Introduction to ISSMGE

Prof. Eun Chul Shin

Vice President of ISSMGE for Asia
(2017-2021)
 Website www.issmge.org
• The ISSMGE is the pre-eminent professional body
representing the interests and activities of Engineers
, Academics and Contractors all over the world that
actively participate in ground engineering
• 20000 members in 90 Member Societies
• 28 Corporate members
Main GOAL is the contribution to :
• Development of knowledge
• Education
• Cooperation
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 ISSMGE Board (2017-2021)
President: Charles W.W. Ng
Immediate Past President: Roger Frank
6 Vice-Presidents:
Eun Chul Shin, South Korea, for Asia
Etienne-Marcelin Kana, Cameroon, for Africa
Gavin Alexander, New Zealand, for Australasia
Mario Manassero, Italy, for Europe
Timothy Newson, Canada, for North America
Alejo Sfriso, Argentina, for South America
4 appointed members:
Ikuo Towhata, Japan
Mounir Bouassida, Tunisia
Phoon Kok Kwang, Singapore
Pedro Seco e Pinto, Portugal
Secretary General
R Neil Taylor ,UK 2
• the present ‘tools’ for ISSMGE are the following:
- BLCs (AWAC, CAPG, IDC, PIC, TOC and
YMPG)
- ISSMGE Bulletin and J of Case Histories
- ISSMGE Webinars
- Geo-World network
- ISSMGE Foundation

• the Technical Committees (TCs) are really the

‘producing forces’ of ISSMGE

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 ISSMGE Technical Committees
•Independent of President
•Can be created upon proposal at anytime
•2 members per country
•Unlimited number of corresp. members
•Chair rotating every 8 years
•Contribute to Case Histories Journal
•Develop Honours Lectures
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Member societies of Asia
(24 Countries)

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16th ARC International Conference,
Taiwan, Taipei, 2019

Website www.16arc.org 6
 20th ICSMGE International Conference
Australia, Sydney, 2021
Prochain Congrès International de la SIMSG
Australia ,Sydney, 2021

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Indonesian Society for Geotechnical Engineering conference in Jakarata

Development of Surfactant Grout and

Its Application in CIP Construction
 Contents

1. Background of Research
2. Engineering Characteristics of Surfactant grout
through Laboratory tests

3. Field Applicability of Cast-in-placed piles

4. Concluding Remarks

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Background of Research

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Back ground of Research

 A reliable, cost effective grouting is necessary for challenging
construction projects; construction for tunnels under water, bridge
foundation, slopes with water flowing condition, grouting at
gravels/rubbles
 Several researchers have been conducted for developing innovative
cement grout admixture in water environment construction

- Kim et al., (2010), A Study on the Injection Efficiency and Strength for
Grouting Method
- A. Draganovic, (2009), Bleeding and filtration of cement-based grout
- M. Saric-Coric et al., (2003), Performance characteristics of cement
grouts made with various combinations of high-range water reducer and
cellulose-based viscosity modifier
- K.H. Khayat et al., (1998), Simple field tests to characterize fluidity and
washout resistance of structural cement grout
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Engineering Characteristics of Surfactant grout
through Laboratory tests

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Laboratory Tests for Determination of Engineering

Characteristics for surfactant Grout
Test method Property Reference Value Referred standard

Visual inspection
test (level) >3
Suspended solids
Anti-washout test test Anti-washout < 50
(mg/l)
pH test < 12
Immediately KCI-AD102
(cm)
Self-leveling test Flowability <3
After 5 min
(cm)

Bleeding rate test

- Segregation < 0.01
(%)
KCI : Korea Cement Institute
Variable : the strength value is set depending on the purpose of the grout 5
Reference value : qualification requirement value
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Effect of surfactant grout admixture

Surfactant
grout micelle

Surfactant
crystals

Inverted
hexagonal

Lamellar
Cubic

Cubic

Hexagonal

Irregular bicontinuous Inverted

Cylindrical micelles cylindrical micelles
Inverted
Spherical micelles
micelles

Water Oil
Monolayer Monolayer
(a) Normal cement grout (b) Adding process of surfactant grout micelle (c) Grout with surfactant admixture

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Anti-washout test
Visual inspection (Score)
220L 220M 220H

 Surfactant grout content was 3% or higher, the level of anti-washout was equal to or higher
than level 3.
 L type : anti-washout was shown to be more prominent
 w/c ratio > 75%, the anti-washout is higher than or equal to level 3 with surfactant grout
content 1.5%.
 The variation of the w/c ratio had no effect on the anti-washout property.

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Anti-washout test
Suspended solids (mg/l)
220L 220M 220H

 The measured suspended solids were less than 50 mg/l with surfactant grout more than 3%

 For the L and M types, when less than 2% of surfactant grout was used, the suspended solids
exceeded the allowed value.

 The H type of surfactant grout satisfied the allowed value regardless of the surfactant grout
concentration.

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Anti-washout test
pH
220L 220M 220H

 The pH value, of 12 or less, was used as a reference value for the amount of pH that is allowed in
grout, including surfactant grout.

 The test results indicated that as long as the surfactant grout content was 3% or higher, all of the
grout satisfied the reference value for the pH regardless of the surfactant grout concentration,
ranging from 0–6%.

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Self-leveling test
Self-leveling test
220L 220M 220H

 The fluidity of the surfactant grout L type increases with surfactant grout content.

 M and H type : fluidity decrease in the beginning and increases slightly in the range of 3–6%.

 Satisfied the flow value of 30 mm, with surfactant grout for w/c=75% and 100%.

 w/c=50%, the flow value of 30 mm was not satisfied, especially for surfactant grout 220 M and
200H. 10
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Bleeding test

220L 220M 220H

 Bleeding rate measurement tests the grout with a surfactant grout content of 3%, an
optimum usage level anti-wash and self-leveling tests.
 L type : 0% bleeding
 M and H types : little bleeding still less than 0.01%.
 Grout satisfied the bleeding rate regardless of the surfactant gorut concentration and the
water-cement ratio.

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Surfactant grout Characteristic

None Dispersion (Anti-Washout)

OPC + Water (W/C = 100%) OPC + Water + Surfactant grout (W/C = 100%)

 Non–dispersion capacity
 Constant water/cement ratio
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Surfactant grout Characteristic

Counterfort Maintainability High Transmitivity (High Mobility)

OPC + water Vs OPC + Water + Surfactant grout
OPC + Water + Surfactant grout (W/C = 100%)
(W/C = 100%)

 High viscosity  High grout ability for voids in sandy gravels and
 No casing is needed boulders
 High skin friction for pile foundation  Minor impact to adjacent structures 13
Field Applicability of Cast-in-placed piles

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Back ground of Research

 The field pilot tests were performed at the sand and sandy
gravel deposited soil ground under the high water table, G.L. -
3.1m.

 The test site of CIP construction is situated 200km southeast

of Seoul along the riverbed of Nakdong River.

 The field visual observation was made to investigate the

formation of cast-in-place pile in term of pile diameter and
connectivity between completed pipes.

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Sequence of H-CIP processing

CIP
(Installed on no.1,2,3)

① Excavation ② Inserting ③ Remicon placement ④ Completed

with Casing Re-bar cage & Pullout casing

H-CIP
(Installed on no. 4,5)
① Excavation ② Inserting ③ Installation grouting ④ Surfactant Grouting ⑤ Completed
with Casing Re-bar cage pipe & filling aggregate & Pullout casing
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Layout of CIP construction for field pilot test

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Evaluation on Field Applicability

Result of visual inspection by excavation

H-CIP Method CIP Method

Good connectivity between piles. Poor connectivity between piles.

No need an auxiliary insulation method. Need an auxiliary insulation method. 18
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Evaluation on Field Applicability

Effect of cross sectional growth
H-CIP Method CIP Method

Occurred loss cement paste and

exposure Re-Bar cage

Depth4m:509mm Depth5m:531mm Depth6.5m:625mm

 High field performance.  Loss Cement Paste.

 1) Case-1(4.5%), 2), Case-2(8.5%), Case-3(21%) occurred effect of cross sectional growth.  Exposure Re-Bar cage.
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Evaluation on Field Applicability

Results of unconfined compressive strength for grouted pile

The unconfined compressive strength of core specimen obtained from H-

CIP is 122%~464% higher than that of CIP

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Evaluation on Field Applicability

Result of compressive strength tests
Results of Uniaxial Compressive Tests Location of sampling

35 < H-CIP >

H1 G.L
30
H2 (C1: 11.89Mpa)
25 H3 -1.5m (H1) (H1:14.49Mpa)
Stress (MPa)

20 C1
15 C2 3.65m (H2) (C2: 6.63Mpa) W.L(3.1m)
(H2:30.74Mpa)
10
(C3: N/A)
5 (H1:25.75Mpa)
5.7m (H3)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Displacement (mm)

① Lanfill Layer ( EL.-1.5m): HCIP > CIP (122% verify the growth rate of strength)
② Sand Layer (EL.-3.65m): HCIP>CIP(464% verify the growth rate of strength)
③ Sand-Gravel Layer (EL.5.7m): CIP 0% core recovery rate
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Comparison of construction process on CIP and H-CIP method

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Concluding Remarks

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Summary
 The laboratory and field pilot tests were conducted to investigate the
effectiveness of surfactant grout under the ground water table.
 Based on the laboratory test results, self-leveling, anti-washout, breeding
satisfy the KCI Standard.

 The integrity of unconfined compression strength both in the laboratory

test and field pilot test of H-CIP shows high quality to use in practice even
under the ground water level as well as in the sandy gravel soil.

 The cut-off function of H-CIP wall for deep excavation site and under the
ground water should be further studied with consideration various factors
such as soil types in ground, condition of ground water, and the quality
assurance of field performance.
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 THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION !