SPE6760

SPE
.
DETERMINING
STRESSINTUBING
USINGTRIAXIAL
EVALUATION

by John F. Greenfp, Jr., Member

SPE-AIME, Hydril Company

——
q Copynghl1977, AmencarrInmtute of Mmmg. Melallurglcal,and PetroleumEngineers,Inc.
TI,ISpaper was presentedat the 52nd AnnualFallTechnicalConferenceandExfslbfilonof the Societyof PetroteumEn meersof AtME. held nl Denver. Colorado.Oct. 9-t 2. t977. The malenal is subjectto
correctionby thn author. Permiswonto copy IS restrictedto an abstract of not more
than 300 words. Write’ 620 (+’N Centrsl Expy,
Dallas.Texas 75206.

ABSTRACT standardsset.

The tubings?ringis subjectedto various With each specificloadingcondition,certain

load conditionsthroughoutthe productive ~ parameterscan be establishedfor any point in
periodof the well. In additionto,theload the tubingstring;internalpressure,external
conditionsimposedwhile hangingoff the tubing pressure,axial loadsdue to the pipe weight,
duringthe well completion,operationssuch as axial loadsdue to pressureand packerforces,
settinghydraulicpackers,pressuretestingthe and bendingloads. In tubingdesignand analysis,
tubing,producingthe well, shuttingthe well theseparametersare ofte,~ analyzed uniaxially or,
in, hydraulicfracturing,acidizing,and re- as with combinedtensionend externalpressure
medialsqueezecementingcreatestressin the loading,biaxially,ratherthan triaxially. Un-
tubing. The stresscreatedby theseoperations der some conditionsof loading,the uniaxialor
is often greaterthan the stresscreatedduring biaxialevaluationpredictsa streesthat is
the running&nd hangingoff of the tubing. A higherthan actuallyexists,resultingin a
triaxialstressanalysisis made for some of marginof safetythat is higherthan predicted,
these load conditions,using thick-walSed and thus a more conservative design. Under other
cyli>dertheoryand conventionalaxiaJ.stress load conditions,the uniaxialor biaxialevaluat-
theoryto developthe radial,tangential,and ion predictsa stressthat is lowerthan actually
axialprincipalstresseeat specificpointsir, exists,resultingin a marginof safetythat is
the string. The distortionenergytheoryof lowerthan predicted.
failureis then appliedto calculatethe equi-
valentstressfor that load conditionand point TRIAXIALTHEORY03 FAILURE
in the tubingstring.
For a triaxialevaluation,the failurepre-
INTRODUCiION dietingcriteriaappliedto the tabingis the
distortionenergytheory. In cylindrical
With the deep, high pressurewells that are coordinates,the equivalentstressis given by:
beingcompleted,the cost to workovera well to
repairdamagedtubingbecomesincreasingly high. 2fl:= (az-@2 +(rr-c@(&t-@2 (1)
In wells with productionof hydrogensulfide,
the potentialsafetyhazardof a leakingtubing
Failureis definedas when the equivalentstress
stringmagnifiesthe importanceof maintaining
exceetis
the yield strengthof the steel.
the pressureintegrityof the tubingstring. In
thesedeep or criticalwells,the tubingstring
The Leme formulaefor thick-waSled
cylinders
must be designedwith maximumattentiongiven to
are used to determinethe radialstreswand
the stressesput on tinesteel. With increased
the tangentialstress.
depth and pressuredifferentials and limited
yield strengthsteels,it becomesmore difficult /(b’-a*) (2)
to designthe tubingstringto stay withinthe @r=(Pia2-Pob2-(Pi-Po)a2b2/r’)
maximumsafe stresslimitsof the steel. The
stressin the tubingmust be evaluatedunder &t=(Pia2-?ob2+(Pi-Po)a2b2/rz)
/(b2-aZ) (3)
each anticipatedloadingconditionand compared
to the yield strengthof the steelend the re- The principalstressin the axialdirection,the
suitingdesign factorcomparedto the design appliedaxial stress,is calculatedfrom the axial
load conditionsand constraintsusing conventional
theory,to be diaeussed.
Referencesand illustrations
at end of paper.

..=
9
9
DETEIUUN3NGSTRESSIN TUBINGUSING TR.TAXIAL
Upon regrouping,equation(1)can take two
commonforms.
;~-~=(~~--f)’-(~~-
~)(~t-~)+b=t-mr)a (4)
:j~=(Tz-(~+~r)
/~)s+3@-~)2 lh (5)
‘he maximumequivalentstresswill occur at the
insidediameter. so for r set equalto a end
the equivalentstressset equal to end divided
by the yiel& stress,equation(4) forms the
ellipseof plasticity(Fig.1). When this same
operationis appliedto equation(5),the circle
of plasticity,(Fi9.2),as emPIoed by Ltiinskil~
1 these two
is formed. AS shownby LubinskiI
forms are identicalmathematically.
FOE the triaxialstressevaluationsto be
done in this paper,the equivalentstress
equationin the fcmn for the circleof
plasticitywill be used for severalre~sons.
The abscissaof the circlerepresentsthe
effectiveaxial stress,which is differentfrom
the appliedaxial stress. The reasoningfor
this is given in the Appendix.
i~=’rz-(a+%)/2
=fi+(PoAo-PiAi
)/(Ao-Ai) (6)
~is is calledexcessaxial stressin reference
1. The equationin the form for a circleis
easierto usc than the equation,
in the form
for en ellipse. When bendingdue to helical
bucklingis considered,equation(5)simplifies
to a readilyusableform to evaluatethe
equivalentstrecsin the tubing.
USZNG THE CIRCLZOF PLASTICITY
In order to determinethe equivalentstress
at a point in the tubingstring,the values
for the internalpressure,externalpressure
and appliedaxial stressat that point are
substitutedinto equations(2)and (3)and
the equivalentstressequation(5). External
and internalpressure,determinedby the same
method,are each equal to the respectivewell
head surfacepressure,plus the pressuredue
to the hydrostaticcolumn,down to the tubing
depth at Z.
Pi=P~(s)+/~z (7)
PO=PO(S)+YOZ (8)
The differential preSsurewill remainthe same
from the.surfaceto tubingdepth if the fluid
densitiesinsideand outsideare the sanw.
However,it shouldbe noted the effectivu
axial stressterm uses the actualinternnl
and externalpressures,ratherthan pressure
differential, and will vary with depth,not
only due to the changingappliedaxial stress,
but also with the changinginternalend ex-
ternalpressures.
The appliedaxial stressat Z is determined
by severalfactors;the weightof the tubing
below,pressureappliedto the bottomof the
tubingstringand packerforcesactingon
EVALUATION SPE 6760
the end of the tubing. The packer ~orcesare
evaluatedby use of the theorydescribedin
severalworks.2t3
In a well completedwith the tubinghung open-
ended,with no constraintson the tubingend, or
prior to settinga packer,the tubingend forces
developa stressgivenby~
~1= -Pi(L)a-pO(L) (9)
The resultingappliedaxial stressfor this
)
?ubingend conditionis obtainedby addingthe
tubingend stressto the tubingweight.
Tz=W(L-Z)/(&Ai)~ (10)
In a well completedwith a packer,permitting
free movementof the tubingend, the packer
end forcesare developedby the pistoneffect
on the end of tle tubing. The stressdue to
this force is givenby:
r=” -Pi(L) (Ap-Ai)+Po(L)
(AP-AO)
(11)
(Ao-Ai)
The resultingappliedaxial stressfor this
tubingend conditionis obtainedby addingthe
pistoneffectto the stressdue to the tubing
weight.
@z=W(L-Z)/(Ao-Ai)
+91 (12)
In a well completedwith a packer,permitting
no movementof the tubingend, the packer-to-
tubingforcesare developedby the pistoneffect
on the end of the tubingprior to settingthe
packer,the completionslack-offor tension
load,,the forcedue to the ballooningeffect,and
the forcedue to the changein temperature.The
stressdue to pressareactingon the tubingend
prior to settingthe packeris given by equation
(9) !lhisstressis determinedusing the
●
pressureat the time the packer is set and does
not changewhen the internaland externalpressure
are changedduringtestingor treating. The
slack-offor tensionload is calculateddirectly
from the tubingweightindicatorwhen hangingoff
the tubing,and the stressis given by:
cr,=Fc/(Ao-Af) (13)
The combinedstresses~l and ~ are most easilY
calculatedby using the weightof the total
tubingstringin air and subtractingthe weight
on the tubinghanger. The resultingstressin
the tubingis:
r,~a= ‘(~~-Fh)/(Ao”-Ai) (14)
The forcedue to balloo::ing
is given by:
FA=(pA7iAiL+2BAPi(S)
Ai)-(pt@oAoL
(15)
+2@Po(s) Ao)
T!MS equation(15)can be simplifiedby using the
averagechangein internalpressureand the
averagechsngein externalpressure,wiV the
stressgivenby:
@lYsc-l~n JOHN F. GREENIP, JR.
Z=2P(APi(AWAi-APo(AvE) Ao)/(Ao-Ai) (16)
l?he
stressdue to a temperaturechangeis given
by:
&,= -207 AT(AVE) (17)
&e reeultingappliedaxial stressfor this tub@g
snd condition.isobtainedby addingthe stresses
5ue to the packer-to-tubing
forcesto the stress
fue to the tubingweight.
cz=w(L-Z)/(Ao-Ai)
+~$+@@J~ “(18)
HELICALBUCKLING
Helicalbucklingwas ident~ied mathematically
5
by Lubinski,Althouseend Logan . The bending
stressdevelopedin the tubingdua to the
helicalbucklingis given by:
I’hebendinqforceactingat any point can be
~etermine~from the effectiveaxial stressterm
sf the equivalentstressequation(5). The
effactiveaxial stressterm is also used to
3etermine whetheror ~ot the tubingis subject
to helicalbuckling. When the effectiveaxial
stressis negative,the tubingis in compress-
ion and subjectto buckling. When it is positive,
the tubingis in tensionand not subjectto
buckling.
The bendingforce,I?b,is equal to the
effectiveaxial stressactingon the cross-
sectiona:area of the tubing.
Fb=We(Ao-fit) (20)
When equation(2o)is substitutedinto equation
(19)and simplified,it becomes:
s~b=~@rc/(a2+b’) (21)
T%i5 stressacts in the axialdirectionand
equation(21)can be added into the equivalent
stressequation(5)and termscombinedto
give:
~~=3(~t-~r)*/4i-
~~(l+2rc/(a’+b’
))2 (22)
For a well completedwith a packerpermitting
freemovementin the seal section,the effective
axial stressjust above the packerreducesto:
Ce= ‘(pi-po)$#(Ao-Ai) (23)
For this end condition,the effectiveaxial
stresswill be negativeif the internal
pressureis greaterthan tbe externalpressure.
The maximumequivalentstressoccurswhen
the bendingstressis negative,since the
effectiveaxial stressmuet be negativefor
bandingdue to helicalbucklingto occur. The
equivalentstressequationis used in the
ganeralform,allowingthe stressto be calcu-
lated at eitherthe insideor outsidediameter.
3
The maximumequivalentstresswill occur at
eithera or k, but not betweenthe two, as
provenby Lubinski,Althouse,Loganz.
I BENDINGSTRESSDUE TO HOLE DEVIATION
In wells drilledwith a deviationor with
doglegs,there is a bendingstressdeveloped
which adclsdirectlyto the effective~ial
stress. This stressie given byz
~d= *436 0 r (24)
As with the bendingstressdue to helical
buckling,thiq bendingstres~is greatestat the
outsidediameterand can be cAthernegativeor
positive. Unlikethe stressdue to buckling,
this bendingstresscan occux whetherthe
effectiveaxial stressis negativeor positive.
When the effectiveaxial stressis negative,
bandingdue to helicalbucklingcan also occur
and the equivalentstressequation (22)becomes:
a
~o”3(~t-~r)Z14+
(@e(l+2rc/(a’+bZ))-436
6r)2 (25)
When the effectiveaxial stressis positive,
Ehe equivalentstressequation(5)becomes:
Equations(25)and (26)must be evaluatedat
‘boknthe insideand outsidediameterto determine
the maximumequivalentstress. The combined
stressesof bendingdue to helicalbucklingand
bendingdue to hole deviationare not considered
likely to occur simultaneouslyar.dusing equation
(25)would be expectedto give a conservative
tubingdesign.
EXAMPLE
.1 Calculationsare made on a hypothetical
well to comparethe designfactorsas pre-
d:c’tedby the uniaxial,biaxialand triaxial
stressevaluations.Th~ design factoris defined
(27)
A uniaxialstxessevaluationis made by
comparingthe principalstressin the axial
direction,the appliedaxial stress,to the
yield strengthof the steel. l%is methodusee
the appliadaxial stressas equal to the equi-
valentstressand the designfactorbecomes:
I DF =~y/q (2s)
I
The designfactorfor internalyield or collapse
is given by:
I DF = Pa/(Pi-PO) (29)
For the specialcase where the internalpressure
and the externalpressureare equal to zero,
the triaxialequivalentstresssimplifiesto
the appliedaxial stressand becomesa uniaxial
evaluation.
.4 lmT%!RMYtJTtUG SW%5!S$! TM TURING
The biaxialequivalentstressequationis
>btainedfrom modificationsto the triaxial
>quivalent stressequation(4). Severalforms
?an be used:
r:=b;-.? o-t+<;
?quation(31)will be used for the biaxialstress
calculationsin this paper. For the special
:asewhere the internalpressureis equal to
zeroand r = a, the triaxialequivalentstress
simplifiesto the biaxialequations(30)or (31).
3XAWFLZWELL DATA:
TubingDepth 10000 ft
3 1/2” O.D.
TubingSize
TubingWeight 15.8 lb\ft
!&&ingSteel Grade c-75
CompletionFluid 18’lb/gal
16830 pSi
BottoxHole Pressure
Shl?i-in SurfacePressure 12000psi
Zase I
For the tubinghangingin completionfluid,
eitheropen-endedor prior to settingthe packer
or stabbingin’,oa polishedbore receptacle,
the maxitnumequivalentstressoccuzsat the
surface(2=0). Substituting the appropriate
valuesinto equations(9)and (10)Jthe applied
axialstress1s obtained. Since Pi = P. = O,
the tuxiaxial,biaxialand triaxialstress
evaluationswill give the same equivaJ.ent
stress.
The correspondingdesignfactorfor steelwith
a yield strengthof 75000psi is:
DF = 1.63
Case II
For the tubingcompletedusing a Wlished
kore receptaclewith a seal sectionpermitting
unlimitedmovement,shut-intubingpressure
at the surfaceand a gas columnto depth,the
maximumdifferential pressureand appliedaxial
stressoccur at the surface. Substitutinginto
equations(11)and (12)gives the applied
axial stress.
~’= 46040 pSi
This is identicalto the appliedaxial stressin
Case I, sincethe shut-inbottomhole pressure
is takenequal tc the hydrostaticpressuredue
to the completionfluid,Pi(L)= PO(L),and
equation(11)reducesto equation(9).
For the uniaxialevaluation,the tension
designfactoris:
DF s 1.63
For the biaxialevaluaticm,the equivalent
stressgivenby equation(31)is:
USING TRIAXTAL F!VALUAT~ON SPE 6760
To= 48740pSi
and:
DF = 1.54
(30) For the triaxialevaluation,the equivalentstress
givenby equation(5) is:
ro= 54890psi
and:
DF = 1.37
There is a significantvariationamong the design
factorsas calculatedusing uniaxial,biaxial
and triaxialmethods.
Case III
For the tubingcompletedopen-ended,as
with a concentrickill string,with shut-in
surfacepressureon both the insideand outside
of the tubingand a gas columnto depth,the
differential pressure throughoutthe stringis
zero end the maximumappliedaxial load occurs
at the surface. From equaticns(9) end (10),the
appliedaxial load is the seineas in Cases I and
?.1
.
For the uniaxialevaluation,the designfactor
in tensionremainsthe same:
DF = 1.63
Since the differentialpressureis zero, the
internalyieldand collapsedesignfactorsare
not calculated.
For the biaxialevaluation,the equivalent
atressreducesto the appliedaxial stress.
~o= 46040pSi
anti:
DF = 1.63
For the triaxialevaluation,the equivalent
stressreducesto the effectiveaxial stress,
as opposedto the appliedaxial stressas in
the uniaxialand biaxialevaluations.
~o=~e= 58040pSi
andx
DF = 1.29
There ia again,a significantvariationbetween
the uniaxialand triaxialdesign factors. It
is interestingto note that the appliedaxial
stresswas the same in each of the three cases,
as seen in the designfactorsin tensionfor
the uniaxlalevaluation.
In the comparisonbetweenCase I and Case III,
neitherthe uniaxialnor the biaxialstress
evaluationaccountsfor the increasein surface
tubingend casingannuluspressures. Whereas,
the triaxialevaluationreflectsthis increase
with a correspcmdingdecreasein khe designfactor.
Xn the comparisonbe,tweenCase IT and Case 111, it
would be anticipated,each havingthe same applied
SPE 6760 JOHN F. GREENIP, JR.
axial stress,that Case 11 hav%nga sub-
etantialdifferential pressurein addition,
would have a higherequivalentstressthan
Ca8e .TXX,
havingno differentialpreesure
loading!however,this ie not the case.
Case IV
For the well to be completedwith a polished
bore receptacleand the tubingtestedto 15000
psi with a plug in the md of the tubing,the
appliedaxial stressis increadedby the
differential pressureactingon the tubing
plug and at the surfacebecomes:
~z- 62950psi
Forthe uniaxialevaluation,the tensiondeeign
factoris:
Dl?= 1.19
The internalyielddesignfactoris:
DF = 1.19
For the biaxialevaluation,the equivalentstress
is:
~o=63390 pSi
and:
DF = 1.18
For the triaxialevaluation,the equivalentstress
is:
~o=71930 psi
and:
DF = 1.04
Each evaluationmethoddeterminesthe design
factorto be very low and generallya testing
methodthat is not recommended.However,the
triaxialevaluationgives an unacceptable
designfactorwith littledoubt. Ratherthan
completeand test in this manner,the tubing
couldbe testedwhile it is being run or the
well completedas in Case V.
Case V
The designfactorscan be increaeedin
Case IV, by allowingmovement upward,but no
movementdown at the tubingend. The applied
axial stressthen becomesthe same valueas
it was in Cases I, II, and 111, 46040psi
and the uniaxialdesignfactorin tensionis:
DF = 1.63
Hcwever,the designfactorfor internalyield
remains1.19.
For the biaxialevaluation,the equivalent
stressis:
070=57040psi
5
and:
DF = 1031
For the triaxialevaluation,the equivalent
stressist
~o=62?40 @
end;
DF = 1.20
The uniaxialinternalyielddesign fectorip
the same as in Case xv, end would be the
principalinterestin a uniaxialdesign.
Case VI
For the well completedwith a polishedbore
receptaclewith a bore of 3 7/8:1,nd treatedwith .
10 lblgalfluid,16000psi surfacetubingpressure
and 4000 psi casingback-uppressure,the tubing
may be subject to helicalbuckling. This can
be determinedby evaluatingequation(6),with
a negativesign indicatinga compressiveloading,
and thus,helicalbuckling. consideringthe
tubingimmediatelyabove the packer,the applied
axial stressis given by equation(11).
q “q =-27510 @
The effectiveaxial stressis:
~.=
. -11760pSi
Thus, ika tubingimmediatelyabove the packerhas
a tenflencyto helicallybuckle. Substituting
into equation(22),the equivale~kstreseis
calculatedat both the insideSM outside
diameter.
For the inside:
~o= 27380pSi
For the outside:
co= 26960 pSi
Each equivalentstressia well below the yield
strengthof the steel.
h Uniaxialevaluationof”thecombinedbending
sts+se,as given by equation(19)and being
equai to the bendingstressin the triaxial
evalua$lon,and the appliedaxial strese,as
givenby equation(11),would give a maximum
appliedaxial stressof:
rz=u-,%
~ -41240pSi
‘l’his
maximumis at the outsidediameterand is
significantlyhigher than the equivalentstress
determinedby triaxialevaluation.
The equivalentstressat the surfaceu&g the
triaxialevaluationis:
co= 51220Psi
 -------------- --------
and:
DF = 1.46
Case VII
For the well to be completedand treatedas
in Case VI, but with 9 lblgalcompletionfluid,
the equivalentstressat the surface can be
reducedfrom 51220psi to:
TO= 49300 psi
and:
DF = 1.52
Howevertthe tubingimmediatelyabove the packer
has a much more severeloadingconditionthen
in Case VI. The equivalentstressat the
insidediameteris:
To= 78480 pSi
and at the outsidediameteria.
To= 77290pSi
Theseare in excessof the minimumyield strength
of the steel. with this completion,it would
be necessaryto have a highercasingback-up
pressureto preventpermanenttubingdamage.
In comparingCasesVI and VII, changing
conditionsthat reducethe equivalentstress
at one criticalpoint in the string has
increasedthe stressat another.
UNIAXIAL VS. TRIAXIAL
In comparinga principalstressto the
yield strengthof the eteel,the uniaxial
methodof evaluationneglectsthe effectof
the principalstressesactingperpendicular
to the stressbeing considered. As seen
in the examplecalculations, this can lead
to a tubingstringdesignthat can be either
more conservative or less conservativethan
planned. The triaxialevaluationpredicts
the equivalentstresslevelsmore accurately
and thus leads to a tubingstringdesignthat
reflectsthe intendedmarginof safety.
It is often desirableto have a different
marginof safetyappliedto each of the loading
conditions,internalyield,collapseend
tension. For this reaeon,differentdesign
factorsare used for each loadlngcondition.
The triaxialequivalentstressequation(5)
can be modifiedto incorporatea different
designfactorfor each condition:
.$y> DFiz3(opt-@2/4+ DF: $e (32)
For: P~> P.
and:
& >DFc’3(rt-~)2/4+DF*t~ . (33)
--- -------.Nti ..”-..
UiYAN&
#. . . . . . . . .
“A’AWI!UW.AI.I IWALUWXLUN
- -. . . . . . . ----
3 cm= c7cn
6?s44 Vlvu
For: Pi<PO
when r is set equal to a and the equations(32)
and (33)dividedby ~~, the designcurve is
formed (Fig.3).
CONCLUSIONS
1. The triaxialmethodof equivalentstress
evaluationend pr@tlicti~~will give the
most representativevalue of the stress
level in the tubingunder combinedaxial
end pressureloadingconditions.
2. Designfactorsrepresentingeach isolated
loadingcondition~tension,internal
yield,end collapsecan be incorporated
into the equivalentstressequation.
This providesa tubingdesigfithat maintains
the intendeddesignfactorswhilebeing
subjectedto combinedlo-3ingconditions.
3. The stressdevelopedin the tubingduring
remedialoperationsis often greaterthan
the stressdevelopedduringthe runningand
landingoperations. These stresssituations
shouldbe consideredwhen designinga
tubingstring.
Ai = area at tubinginsidediamet~r- sq. in.
Ao= area at tubingoutsidediameter- sq. in.
Ap= area at packerbore - sq. in.
a = radiusat tubtngtnstdediameter- in.
L n radiusat tubing outside d~a~eter - In.
c = radialclearancebetweentubingand caaing-
in.
DFC= deeign factorIn collapse- pei/psi
I)Fi= deeign factorin internalyield - psi/psi
DF~= designfactorin tension- ps~/ps~
E = Young’smodulueof elasticity- psi
Fb= bendingforcedue to helicalbuckling- lb.
Fc= completionforceabove or below free
hangingweight-lb.
Fh= forceon the tubinghanger- lb.
I = tubingbendingmomentof inertia- in:
L = tubinglength- in.
pa= API f.temal yield or collapeerating
of tubing- psi
PI= internalpressureat depth Z - psi
Pi(L) = internalpressureat depthL - psi
Pi(s) = internalpressureat the surface- psi
Po = externalpressureat depth Z - psi
Po(L) = externalpressureat depthL - psi
Po(s) = externalpressureat the surface- pei
r = any radiusof the tubtngbetweena and b -
ill
.
W= weight of tubing- lb/in.
Z= a~y depth betweenthe surfaceand L - in.
APi(AVE)- averagechangein internalpreesure
throughouttubingstring- psi
APi(s)= changein internalsurfacepressure-
in.
APO(AVE)= averagechangein externalprassure
throughoutthe tubingstring- psi
APO(S)= changein externaleurfacepressure-
psi
AT(AVE)= changein averagetubingtemperature -
F“
Aj’i= changein internalfluiddensity- lb/cu in,
A~o = changein externalfluiddeneity- lb/cu in.
SPE 6760 JOHN F. GREENIP,JR.
~z = unit strainin the axialdirection- in/in.
g = hole deviationangle- degrees/loo ft.
p = Poisson’sratio
~’i= fluid density inside 2ubLng-lb/cuin.
A = fluiddensityoutsidetubing- Iblcu in.
~b ‘;~ding Stressdue to helicalbuckling-
&d= bendingstressdue to hole deviation-
psi
Ge= effectiveaxial strees- psi
~0= equivalentstress- psi
rr= principalstressin radialdirection-
1Si
~t= principaletressin tangentialdirection-
psi
ffy= yield strengthof the steel - psi
~z= principalstressin tb.eexial direction,
or appliedaxial strens- psi
~FERENCES
1. Lubinski,Arthur: InInfluenceof Neutral
Axial Stresson Yield and Collapseof
Pipe”,The AmericanSocietyof Mechanical
Engineers,PetroleumDivision,paper 74-Pet-
46, presentedat the PetroleumMechanical
EngineeringConference,Dallas,Texas?
September15 - 18, 1974.
2. Lubinski,Arthur,Althouse,W. S., and
Logan,J. L.: “HelicalBucklingof
TubingSealedin Packers”,paper SPE-178,
presentedat the 36th AnnualFall Meeting
of the societyof PetroleumEngineersof
AIM in Dallas,Texas,October8 - 11, 1961.
3. Logan,J. L.: “How to Keep TubingSealed
in Packers”,“The Journalof Canadian
PetroleumTechnology”,PublicationVolume
2, No. 2, Summer 1963.
APPENDZX
The use of equation(6)to describethe
effectiveaxial loadingof the tubing,teneion’
or compression,is based on how the internal
and externalpressureeffectthe strainin
the axialdirection. In a triaxialstress
condition,the axial strainis given by~
~z-@E -~(~t(r)+.~(r))/E (34)
Althoughboth the radialstressand the
tangentialstressare functionsof the radius,
the strainin the axialdirectionis not,
as seen by:
7
d~z/dr = o
(35)
Thus, the axial strainis independentof the
point on the tubingcross-sectionalarea at
which the strainis determinedand represents
a uniformstrainin the axialdirectionfor
all valuesof Pi and P . This straincan be
~t~a~i~;i;~~~~n~hat acts uniformly
. The effectiveaxial
etressterm of equation(6)can be shownto
be a uniformaxial stress,independentof
the radiusat which it is calculated.
~e”.~z-(~t(r)+~(r))/2 (36)
and:
dreldr = O (37)
The axial stressterm of equation(4) is given
by:
u=~z-~(r) (38)
and:
d&/dr = -(2(Pi-Po)a2b2)/(b2-a2)rg (39)
T%is term is equal to zero for the specialcase
Pi = P. only, and thus does not producea uniform
axial strainfor all valuesof Pi and Po.
Althoughthe paradoxthat the effective
~xial etresscan act in the oppositedirection
of the principalaxial stressdefiesimmediate
reasoning,this is not inconsistent,as seenwith
the presentuse of the differentialpressure
term of equation(4)or (5) to describethe
tendencytoward.internalyield. If the internal
pressureie greaterthan the externalpressure,
the tubinghau an internalyield condition”of
loading,generallyconsidereda tensilestress
loadingin the tangentialdirection,and:
gt-~r>o (40)
However,both the radialstressand the
tangentialstresscan have negativevaluee,ae
in the specialcase:
Po<P~<Po2~/ (%+Ai) (41)
Thue, a positivedifferentialpressure,or
internalyield load condition,can be generated
with both the principalstresses,radialand
tangential,havingnegativevalues.
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