LESSON PLAN

RATIONALE

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

Specific Objective Content Time Strategies Evaluation

To be able to differentiate
sensation and perception,
and to be able to see the
importance of studying
both sensation and
perception.
Sensation 15mins Give examples of Ask the student if they
- When special receptors in sensation and perception. can give an example of
the sense organ- the eyes, sensation and perception
ear, nose, skin and taste Relate it to real life that they experience day
buds- are activated, situation. to day.
allowing various forms of
outside stimuli to become
neural signals in the brain
Perception
- Method by which the
brain interprets the
sensations people
experience.

Relating sensation and perception

To look into sensation and
differentiate habituation
from sensory adaptation
to real life situation.
Transduction
- Process of converting
outside stimuli into neural
activity.
Sensory Receptors
- Specialized forms of
20mins Give examples of sensory Ask the students if they
thresholds. can give an example for
sensory threshold.
Give examples of
habituation and sensory Give the students a
adaptation that can be situation and ask them if
 neurons. seen in the life of a it is habituation or
- Each organ has its own student or in real life. sensory adaptation.
sensory receptor and these
receptors are stimulated
by different kinds of
energy.
Sensory Threshold

Weber’s Law of Just noticeable

difference (difference threshold)
- The smallest difference
between two stimuli that
is detectable 50 percent of
the time.
- The difference is always
constant.
Absolute Threshold
- The lowest level of
stimulation that a person
can consciously detect 50
percent of the time the
stimulation is present.

Habituation
- Tendency of the brain to
stop attending to constant,
unchanging information.
Sensory Adaptation
- Tendency of sensory
receptors cells to become
less responsive to a
stimulus that is
unchanging.
To look into the Science of Light
Seeing. - It is a physical stimulus
with properties of both
waves and particles.
- Processed by the eye.
- It has psychological
properties: brightness,
color/hue and saturation.
Structure of the eyes and how light
enters the eyes to the brain.
25 mins Discuss about light. Ask the students to once
Show a picture of the again trace the pathway
structure of the eyes and of light.
trace the pathway of light
Ask some questions
Show pictures related to related to the science of
the perception of color seeing and let them
and theories of color answer.
vision.

How the eyes see and the

perception of color.

Seeing
- Begins with retinal
receptor cells.
- These cells are Rods and
Cones.
Rods
- Found in periphery of
retina
- See black and white or
shades of gray
- Work well in low light
Cones
- Found all over but most in
the center of the retina
- See colors
- Work best in bright light
- Responsible for color
vision
Theories of Color Vision

Trichromatic theory
- Proposed three types of
cones: red, blue, green

Opponent-process theory
- Proposed visual neurons
are stimulated by light of
one color and inhibited by
light of another color

Types of Color Blindness

Monochrome color blindness

- No cones or have cones
that are not working at all.
- See shades of gray.
Protanopia
- Red-green color deficiency
- Red cones doesn’t function
properly
Deuteranopia
- Red-green color deficiency
- Green cones doesn’t
function properly
Tritanopia
- Blue-yellew color
deficiency
- Blue cones doesn’t
function properly
To look into the Science of Perception of Sound
Hearing.
Sound
Vibration of molecules that of air
that surrounds us.
Three Properties: wavelength,
amplitude and purity.
20 mins Relate real life situations
to the topic.
Show a picture of the
structure of the ear and
trace the pathway of
sound.
Allow a student to trace
the pathway of sound.
Show a list of question
and let the students
answer.

Structure of the Ear, and how

sound enters and its pathway.

Perception of Pitch

Pitch
How high and how low a sound is

Theories of Pitch Perception

Place Theory
- Different pitches are
experienced by the

To look into the Science of
Tasting and Smelling.
stimulation of hair cells in
different locations on the
organ of Corti.
Frequency Theory
- Pitch is related to the
speed of vibration in the
basilar membrane.
Volley Principle
- Frequencies from about
400 Hz to 4000 Hz cause
the hair cells (auditory
neurons) to fire in a volley
pattern (take turns firing).
Smelling (Olfaction) and Tasting 20mins Give examples of foods Show a list of questions
(Gustation) works together. with its corresponding and let the students
taste and objects with its answer.
The pathway of flavors and scents corresponding scent.
to the brain, to be interpreted. Allow them to give more
Show a picture of the examples related to the
Taste tongue and of the nose. topic.
- Chemical sense because it
works with the molecules
of foods.
Tongue
- Site of taste receptor cells
Taste buds
- Taste receptor cells
Five Basic Taste
- Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter
and Umami
Olfactory receptor cells
- Contains cilia that send

To look into the Science of
Touching (body sense).
signals to the brain
Olfactory mucosa
- Site of olfactory receptor
cells
Olfactory bulbs
- Part of the brain where the
sense of smell sends it’s
signal.
Somesthetic Senses 25mins Give examples of The Show a list of questions
Body senses three Somesthetic Sense and let the students
Soma “Body”, esthetic “feeling” Systems. answer.
Three Somesthetic Sense Systems:
Skin senses
Touch, pressure, temperature and
pain.
Skin
Biggest organ and location of the
sensory receptor cells.
Perception of Pain
Visceral Pain
Pain in the organs
Somaticc Pain
Pain in the skin, muscles, tendons
and joints.
Phantom Limb Pain
Pain sensations at the area where
the amputated limb used to be
Inability to perceive pain:
Congenital analgesia
Congenital insensitivity to pain
with anhidrosis

Theory of Pain

Gate-Control Theory
Pain signal must pass through a
gate located in the spinal cord to
the brain and back to the body.

Kinisthetic sense
Location of body parts in relation
to each other.
Special receptors
(Proprioreceptors) in the muscles,
tendons, and joints
Kinesthesia (Kinein “to move”,
aesthesis “sensation”)

Vestibular senses
Movement of body position
Sense of balance
Latin word that means entrance or
chamber.
Located in the innermost layer of
the ear.

Vestibular Organs:

Otolith Organs
Tiny sacs found just above the
cochlea
 Contains gelatin-like fluid within
which tiny crystals are suspended.
These crystals are tells a person
that he or she is moving.
Semicirular Canals
Three circular tubes that are filled
with fluid that will stimulate hair-
like receptors.

Motion Sickness
Tendency to get nauseated when
in an irregular movement.
Sensory Conflict Theory
Information from the eyes is in
conflict with the information from
the vestibular senses resulting to
dizziness.

To look into perception The Constancies: 25mins Show pictures related to Show a list of questions
Size the topic. and let the students
The tendency to interpret an answer.
object as always being the same Give simple activities
size, regardless of its distance from related to the topic.
the viewer.
Shape
The tendency to interpret the
shape of the object as constant,
even when it changes in the retina.
Brightness
The tendency to perceive the
apparent brightness of an object as
the same even when the light
conditions change.
Gestalt Principles
Proximity
Tendency to perceive objects that
are close to each other as part of
the same group.
Similarity
Tendency to perceive objects that
looks similar to each other as being
part of the same group.
Closure
Tendency to complete the figures
that are incomplete.
Continuity
Tendency to perceive things as
simply as possible with a
continuous pattern rather than
with a complex, broken-up
pattern.
Contiguity
Tendency to perceive two things
that happen close together in time
as being related

Figure-Ground
The tendency to perceive objects
or figures as existing on a
background.

Depth Perception
The capability to see the world in
three-dimensions.
Two types of depth perception
cues:

Monocular Cues (pictorial depth

cues)
Cues for perceiving depth based on
one eye only.

Types of Monocular Cues:

Linear Perspective
Tendency for parallel lines to
appear to converge on each other.
Relative Size
Objects that appear small are
assumed to be much farther while
objects that appear large are much
nearer.
Overlap
Assumption that an object that
appears to be blocking part of
another object is in front of that
object and closer to the viewer.
Aerial Perspective
The haziness that surrounds
objects that are farther away from
the viewer.
Texture Gradient
Tendency for the textured surfaces
to appear to become smaller and
finer as distance from the viewer
increases.
Motion Parallax
Perception of motion of objects in
which close objects appear to
move more quickly than objects
that are farther away.
Accommodation
Tendency of the lens of the eye to
change its shape or thickness in
response to objects near or far
away.

Type of Binocular Cues:

Convergence
The rotation of the two eyes in
their sockets to focus on a single
object, resulting in greater
convergence for closer objects and
lesser convergence if objects are
distant.

Binocular disparity
The difference in images between
the two eyes, which is greater for
object that are close and smaller
for distant objects.

Perceptual Illusion

The Hermann Grid

Muller-Lyer Illusion
Moon Illusion

Factors Influencing Perception

 Perceptual sets and expectancies
The Tendency to perceive things a
certain way because previous
experiences or expectations
influence those perceptions.

Top-Down Processing
The use of pre-existing knowledge
to organize individual features into
a unified whole.

Bottom-Up Processing
The Analysis of the smaller
features to build up to a complete
perception.
To relate sensation and Relating Everything that is 10mins Relating everything to life Allow the students to site
perception to psychology discussed to real life situations or situations. examples.
day to day living

Prepared by:

FELMAR MAY R. REFUGIO

BS PSYCHOLOGY IV