𝑖 + (1 − cos 𝜃)𝑗 + 4 sin 𝑘
2
𝜃
𝑣⃗ = − cos 𝜃 𝑖 + sin 𝜃 𝑗 + 2 cos 𝑘
2
𝜃
𝑎⃗ = sin 𝜃 𝑖 + cos 𝜃 𝑗 − sin 𝑘
2
𝜃
𝜃 − sin 𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃 4 sin ( )
𝑥̇ 𝑦̇ 𝑧̇ 2
| |
𝜃
|𝑥̈ 𝑦̈ 𝑧̈ | = − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 2 cos
𝑥⃛ 𝑦⃛ 𝑧⃛ | 2|
𝜃
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin
2
𝜃 𝜃
(𝜃 − sin 𝜃) (−2 cos 𝜃 cos − sin 𝜃 sin ) = (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2 2
𝜃 𝜃
= (1 − cos 𝜃)(cos 𝜃 sin − 2 sin 𝜃 cos )
2 2
𝜃
4 sin (2 ) (− cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) = −4