The Cell - Review

Cell Structure Review and Intro to Genetics 17/03/2018
THE
CELL
W H AT M A K E S U S A L L A L I V E !
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THE CELL
• There are two main types of cells
– Eukaryotic cells
– Prokaryotic cells
• Organisms part of the Kingdom Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and
Protista are composed of Eukaryotic cells
• Organisms part of the Kingdom Bacteria and Archaea are
composed of Prokaryotic cells
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• Two main types of eukaryotic cells, animal and plant cells
• The basic animal cell contain key organelles which have specific
functions
• Specialized cells will not necessarily contain all the key organelles
found in a basic animal cell
KEY ORGANELLES IN A BASIC ANIMAL CELL

1. Cell Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
4. Golgi Apparatus
5. Lysosome
6. Mitochondria
7. Nucleus

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1. CELL MEMBRANE ( PLASMA MEMBRANE )
• Semi-permeable membrane, controls what enters and exits the cell
Cell Membrane
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2. CYTOPLASM
• Gel like substance, holds organelles in place and keeps cell shape
Cytoplasm

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3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Contains ribosomes which are responsible for making proteins
for the cell
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
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4. GOLGI APPARATUS
• Packages proteins and sends them off to the different parts of the
cell
Golgi Apparatus

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5. LYSOSOME
• Breaks down dead/unused material
Lysosome
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6. MITOCHONDRIA
• Where the cell makes energy
Mitochondria

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7. NUCLEUS
• Controls cell function, location where chromosomes are stored
Nucleus
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THE NUCLEUS – IN DETAIL
• Structure in the cell which contains genetic information of an
organism
• Chromatin: Mass of DNA and proteins within the nucleus of most
cells, not undergoing mitosis or meiosis

Plant cell at 1500 x magnification. Chromatin in the nucleus

looks like mass of strands without any particular order

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• Chromatin contracts and folds itself into chromosomes before
cell division
• All organisms do not contain one copy of each chromosome, but
rather two copies of chromosomes, which form an individual’s
karyotype
• Karyotype: Ordered representation of an individual’s
chromosomes, formed by grouping them into pairs according to
size

Cell division of a animal cell at 200X magnification. The

chromosomes are in anaphase, lined up and about to separate

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• Having too many, or too few chromosomes is bad!
• Chromosomal disorder: any syndrome characterized by too
many (trisomy- three copies) or too few (monosomy – one copy)
chromosomes, or malformed chromosomes (deletion of segments
and/or addition of segments)
– Down syndrome: Trisomy of chromosome 21
– Turner’s syndrome: Monosomy of sex chromosome (XO)
– Klinfelter’s syndrome: Trisomy of sex chromosome XXY
– Cri du Chat syndrome: Deletion of part of chromosome 5
Karyotype of Down Syndrome. Trisomy 21. Subject is male

DOWN SYNDROME
• Physical growth delays, intellectual delays
– Characteristic facial features (slanted eyes, shorten hands, short neck,
etc.)
– Hearing and/or vision issues, among other issues
• One of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in humans,
occurs approx. 1 in 1000 births
Karyotype of Turner’s Syndrome. Monosomy X

TURNER’S SYNDROME
• Occurs only in females (XO), becomes apparent at approx. age 5
• Short stature
• Loss of ovarian functions (i.e. the individual becomes infertile), need
hormone therapy to go through puberty
• Physical abnormalities included webbed neck, lymphedema, skeletal
abnormalities, kidney issues, may have heart issues
Karyotype of Klinefelter's Syndrome. Trisomy Sex (XXY)

KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME
• Occurs only in males (XXY)
• Small testes which produce low testosterone, which may delay or
have incomplete puberty
• Physical abnormalities include breast enlargement, reduced facial
hair, infertility, issues with the penis,
• Larger risk of developing breast cancer compared to XY individuals
Karyotype of Cri du Chat syndrome. Partial deletion of chromosome 5

CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME

• Characteristic high pitch cry which sounds like a cat
• Intellectual impairments and delayed developments
• Physical abnormalities include small head, eye folds, rounded ears,
weak muscle tone in infancy
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DNA
• Chromosomes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• DNA is composed of three main components
1. Sugar base (deoxyribose)
2. Phosphate group
3. Nucleotide base: There are four nucleotide bases: Adenine
(A),Thymine (T) Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)

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DNA
• DNA is the “alphabet of your genetic information”; the combination of
the four bases form genes
• DNA is in the form of a double helix
– It forms a double helix because the bases A, T, G and C bind to their
complementary base
– A always binds to T
– G always binds to C
• As such, the strands are complementary images of the other

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DNA
• Gene: Segment of DNA which encode specific proteins
• All the genes in your body form your genome

Nucleus
Chromosome
Nitrogenous base Cell
Genes
DNA

The Cell - Review

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Cell Structure Review and Intro to Genetics 17/03/2018

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KEY ORGANELLES IN A BASIC ANIMAL CELL

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Plant cell at 1500 x magnification. Chromatin in the nucleus

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Cell division of a animal cell at 200X magnification. The

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Karyotype of Down Syndrome. Trisomy 21. Subject is male

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Karyotype of Turner’s Syndrome. Monosomy X

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Karyotype of Klinefelter's Syndrome. Trisomy Sex (XXY)

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Karyotype of Cri du Chat syndrome. Partial deletion of chromosome 5

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CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME

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Nitrogenous base Cell

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