Name : Nahla Shifa Anrozi

NIM : 175040207111087
Class : E

Basic Genetic Concepts and Terms

I. Gene
A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up of
DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.
II. Genome
In terms of modern molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an
organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both
the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as the genetic material of
the mitochondria and chloroplasts. Also, genome is a whole genes inside and outside
chromosomes.
III. Prokaryote Organism
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or
any other membrane-bound organelle. In the prokaryotes, all the intracellular water-
soluble components (proteins, DNA and metabolites) are located together in
the cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane, rather than in separate cellular compartments. DNA
transfer between prokaryotic cells occurs in bacteria and archaea, although it has been mainly
studied in bacteria. In bacteria, gene transfer occurs by three processes. These are (1) bacterial
virus (bacteriophage)-mediated transduction, (2) plasmid-mediated conjugation, and (3) natural
transformation.
IV. Eukaryote Organism
A eukaryote is an organism with complex cells, or a single cell with a complex structures. In these
cells the genetic material is organized into chromosomes in the cell nucleus. In the eukaryote
organism, it has activated RNA and non activated RNA. RNA is activated when there is any
instruction.
V. Phage
Phage or Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and
Archaea. Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and
may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. Their genomes may encode as few as four
genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the
injection of their genome into its cytoplasm.
VI. Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual
reproduction or sexual reproduction; the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic
information of their parents. Through heredity, variations between individuals can accumulate and
cause species to evolve by natural selection.
VII. Chromosome
A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an
organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone
proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable
tangle.