can significantly exceed the temperature predicted by the

usually conservative adiabatic thermal model. The tempera-

tures predicted by the thermal model are verified in a series of
laboratory tests in which the temperature rise of ground wires
are measured with thermocouples.
A single thermal design parameter is introduced as a means
of evaluating those design factors which will influence the
temperature rise of an OFGW. The thermal model is used to
show that small changes in the design parameter can have a
large influence on the temperature rise of a ground wire when
subjected to a short duration-high current overload.
OFGW Designs
The design of an OFGW consists of various layers with
vastly different physical, thermal and electrical properties. A
common design is show in Fig. 1. The outermost layer
typically consists of aluminum or alumoweld strands. The
middle layer consists of a cylindrical shell of either optical
fibers or an electrically conducting member that is designed
to protect the optical fibers that lie along the central position
of the OFGW. The innermost layer typically consists of either
glass fibers surrounded by a polymeric material or a central
metallic core designed to maintain spacing between the
optical fibers that are imbedded in its outer surface. Conse-
quently, most of the reasonable OFGW designs can be
thermally modeled by considering only three layer combina-
tions consisting of concentric cylinders as shown in Fig. 1.
.604,
Adiabatic Model
Power companies frequently use curves to determine the
limiting time that a conductor can carry a short-circuit current
before exceeding a maximum limiting temperature. These
curves are based upon the assumption that the wire will lose
a negligible amount of heat to the surroundings during the
period of the short-circuit. The heat generated by the current
must be stored within the wire resulting in a temperature rise
in the metal. By neglecting heat loss from the surface of the
* .VV0 I
0
_1IR
1.18 2.065 t(ms) wire, the adiabatic model predicts the maximum temperature
rise experienced by the conductor. This model is a valuable
Fig. 1. Tl Energization. design tool, providing a conservative estimate of the temper-
ature rise in a conducting wire.
A sample of the temperatures predicted by the thermal
model is shown in Fig. 2 where the surface temperature rise
and maximum fiber temperature rise are compared with the
temperature rise predicted by the adiabatic model. These
results were produced for an OFGW of Design I subjected to a
89 WM 086-0 high current transient with different 12t values. The results
show that the adiabatic model can under-predict the fiber
July 1989 temperature by several hundred degrees Celsius if the current
transient produces a high value of 12t.
Temperature Rise of Optical Fiber Ground Wires
Subjected to Short Duration-High Conclusions
Current Transients The thermal model described in the paper can be used to
calculate the temperature rise at all locations in an optical
W. Z. Black, Member, IEEE fiber ground wire. The predicted accuracy of the model has
School of Mechanical Engineering been verified by comparing it with two other independent
Georgia Institute of Technology computer programs. The results also compared favorably
Atlanta, GA with temperatures measured by thermocouples placed on
M. Glen Wells short spans of OFGW that have been energized with short
Kimberly Clark Corporation duration-high current transients.
The predicted temperatures as a function of radius show
Roswell, GA very large temperature gradients particularly at the interface
between conducting and non-conducting layers in the ground
Abstract-A thermal model capable of predicting the local wire. Current overloads caused by very severe lightning
temperature history in an optical fiber ground wire (OFGW) strikes do not appear to cause temperatures that would
when it is subjected to a short duration, high-current transient damage a well designed OFGW. On the other hand, a short-
is discussed. The model is used to predict the temperature circuit with an energized phase conductor can conceivably
rise that can occur from typical lightning strikes and from cause damage to the compounds which are used to encapsu-
contact with an energized phase conductor. The model is late optical fibers.
capable of predicting the temperature rise at all locations in a An adiabatic thermal model that assumes a uniform ground
three layer composite OFGW consisting of materials with wire temperature at any instant in time and neglects heat loss
vastly difficult thermal and electric properties. The composite from the surface of the ground wire is used as means of
design results in alternating regions of high and low heat predicting the maximum ground wire temperature. For short
generation. This uneven heating results in temperatures that circuits that last less than about one second, the adiabatic
66 IEEE Power Engineering Review, July 1989
model can under predict the maximum ground wire tempera- 89 WM 109-0
ture by as much as 200°C. For high current transients that July 1989
last for times on the order of one minute or slightly greater,
the adiabatic model can be safely used as a prediction of the
maximum temperature of the ground wire. Computation of Transmission Line Transients
Discussers: R. C. Madge, S. Barrett and H. Grad.
Including Corona Effects
Xiao-rong Li
University of Connecticut
Storrs, CT, USA
0. P. Malik, FIEEE
The University of Calgary
Alumoweld Strands (layer 3) Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Zhi-da Zhao, SMIEEE
Aluminum Tube (layer 2)
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, P.R. China
Optical Fibers (layer 1) Summary
Surges propagating on an overhead power transmission
line are attenuated and distorted by a number of factors.
Corona is probably the most significant one of all these
Design 1 factors for surges with sufficiently high crest values and
Fig. 1. Design of A Typical OFGW. steepness of fronts. A good understanding of the effect of
corona is thus important in overvoltage protection and
insulation coordination.
The effect of corona on wave propagation has been under
investigation with a long history. However, a satisfactory
approach to include it quantitatively in the calculations of
transmission line transients is still not available due to the
intricacy of the mutual effect of corona and surges. Empirical
formulas are still being used widely in the calculations for
insulation designs and other purposes.
Corona effect on travelling waves is attributed to the power
loss and change in capacitance during corona. Early studies
considered only one of these two aspects. Recent efforts
have been made to combine both of them. This is achieved in
this paper by simulating a non-linear capacitor having the
same charge-voltage characteristics as the line in corona.
From the point of view of the algorithms for the computa-
w tion of transmission line transients, recent progress has been
4Q made in two directions. The first one is to solve numerically
either the telegraphers' equations or the wave equation that
.0
describes the wave propagation on transmission lines. The
.-
a finite different method is commonly used in this methodol-
ogy. Convergence, stability, and efficiency are important
here. In the second case, the transmission line is treated as an
electric circuit of distributed parameters and therefore ap-
proaches for network analysis are applied to it. These
approaches have strong relationship to the corona model
used.
In this paper, the finite difference method is used with a
hybrid scheme consisting of both forward and backward
differences to discretize the telegraphers' equations as
0 20 40 50 80 ioo V(i+ 1, j) - V(i, j) I(i) -I(i, j- 1)
I2t (kA)2sec Ax -L +RI(i, j),
Fig. 2. Fiber and Surface Temperature Rise Compared with
-
UI(i, j-I(i-1, j)~~~~=C VU(i, j-V(i,
--
j-1 )
+ G V U, j )
Adiabatic Model A verage Temperature for Design I During a A
25000 AMP Short-Circuit Sequence. x CA t+

where bold-faced letters denote vectors or matrices for the

case of parallel multi-conductor transmission systems. These
two equations can be combined into one, which is of
tridiagonal form as follows:
-A (i, j) V(i- 1, j) + [E+ 2A (i, j)l V(i, j)
-A(i, j)V(i+ 1, j)=D(i, j)
and therefore the following regressive solution with good
stability and high efficiency as well as fast convergence is
obtained:

V(i, j) T(i, j) V(i+ 1, j)+S(i, j)

=

IEEE Power Engineering Review, July 1989. IEEE Power Engineering Review, July 1989 67