Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 25 (2017) 382–390

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Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society

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Original Article

Computation of Smarandache curves according to Darboux frame in

Minkowski 3-space
H.S. Abdel-Aziz a, M. Khalifa Saad a,b,∗
a
Math. Dept., Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
b
Math. Dept., Faculty of Science, Islamic University in Madinah, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, we study Smarandache curves according to Darboux frame in the three-dimensional
Received 6 April 2017 Minkowski space E13 . Using the usual transformation between Frenet and Darboux frames, we investi-
Revised 9 May 2017
gate some special Smarandache curves for a given timelike curve lying fully on a timelike surface. Finally,
Accepted 28 May 2017
we defray a computational example to confirm our main results.
Available online 7 June 2017
© 2017 Egyptian Mathematical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
MSC:
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
53A04
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
53A35
53C50

Keywords:
Smarandache curves
Timelike curves
Timelike surfaces
Darboux frame
Minkowski 3-space

1. Introduction
In the study of the fundamental theory and the characteri-
zations of space curves, the corresponding relations between the
curves are very interesting and important problem.
Among all space curves, Smarandache curves have special em-
placement regarding their properties, because of this they deserve
especial attention in Euclidean geometry as well as in other ge-
ometries. It is known that Smarandache geometry is a geometry
which has at least one Smarandache denied axiom [1]. An axiom
is said to be Smarandache denied, if it behaves in at least two dif-
ferent ways within the same space. Smarandache geometries are
connected with the theory of relativity and the parallel universes.
Smarandache curves are the objects of Smarandache geometry. By
definition, if the position vector of a curve δ is composed by Frenet
frame’s vectors of another curve β , then the curve δ is called a
Smarandache curve [2]. In three-dimensional curve theory, each
unit speed curve with at least four continuous derivatives, one can
associate three mutually orthogonal unit vector fields T, N and B
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: habdelaziz2005@yahoo.com (H.S. Abdel-Aziz),
mohamed_khalifa77@science.sohag.edu.eg (M. Khalifa Saad).
(Frenet frame vectors) are respectively, the tangent, the principal
normal and the binormal vector fields.
In the light of the existing studies in the field of geometry,
many interesting results on Smarandache curves have been ob-
tained by many mathematicians [3–9]. Turgut and Yilmaz have in-
troduced a particular circumstance of such curves, they entitled it
Smarandache TB2 curves in the space E41 [2]. They studied special
Smarandache curves which are defined by the tangent and second
binormal vector fields. In [4], the author has illustrated certain spe-
cial Smarandache curves in the Euclidean space.
Special Smarandache curves in such a manner that Smaran-
dache curves TN1 , TN2 , N1 N2 and TN1 N2 with respect to Bishop
frame in Euclidean 3-space have been seeked for by Çetin et al.[6].
Furthermore, they worked differential geometric properties of
these special curves and checked out first and second curvatures
of these curves. Also, they get the centers of the curvature spheres
and osculating spheres of Smarandache curves.
Recently, H.S. Abdel-Aziz and M. Khalifa Saad have studied spe-
cial Smarandache curves of an arbitrary curve such as TN, TB
and TNB with respect to Frenet frame in the three-dimensional
Galilean and pseudo-Galilean spaces [3,7].
The main goal of this article is to introduce and describe some
special Smarandache curves in E13 for a given timelike surface and
a timelike curve lying fully on it with reference to its Darboux

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joems.2017.05.004
1110-256X/© 2017 Egyptian Mathematical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
 H.S. Abdel-Aziz, M. Khalifa Saad / Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 25 (2017) 382–390 383

frame. We looking forward to that our results will be helpful to where θ is the angle between the vectors P and N. Therefore, the
researchers who are specialized on mathematical modeling and Darboux frame of r(s) is given as follows
other applications.     
T 0 κg κN T
P = κg 0 −τg P , (3)
2. Basic concepts U κN τg 0 U

Let us first recall the basic notions from Lorentz geometry [10]. where κ N , κ g and τ g are the normal curvature, geodesic curvature
Let R3 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) | x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R }be a 3-dimensional vector and geodesic torsion, respectively. In the differential geometry of
space, and let x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) and y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) be two vectors in surfaces, for a curve r = r (s ) lying on a surface M the following are
R3 . The Lorentz scalar product of x and y is defined by well-known [11]

x , y L = x1 y1 + x2 y2 − x3 y3 . (i) r(s) is a geodesic curve if and only if κg = 0.

(ii) r(s) is an asymptotic line if and only if κN = 0.
E13 = (R3 , x, y L ) is called 3-dimensional Lorentzian space, (iii) r(s) is a principal line if and only if τg = 0.
Minkowski 3-space or 3-dimensional Semi-Euclidean space. The ar-
bitrary vector x in E13 can have one of three Lorentzian causal char- Definition 2. A regular curve in Minkowski 3-space, whose posi-
acters; it can be spacelike, timelike and lightlike (null) if  x, x L tion vector is composed by Frenet frame vectors on another regular
> 0 or x = 0,  x, x L < 0 and  x, x L = 0 and x = 0, respectively. curve, is called a Smarandache curve [2].
Similarly, a curve r, locally parameterized by r = r (s ) : I ⊂ R −→ E13
where s is pseudo arclength parameter, is called a spacelike curve In the following, we investigate Smarandache curves TP, TU, PU
if r (s), r (s)L > 0, timelike if r (s), r (s) L < 0 and lightlike if and TPU and study some of their properties which represent the
r (s ), r (s ) L = 0 and r (s) = 0 for all s ∈ I. The two vectors main results.
x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) ∈ E13 are orthogonal if and only if
x , y L = 0. Also, for any x, y ∈ E13 , Lorentzian vector product of x 3.1. TP−Smarandache curves
and y is defined by
  From the Definition 2, the TP− Smarandache curve of r can be
 e1 e2 −e3 
  defined by
x ×L y =  x 1 x2 x3 .
y1 y3  1
y2 α (s̄ ) = √ (T + P ). (4)
 2
The norm of a vector x ∈ E13 is given by
x
L = | x, x L |. We
Differentiating Eq. (4) with respect to s, we obtain
denote by {T, N, B} the moving Frenet frame along the curve r(s)
in the Minkowski space E13 , where the vectors T, N, B are called dα ds̄ 1
α = = √ (κg T+κg P + (κN − τg )U ),
the vectors of the tangent, principal normal and the binormal of ds̄ ds 2
r, respectively. Consider now the following definition that we are
with the parameterization
needed throughout this study.
ds̄ 1
Definition 1. A surface M in the Minkowski 3-space E13 is said to = √ (κN − τg ), (5)
ds 2
be spacelike, timelike surface if, respectively the induced metric on
the surface is a positive definite Riemannian metric, Lorentz met- and then
ric. In other words, the normal vector on the spacelike (timelike) 1
surface is a timelike (spacelike) vector [10]. T̄α = (κg T+κg P + (κN −τ g )U ). (6)
(κN − τg )
3. Smarandache curves of a timelike curve on a timelike Differentiating Eq. (6) with respect to s and using Eq. (5), we get
√
surface dT̄α − 2
= (ω1 T + ω2 P + ω3 U ),
ds̄ (κN − τg )3
Consider a timelike curve r = r (s ) in E13 , parameterized by its
arc length s and lying fully on an oriented timelike surface M. Let where
T, N, B be the tangent, principal normal and binormal vector fields   
ω1 = τg κg − κN κg + (κN − τg ) κg + κg 2 + κN 2 − κN τg ,
along r(s). Then, Frenet frame is given by
       
T 0 κ 0 T
N = κ 0 τ N , (1)
ω2 = τg κg − κN κg + (κN − τg ) κg + κg 2 + (κN − τg )τg ,
B 0 −τ 0 B
where a prime denotes differentiation with respect to s. For this ω3 = κg (κN − τg )2 .
frame the following are satisfying The curvature and torsion of α are given as follows
T, T = −1, B, B =  N, N  = 1,   
 dT̄α  1 
T, N  = T, B = N, B = 0 . κ̄α =  =
 ds̄  (κ − τg )3 2 −ω1 + ω2 − ω3 ,
2 2 2 (7)
N
The coefficients κ and τ are the curve’s curvature and torsion. and
Let {T, P, U} be the Darboux frame of r(s) with T as the tan-
ω1 T + ω2 P + ω3 U
gent vector of r and U is the unit normal to the surface M and N̄α =  .
P = T × U, then the usual transformation between Frenet and Dar- −ω12 + ω22 − ω32
boux frames takes the form [10,11]:
     On the other hand, we express
T 1 0 0 T   −1
P = 0 cosh θ sinh θ N , (2) B̄α = − T̄ × N̄ = 
U 0 sinh θ cosh θ B (κN − τg ) −ω12 + ω22 − ω32
384 H.S. Abdel-Aziz, M. Khalifa Saad / Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 25 (2017) 382–390

 
T P −U  3. If α is a principal line, the following hold
  
 κg κg (κN −τ g ).  
ω1 ω2 ω3  4κN
κg − 2κN 2κg + 3κg 2 + κN 2
κ̄α = ,
So, the binormal vector of α is κN 3
−1  2
  
B̄α =  (ω̄1 T + ω̄2 P + ω̄3 U ), κN4   3κN κ g + κN 23κg + 52 
κg 2 κN  
(κN − τg ) −ω12 + ω22 − ω32 −κN κN κg 5κg + 2 κg + κN + κg + κg κN
τ̄α = √    .
where 2 2 4κN κg − 2κN 2κg + 3κg 2 + κN 2
ω̄1 = (τg − κN )ω2 + κg ω3 ,
3.2. TU−Smarandache curves
ω̄2 = (κN − τg )ω1 − κg ω3 ,
ω̄3 = κg ω1 − κg ω2 . Let r = r (s ) be a timelike curve lying on an oriented timelike
We consider the derivatives α ,

α with respect to s as follows surface M in Minkowski 3-space E13 . Using Definition 2, the TU−
Smarandache curve of r is given by
1

α = √ (κg − τg κN + κN2 + κg2 )T + (κg − τg2 + τg κN + κg2 )P 1

2
 β (s̄ ) = √ (T + U ), (9)
2
+(−τg + κN − κg τg + κg κN )U ,
it leads to
1 1
α = √ (λ1 T + λ2 P + λ3 U ), T̄β =  (κN T+(κg + τg )P+κN U ). (10)
2 −2κN 2 + (κg + τg )2
where By taking the derivative of Eq. (10) with respect to s, we have
  √
λ1 = −2τg κN + κN (3κN − τg ) + κg 3κg + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κg , dT̄β 2
=   (1 T + 2 P + 3 U ),
  ds̄ −2κN 2 + (κg + τg )2 2
λ2 = τg (κN − 3τg ) + 2κN τg + κg 3κg + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κg ,
where
⎛ 4  ⎞
  κg + 3κg 3τg + κN (κg + τg )2 − κg 2 κN 2 − 3τg 2
λ3 = −τg κg + κN κg + (κN − τg ) 2κg + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 1 = ⎝ +κN −2κN 3 − (κg + τg )τg + κN τg 2 ⎠,
 
−τg + κN . +κg −(κg + τg )κN + τg 3
In the light of the above, the torsion of α is given by   
 2 = κN −2(κg + τg )κN + (κg + τg ) 2κN − 2κN 2 + (κg + τg )2 ,
(κN − τg ) χ1
τ̄α = − √ , (8)
2 2 κ̄α2 χ2  
−κg κN (κg + τg ) − τg κN
(κg + τg ) + κN (κg + τg )2
3 = .
where − −κN + τg (κg + τg ) −2κN 2 + (κg + τg )2
2

−3τg 2 κg − 3κN 2 κg − κN (κN − τg )

Therefore, from aforementioned equations, the curvature functions
 × 3κg + 5κg + (κN − τ2g )τg 2
2
χ1 =
 , κ̄β , τ̄β are expressed as follows
+τg 6κN κg + (κN − τg ) 3κg + 5κg + κN − κN τg  
+(κN − τg )  dT̄β   
 =  1
  κ̄β =   2 −12 + 22 − 32 ,
5κg κg (κN − τg ) + 2κg 3 (κN − τg ) + (κN − τg )κg ds̄  −2κN + (κg + τg )
2 2 2
χ2 = .
+κg 2(κN − τg )2 (κN + τg ) − τg + κN
 T + 2 P + 3 U
N̄β = 1 .
Thus we can state the following Corollary. −12 + 22 − 32
Corollary 1. Let α (s̄ ) be a timelike curve lies on a timelike surface M Besides, the binormal vector of β is
in Minkowski 3-space E13 , then
−1
1. If α is a geodesic curve, then the equations B̄β =   (¯1 T + ¯2 P + ¯3 U ),
  −2κN + (κg + τg )2
2 −12 + 22 − 32

τg 2 − κN 2
2 where
κ̄α = ,
(κN − τg )2 ¯1 = κN 3 + (κg + τg )1 ,
 
(κN − τg )5 τg κN − κN τg ¯2 = κN 1 − κN 3 ,
τ̄α = − √   , ¯3 = (κg + τg )1 − κN 2 .
4 2 τg 2 − κN 2
are hold. After differentiate β with respect to s, we get
 
2. If α is an asymptotic line, the following hold 1 (κN + τg κg + κN2 + κg2 )T + (κg + τg + τg κN + κN κg )P
    β = √ ,
2 +(κN − κg τg − τg2 + κN2 )U
2 2τg
κg − τg 2κg + 3κg 2 − τg 2
κ̄α = ,
τg 3 similarly,
    1
−3τg 2 κg − τg 3κg + 5κg 2 τg β = √ (μ1 T + μ2 P + μ3 U ),
τg
4       2
+τg τg κg 5κg + 2κg 2 − 2τg 2 + κg + κg τg
τ̄α = √    . where
4 2 2τg κg − τg 2κg + 3κg 2 − τg 2  
μ1 = 2τg κg + κg (3κg + τg ) + κN 3κN + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κN ,
 H.S. Abdel-Aziz, M. Khalifa Saad / Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 25 (2017) 382–390 385

  where
⎛ ⎞
μ2 = (κg + τg )κN + (κg + τg ) 2κN + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κg + τg , 3κg 2 κg κN  
 2  
1 = ⎝−κN 4κN κg + 7κN κg 3 + 2κg 3 κg 2 + κN 2 + 2κN + κg 2 + 2κN 2 κ
⎠
.
  −κg κg 2 − 2κN 2 κN + κg κN 3κg 2 + 4κN 2 + κN 7κg 2 κN + 2κN
g

μ3 = −2κg τg − τg (κg + 3τg ) + κN 3κN + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κN .

Following that, the torsion of β is obtained as
1 3.3. PU−Smarandache curves
τ̄β = √ (ξ1 + ξ2 − ξ3 ), (11)
2 2κ̄β2
Assume that γ = γ (s̄ ) is a timelike curve lying fully on M in E13 .
where Let {T, P, U} be Darboux frame of γ . Then by Definition 2, the PU−
  Smarandache curve of γ is identified by
−κN 2κN + κg 2 + 2κN 2 − τg 2
  
ξ1 = (κg + τg )κN + (κg + τg ) 2κN  + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 1
γ (s̄ ) = √ (P + U ).
+κg + τg , 2
  
 (κg + τg )κN + (κg + τg ) κN + 2κN 2 − τg (κg + τg )  and
ξ2 = ((κg + κN )T+τg P−τg U )
2τg κg + κg (3κg + τg ) + κN 3κN + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κN ,
   T̄γ =  . (12)
−(κg + τg )κN + (κg + τg ) κN + κg (κg + τg ) −(κg + κN )2
ξ3 =    
−2κg τg − τg (κg + 3τg ) + κN 3κN + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κN . Differentiating Eq. (12) with respect to s, we have
√
Thus we can give the following Corollary. dT̄γ 2
= (ζ1 T + ζ2 P + ζ3 U ),
Corollary 2. Let β (s̄ ) be a timelike curve lies on M in Minkowski ds̄ (κg + κN )3
3-space E13 , then where
 
1. If β is a geodesic curve, the following are satisfied ζ1 = τg κN2 − κg2 ,

2χ̄1   
κ̄β =   , ζ2 = (κg + κN )τg − (κg + κN ) τg + κg (κg + κN ) − τg 2 ,
τg 2 − 2κN 2 3
where   
ζ3 = −(κg + κN )τg + (κg + κN ) τg − κN (κg + κN ) + τg 2 .
4κ − 2τg 2 κN 2 − 2κN 2 τg 2 − 8κN 4 τg 2 − 2τg κN τg 3
6
χ̄1 = N , The curvature of γ is determined by
+5κ 2 τ 4 − τ 6 + 2κ τ 2τ κ + τ 3
N g g N g g N g
  
 dT̄γ  1 
χ̄2 κ̄γ =  =
 ds̄  (κg + κN )3 2 −ζ1 + ζ2 − ζ3 .
2 2 2
τ̄β = √ ,
4 2 χ̄3
where Further, we define the principal normal and the binormal vectors
⎛   ⎞ as follows
 κN τg − 2κN − 2κN 2 
2

⎜ ⎟ ζ T + ζ2 P + ζ3 U
⎜ τg κN + τ 2κ + κ 2 − τ 2 + τ
⎟ N̄γ = 1 ,
g
N N g
g −ζ12 + ζ22 − ζ32
⎜ + τ κ + τ κ + 2κ 2 − τ 2 ⎟
⎜
χ̄2 = ⎜  g N g N N
 g
 ⎟,
κ 3 κ + κ 2 − τ 2 + κ ⎟  
⎜  N
 N N g
 N  ⎟ B̄γ = 
−1
 ζ¯1 T + ζ¯2 P + ζ¯3 U ,
⎝− κN τg − τg κN −3τg τg + κN 3κN + κN 2 − τg 2 ⎠
 −(κg + κN )2 −ζ12 + ζ22 − ζ32
+κN
⎛ 6 ⎞ where
4κN − 2τg 2 κN 2 − 2κN 2 τg 2
−8κN τg − 2τg κN τg ⎟ ζ¯1 = τg ζ3 + τg ζ2 ,
 ⎜
4 2 3
1
χ̄3 =  2 ⎝ +5κN2 τg 4 − τg 6  ⎠
.
τg − 2κN 2 3 ζ¯2 = −τg ζ1 − (κg + τ g )ζ3 ,
+2κN τg 2τg κN + τg 3
ζ¯3 = τg ζ1 − (κg + τ g )ζ2 .
2. If β is an asymptotic line, then
   If we differentiate γ to get γ , γ , then we obtain the torsion of
−2 κg 6 + 4κg 5 τg + 7κg 4 τg 2 + 8κg 3 τg 3 + 7κg 2 τg 4 + 4κg τg 5 + τg 6 γ as follows
κ̄β = ,
(κg + τg )6 1

  γ = √ (κg + κN + τg κg − τg κN )T + (τg + κg2 + κN κg − τg 2 )P

(κg + τg )9 τg κg − κg τg 2

τ̄β = √  .
−4 2 κg 6 + 4κg 5 τg + 7κg 4 τg 2 + 8κg 3 τg 3 + 7κg 2 τg 4 + 4κg τg 5 + τg 6 +(−τg + κN κg + κN2 − τg 2 )U ,

3. If β is a principal line, the following are clarified 1

   γ = √ (ν1 T + ν2 P + ν3 U ),

 2 4κN 6 − 2κN 2 κg 2 − κg 6 + 2κg κg 3 κN − 2κg 2 κN 2 2
 +κg 4 κN 2 − 2κN κg κg 3 − 2κg κN
 where
κ̄β =   ,  
κg 2 − 2κN 2 3 ν1 = 2τg (κg − κN ) + (κg − κN )τg + (κg + κN ) κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2
 2  +κg + κN ,
κg − 2κN 2 3 1
τ̄β =  ,
√ 4κN 6 − 2κN 2 κg 2 − κg 6 + 2κg κg 3 κN − 2κg 2 κN 2  
4 2
+κg 4 κN 2 − 2κN κg κg 3 − 2κg κN ν2 = 2κN κg + κg (3κg + κN ) + τg −3τg + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + τg ,
386 H.S. Abdel-Aziz, M. Khalifa Saad / Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 25 (2017) 382–390

  3.4. TPU−Smarandache curves

ν3 = 2κg κN + κN (κg + 3κN ) − 3τg + κg 2 + κN 2 τg + τg 3 − τg ,
Let r = r (s ) be a timelike curve lying on a timelike surface M
1 in Minkowski 3-space E13 and {T, P, U} be the Darboux frame of
τ̄γ = √ 2 (1 + 2 + 3 ), (13) r(s). According to the definition of Smarandache curve, the TPU−
2 2κ̄γ
Smarandache curve of r is expressed as
where
⎛  ⎞ 1
− −τg (κg + κN ) + κN (κg + κN )2 δ (s̄ ) = √ (T + P + U ).
 3
⎜ −(κg + κN )τg − 2κg τg 2 ⎟
1 = ⎜  ⎟, This implies to
⎝ ⎠
 2κ N κg +2κg (3κ2g + κN2)  ( (κg + κN )T+(κg + τg )P+(κN − τg )U )
+τg −3τg + κg + κN − τg + τg T̄δ =  . (14)
⎛  ⎞ −2(κg + κN )(κN − τg )
τg (κg + κN ) − (κg + κN )τg
−
⎜ ⎟
+κg ( κg + κN ) − 2τg
2 2 Differentiate Eq. (14) with respect to s and use Eq. (3), we obtain
2 = ⎜
⎝
⎟,
⎠ √
−2κg κN − κN (κg + 3κN )
   dT̄δ
=
3
(ξ1 T + ξ2 P + ξ3 U ),
+τg 3τg + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + τg ds̄ 4(κg + κN )2 (κN − τg )2
⎛   ⎞
2τg + κg 2 − κN 2 τg
 − where
3 = ⎝ 2τg (κg − κN ) + (κg − κN )τg ⎠ 
   . ξ1 = (κg + κN ) −τg (κg + κN ) + κN (κg + τg )
+(κg + κN ) κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κg + κN   
−(κN − τg ) κg + 2 κg 2 + κN 2 + (κg − κN )τg ,
From the above calculations, we can introduce the following re-
sult:
⎛ ⎞
Corollary 3. Let γ (s̄ ) be a timelike curve lies on M in Minkowski 3- τg (κg + κN )(κg + 2κN − τg )
space E13 , then ⎜ −κN (κg + 2κN − τg )(κg + τg ) + (κN − τg ) ⎟
ξ2 = −(κg + κN )⎝ ⎠,
κg (κg + 2κN − τg )
1. If γ is a geodesic curve, the curvature and torsion of γ are, re-
spectively +2(κg + κN )(κg + κN − τg )(κg + τg ) )
    
2κN 3 2τg − κN 2 − 4κN κN 2 τg − 2κN 4τg − κN 2 τg 2 + 8κN τg 3

κ̄γ = , ξ3 = (κN − τg ) τg (κg + κN ) − κN (κg + τg )
κN 5  
−(κN − τg ) −κg + 2(κg + κN )(κg + κN + τg ) .
⎛ 2 −2τ 2 κ
⎞
g N2 τg − 3κN3 κN τg  Then, the curvature and principal normal vector of δ are, respec-
+κ τ
⎜ N g κN τg − 2τg + 2τg ⎟ tively
1 ⎜ +τ κ 3κ 2 + 2τ 2 ⎟  
τ̄γ = √ ⎜ ⎟, 
2 2 4 ⎝ +τ −κ 3 + 2κ τ 2 − 2κ ⎠  dT̄δ 
g
g N N
1 
 N 
κ̄δ =  = 3 −ξ12 + ξ22 − ξ32 , (15)
ds̄  4(κg + κN )2 (κN − τg )2
g N N g
+κN 2 −κN τg + τg κN
where and
     
2κN 2τg − κN − 4κN κN 2 τg − 2κN 4τg − κN 2 τg 2 + 8κN τg 3 ξ T + ξ2 P + ξ3 U
4 =
3 2
.
N̄δ = 1 .
κN 5 −ξ12 + ξ22 − ξ32
Also, the binormal vector of δ is given by
2. If γ is an asymptotic line, we get
     −1  
2κg 3 2τg + κg 2 − 4κg κg 2 τg − 2κg 4τg + 3κg 2 τg 2 + 8κg τg 3 B̄δ =   ξ¯1 T + ξ¯2 P + ξ¯3 U ,
κ̄γ = , −2(κg + κN )(κN − τg ) −ξ1 + ξ2 − ξ3
2 2 2
κg 5
1
 where
τ̄γ = √ 5
. ξ¯1 = (κg + τg )ξ3 − (κN − τg )ξ2 ,
2 2 6
where ξ¯2 = (κN − τg )ξ1 − (κg + κN )ξ3 ,
⎛ 3κg 2 κg τg
⎞
    ξ¯3 = (κg + τg )ξ1 − (κg + κN )ξ2 .
⎜ +τ −κ 10τg 2 + 7τg κg 2 + 2κg 4   ⎟
⎜ − 2τg + κg 2 κg ⎟
5 = ⎜
g g
−2 τg + 3κg 2 τg 2 + 4τg 4 ⎟, The derivatives δ , δ of δ are
    
⎝ −κg κg 2 − 4τg 2 τg + κg τg 3κg 2 − 2τg 2 ⎠  
 2  (κg + κN + κN2 + κg2 + τg κg − τg κN )T
+τg 7κg τg − 2τg 3 + 2τg 1
  δ = √
+(κg + τg + κg + κN κg + κN τg − τg )P ,
2 2
    3 +(−τ + κ + κ κ + τ κ + κ 2 − τ 2 )U
2κg 3 2τg + κg 2 − 4κg κg 2 τg − 2κg 4τg + 3κg 2 τg 2 + 8κg τg 3 g N N g g g N g
6 =
κg 5 1
δ = √ (η1 T + η2 P + η3 U ),
3
3. If γ is a principal line, the following hold
   where
κg 2 − κN 2
2
κ̄γ = , η1 = 2τg (κg − κN ) + 3κN κN − κN τg + κg (3κg + τg )
(κg + κN )2  
  +(κg + κN ) κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κg + κN ,
(κg + κN )3 κN κg − κg κN
τ̄γ = 
√ 2 ( κg 2 − κ N 2 ) .
2 2 (κg +κN )2 η2 = κg (3κg + κN ) + τg (κN − 3τg )
 H.S. Abdel-Aziz, M. Khalifa Saad / Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 25 (2017) 382–390 387

Fig. 1. The timelike curve r(u) on the timelike surface M.

Fig. 2. TP and TU− Smarandache curves.

 
+(κg + τg ) 2κN + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κg + τg ,
⎛ 2κg4 (κN − τg ) + 2κg 3 (κN − τg )τg 
⎞
⎜ +2κg 2 (κN − τg )2 (κN + τg ) − τg + κN ⎟
η3 = κN (κg + 3κN ) − τg (κg + 3τg ) ⎜      ⎟
10 = ⎜ +κN −κN κg + τg + τg κg + κN
  ⎝     ⎟
⎠
.
+(κN − τg ) 2κg + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 − τg + κN . 2κN 3 τg − 2κN 2 τg 2 + κN −2τg 3 − τg + κN
+κg  3 
In the light of these derivatives, the curve’s torsion of δ can be +2τg τg − τg + κN
computed as follows
Corollary 4. Let δ (s̄ ) be a timelike curve lies on M in Minkowski 3-
7 + 8
τ̄δ = √ , (16) space E13 , then
3 3κ̄δ ( (κN − τg )(9 + 210 ) )
2

where 1. If δ is a geodesic curve, the curvature and torsion can be expressed

⎛ 2 ⎞ as follows
 −κN (3κg + 4κN − τg )(κg + τg )  (
⎜ −τg 2 3κg 2 − 4κg κN + κN 2 + 2(5κg + κN )τg ⎟
⎜ ⎧ ⎫⎟ 3 1
7 = ⎜ ⎨ κg 
(5κg − 2κN + 3τg ) ⎬⎟, κ̄δ = ,
⎜ 2 κg ( κg − 2 κN ) ⎟ 8 κN 3 (κN − τg )3
⎝−2κN (κN − τg ) +(κg + τg ) ⎠
⎩ +(3κg + κN )τg − τg 2 ⎭

+κg + τg

τ̄δ = √ 2 2 ,
⎛
  ⎞ 3 3 κ̄δ
κN 3κg + 2κN + 6κg τg + τg
2 2 2

⎜ κg (5κg + τg ) ⎟
8 = 2τg ⎝ ⎠, where
+(κN − τg ) +(κg + κN )(2κg − τg )(κg − κN + τg )

+ κg + κN  
 τg 2 κN 2 − 2τg κN
 
1 = κN − 2(κN − τg ) τg + κN 2 τg 2 − 4κN (κN − τg )2 τg 2
2 ,
&
2
 κg (2κN − τg ) ' −4κN 2 (κN − τg )3 (κN + τg )
9 =
+2κg −(κN − τg ) −2κg + κg (4κN − τg )
,
− τg + κN
+τg (κN + τg )
388 H.S. Abdel-Aziz, M. Khalifa Saad / Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 25 (2017) 382–390

⎛ ⎞
κN 2 τg (−4κN + τg ) − τg 2 κN (κN + 2τg )
⎜ −2κN (κN − τg ) (κN − τg )τg 2 + τg ⎟ √ √ 
2 = ⎜   ⎟. A1 = 2 2(1 + v ) cosh(u ) + sinh(u ) 2 − 2 cosh(u ) + 2v sinh(u ) ,
⎝ ⎠
  +22 κN (κ2N− τg ) −κN τg + τg κN + 2τg 
κN 2κN + τg + (κN − τg ) κN (κN − τg )τg + κN cosh(u ) cosh(3u )
A2 = v+ √ + (1 + v ) cosh(2u ) − √
2 2
2. If δ is an asymptotic line, we have √
( ( − 2v sinh(u ) + sinh(2u ),
1 3 3 sinh(u ) sinh(3u )
κ̄δ = , A3 = 1 + 2v + cosh(2u ) + √ + (1 + v ) sinh(2u ) − √ ,
2 2 κg 3 τg 3 2 2

τ̄δ = √ 4 2 , and
3 3κ̄δ
( B1, B2, B3 )
where U= ,
    1
τg 2 κg 2 − 2τg κg τg κg + 2κg 2 −
 2 τg 
2
3 = ,
+τg κg 2 + 4κg 2 (κg + τg )2 + 4κg κg 2 − τg 2
2 where
√
⎛ ⎞ B1 = − 2(1 + v ) cosh(u ) + 2 sinh(u )2 ,
−τg 2 κg (3κg + 10τg ) − 2τg τg (κg (2κg − τg )(κg + τg ) √
4 = ⎝ +κg (5κg + τg ) + κg ⎠. B2 = 1 + 2v + cosh(2u ) − 2 sinh(u ),
     √
+τg κg + 2κg (κg + τg ) τg κg + 2κg 2 − 2τg 2 + 2τg B3 = −1 − 2v sinh(u ) + sinh(2u ).

3. If δ is a principal line, we obtain According to Eq. (3), the geodesic curvature κ g , the normal curva-
( ( ture κ N and the geodesic torsion τ g of the curve r(u) are
3 5
κ̄δ = ,
8 κN 3 (κg + κN )3 1   √ 
κg = T , P =  −2 sinh(u ) 2v + 2 sinh(u )
  2
 −κN 2 κg (3κg + 4κN )    √ 
1
τ̄δ = √ +2κN κN −5κg κg − 2κg 3 + 2 κg + 2κg 2 κN − κg , + cosh(u ) 2 + 4v − 2 2v sinh(u ) ,
3 3 + κ 6 N

where
⎛ 2 2   ⎞
κN κg + κN 2 κg + 2κg 2 2 + 4κg κg κN κN = U , T
⎛ √    ⎞
5 = ⎝ −8κg 2 κN 2 − 8κg κN 3 − 4κN 4
 
⎠, 4 2 −4 + v −2 + 3v + 6v2

−2κN κg κN κg + 2κg (κg + κN ) ⎜
⎜ √ (10 + 3v(7 + 4v )) cosh(u )
−4 ⎟
⎟
⎜ +3 2v(7 + 4v(5 + 2v )) cosh(2u ) ⎟
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ −2(16 √ + v(43 + 24v )) cosh(3u ) ⎟
⎜ ⎟
κN κg 2 + 4κg κg (κg − 2κN )  ⎜ +4 2(4 + 3v ) cosh(4u ) ⎟
1 ⎜ −2(4 + 3v ) cosh(5u ) ⎟
6 = ⎝ +4κg 2 κg 2 + κN 2 − 2κN κg ⎠. = 3/2 ⎜ √ ⎟,
2 ( 2 ) ⎜ − 2v cosh(6u ) − 4(5 +√3v(2 + v(5 + 4v ))) ⎟
+2 κg + κg (2κg + κN ) κN ⎜ ⎟
⎜ sinh(u ) + 2(17  ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ +12v(5 + 4v )) sinh(2u ) − 2 9 + 22v + 6v2 sinh(3u )
√
⎟
4. Computational example ⎝ ⎠
+2 2(8 + 11v ) sinh√(4u ) + 2(−3 + 2v ) sinh(5u )
+ 2 sinh(6u )
In this example, we construct some special Smarandache curves
(TP, TU, PU and TPU) of a timelike curve which lies on a timelike
surface. Moreover, using Mathematica program, we compute their ⎛ √   ⎞
differential geometric properties (Figs. 1–3). 1 − 2v − 2 −4 + v + 4v2
⎜ cosh(u ) + 2(3 + 5v ) cosh(2u ) ⎟
Suppose we are given a timelike ruled surface represented as ⎜ √ ⎟
1 ⎜ + 2(−2 + v ) cosh(3u ) + cosh(4u ) ⎟
M (u, v ) = r (u ) + vQ (u ), τg = P , U = ⎜ √ ⎟.
2 ⎜ − 2(7 + 4v(2 + v )) sinh(u ) ⎟
where the timelike base curve is given by ⎝ +2(2 + v(3 + 2v )) sinh(2u ) ⎠
 √ √  √
r (u ) = u, 2 cosh u, 2 sinh u , − 2(3 + 4v ) sinh(3u ) − v sinh(4u )

and where
√ √ 
Q (u ) = 2 cosh u, 1, 2 sinh u , ⎛ √ ⎞
5 + 12v(1 + v ) + 2 2√cosh(u )
is the ruling vector of M. ⎜ +4(1 + 3v√) cosh(2u ) − 2 2 cosh(3u ) ⎟
The triples of Darboux frame can be computed as follows 2 = ⎝ ⎠
 √ √  + cosh(4u ) − 2 2(√1 + 6v ) sinh(u ) + 4 sinh(2u )
T = 1, 2 sinh u, 2 cosh u , −2 2 sinh(3u )

( A1, A2, A3 ) If we choose u = 0 and v = 0, the curvatures (κ g , κ N and τ g ) are

P= ,
1 ( (
2 2 1 √ 
where
 κg = , κN = −2 , τg = 8+2 2 .
  √   √  5 5 10
 1 + 2v + cosh(2u ) − 2 sinh(u ) 2 + 2(1 + v ) cosh(u ) − 2 sinh2 (u ) 2
1 =   √ 2 ,
− 1 + 2v sinh(u ) − sinh(2u ) TP− Smarandache curve
 H.S. Abdel-Aziz, M. Khalifa Saad / Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 25 (2017) 382–390 389

Fig. 3. PU and TPU− Smarandache curves.

The TP−Smarandache curve can be computed as PU− Smarandache curve

The PU−Smarandache curve can be computed as

γPU = (γ1 , γ2 , γ3 ),
√ √ 
2(1 + v ) cosh(u ) + sinh(u ) 2 − 2 cosh(u ) + 2(1 + v ) sinh(u )
γ1 = √ ,
2 1
 √ √ √ 
2 + 6v + 2 cosh(u ) + 2(2 + v ) cosh(2u ) − 2 cosh(3u ) − 2 2(1 + v ) sinh(u ) + 2 sinh(2u )
γ2 = √ ,
2 2 1
 √ √ 
4v + 2 cosh(2u ) + 2(1 − 2v ) sinh(u ) + 2(2 + v ) sinh(2u ) − 2 sinh(3u )
γ3 = √ .
2 2 1

αTP = (α1 , α2 , α3 ), In this case, we get (u = 0 and v = 0)

where
 √ √ 
1 2 2(1 + v ) cosh(u ) + sinh(u ) 2 − 2 cosh(u ) + 2v sinh(u )
α1 = √ 1+ ,
2 1
 √ 
√ √ (u ) + (1 + v ) cosh (2u ) − cosh
v + cosh √(3u ) − 2v sinh(u ) + sinh(2u )
1
α2 = 2 sinh(u ) + √ 2 2
,
2 1
 
1 + 2v + cosh(2u ) + √ (u )
sinh
+ (1 + v ) sinh(2u ) − √(3u )
sinh
1
α3 = √ cosh(u ) + 2 2
.
2 1

Therefore, we get (u = 0 and v = 0)

κ̄γ = 2.204, τ̄γ = 0.113.
κ̄α = 0.793, τ̄α = 0.455.
TPU− Smarandache curve
TU− Smarandache curve The TPU−Smarandache curve is given by
For this curve, we get
(δ , δ , δ )
βTU = (β1 , β2 , β3 ), δTPU =  1√ 2 3 ,
2 31
where  √ √  
 √  2 2(1 + v ) cosh(u ) + 2 sinh(u ) + 2 sinh(u )2 + 2v sinh(u )2
− 2(1 + v ) cosh(u ) + 2 sinh (u )
2
1 δ1 = ,
β1 = √ 1+ , +21 − 2 sinh(2u )
2 1 ⎛ √ √ ⎞
 √  2 cosh(u ) + 2(2 + v ) cosh(2u ) − 2 cosh
(3u )
1 √ 1 + 2v + cosh(2u ) − 2 sinh(u ) δ2 = ⎝ ⎠,
β2 = √ 2 sinh(u ) + , +2 √ sinh(2u ) + sinh(u )
1 + 3v +
2 1 − 2(1 + v ) + 2
 √   √ 
1 √ −1 − 2v sinh(u ) + sinh(2u ) 4v + 2 cosh(2u ) √
+ 2(1 − 2v ) sinh(u ) + 2(2 + v ) sinh(2u )
β3 = √ 2 cosh(u ) + , δ3 =
− 2 sinh(3u ) + 22 cosh(u )
,
2 1
after some calculations, we obtain (u = 0 and v = 0) it follows that (u = 0 and v = 0)
κ̄β = 2.965, τ̄β = 0.199. κ̄δ = 1.319, τ̄δ = 0.549.
390 H.S. Abdel-Aziz, M. Khalifa Saad / Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 25 (2017) 382–390
5. Conclusion
In the present paper, we have studied special curves called
Smarandache curves according to Darboux frame in the three-
dimensional Minkowski space E13 . These curves are composed us-
ing Frenet frame vectors of another curve. Moreover, some results
for the meaning curves are obtained. Finally, for confirming our re-
sults, a computational example is given and plotted.
Acknowledgment
The authors are very grateful to referees for the useful sugges-
tions and remarks for the revised version.
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