Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Take the curl of the first equation and make use of the
second and the third equations, we have: Note :
∇ × ∇ × E = ∇(∇ ⋅ E ) − ∇ 2 E
∂ ∂ 2
∇ 2 E = μ ∇ × H = με 2 E
∂t ∂t
This is called the wave equation:
∂ 2
∇ 2E − με 2 E = 0
∂t
A similar equation for H can be obtained:
∂ 2
∇ H − με 2 H = 0
2
∂t
Hon Tat Hui
2 Revision of Plane Wave Propagation
NUS/ECE EE4101
∂ 2
∇ E − μ 0ε 0 2 E = 0
2
∂t
where
1
μ 0ε 0 = 2
c
⎛ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 2⎞
⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 + k ⎟⎟ Ex = 0
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
Consider a special case of the Ex in which there is no
variation of Ex in the x and y directions, i.e.,
∂2 ∂2
Ex = 2 Ex = 0
∂x 2
∂y
Hon Tat Hui
6 Revision of Plane Wave Propagation
NUS/ECE EE4101
d 2 Ex (z ) 2
2
+ k Ex (z ) = 0
dz
Ex ( z ) ωμωμ μ
η= = = = (Ω)
Hy ( z) k ω με ε
μ0
η0 = = 120π ≈ 377 Ω
ε0
Right-hand rule:
H
H
(middle finger)
E⊥H⊥k
1ˆ
H = k × E, E = ηH × kˆ
η
Hon Tat Hui
13 Revision of Plane Wave Propagation
NUS/ECE EE4101
∇ × E = - jωμH
⎛σ ⎞
∇ × H = σE + jωD = jω⎜⎜ + ε ⎟⎟E = jωε c E
⎝ jω ⎠
σ ⎛ σ ⎞
ε c = ε − j = ε ⎜1 − j ⎟ = complex permittivity
ω ⎝ ωε ⎠
σ
= loss tangent = tanδ c
ωε
The complex permittivity can be written as:
ε c = ε 0ε ' r
⎛ σ ⎞
ε ' r = ⎜⎜ ε r − j ⎟⎟ = complex relative permittivity
⎝ ωε 0 ⎠
Current terms:
σE = conduction current
jωD = jωεE = displacement current
Note that conduction current and displacement current
are out of phase by π/2.
Hon Tat Hui
15 Revision of Plane Wave Propagation
NUS/ECE EE4101
Helmholtz’s equation:
∇ 2E + kc2E = 0
kc = ω με c
a complex number
α = attenuation constant
⎛
με ⎜ ⎛σ ⎞
2 ⎞
=ω 1+ ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎟ (Np/m)
2 ⎜ ⎝ ωε ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
β = propagation constant
⎛
με ⎜ ⎛σ ⎞
2 ⎞
=ω 1+ ⎜ ⎟ + 1⎟ (rad/m)
2 ⎜ ⎝ ωε ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
E = E0 e − jk c ⋅r
= E0 e (
− jkc kˆ c ⋅r )
k c = kcx xˆ + kcy yˆ + kcz zˆ = kc kˆ c
H = H 0e − jk c ⋅r
= H 0e (
− jkc kˆ c ⋅r ) r = xxˆ + yyˆ + zzˆ
E⊥H⊥k
1 ˆ
H = k × E, E = η c H × kˆ
ηc
ηc = complex intrinsic impedance
μ
= = ηr + jηi
εc
Hon Tat Hui
19 Revision of Plane Wave Propagation
NUS/ECE EE4101
α = β ≈ πfμσ
μ α
ηc = ≈ (1 + j )
εc σ
Hon Tat Hui
21 Revision of Plane Wave Propagation
NUS/ECE EE4101
ω 2ω
u p = phase velocity = ≈
β μσ
2π2π π
λ = wavelength = ≈ =2
β πfμσ fμσ
Field amplitude
E0
E0e-1
z
0 δ 2δ …….
αδ = 1
1
δ=
α
For copper, σ = 5.8 × 107 S/m.
Example 1
The electric field intensity of a linearly polarised uniform
plane wave propagating in the +z direction in seawater is
E = xˆ 100cos(107 πt ) at z = 0. The constitutive parameters of
seawater are εr = 72, μr = 1, and σ = 4 S/m.
(a) Determine the attenuation constant, intrinsic impedance,
phase velocity, wavelength, and skin depth.
(b) Write expressions for H(z,t) and E(z,t).
(c) Find the distance z1 at which the amplitude of the
electric field is 1% of its value at z = 0.
Solutions
(a) ω = 10 7 π rad/s ⇒ f = 5×106 Hz
σ
Here ≈ 200 >> 1 . We may therefore approximate
ωε’
seawater as a good conductor at this frequency.
α = β = π f μ r μ 0 σ = 8.89 Np/m or rad/m
πfμ r μ0 π
ηc = (1 + j ) = (1 + j ) = π e jπ / 4 Ω
σ 2
ω 2π
u p = = 3.53 × 106 m/s λ= = 0.707 m
β β
δ = 1/ α = 0.112 m
Hon Tat Hui
28 Revision of Plane Wave Propagation
NUS/ECE EE4101
Instantaneous fields:
[
E( z , t ) = Re E( z ) e jωt ]
[
= Re xˆ 100 e −8.89 z
e − j 8.89 z
e j107 π t
]
= xˆ 100 e −8.89 z cos(107 π t − 8.89 z )
[
H( z , t ) = Re H( z ) e jωt ]
⎡ 100 −8.89 z − j ( 8.89 z +π / 4 ) j107 π t ⎤
= Re ⎢ yˆ e e e ⎥⎦
⎣ π
100 −8.89 z
= yˆ e cos(107 π t − 8.89 z − π / 4)
π
(c) exp (− αz1 ) = 0.01 ⇒ z1 = 0.518 m
Hon Tat Hui
30 Revision of Plane Wave Propagation
NUS/ECE EE4101
References:
1. David K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetic, Addison-Wesley
Pub. Co., New York, 1989.
2. Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Applied Electromagnetics, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
New Jersey, 2007.
3. Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, Oxford
University Press, New York, 2001.
4. Robert E. Collin, Field theory of guided waves, IEEE Press, New
York, 1991.
5. Joseph A. Edminister, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of
Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1993.
6. Yung-kuo Lim (Editor), Problems and solutions on
electromagnetism, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993.