電動力學(二)考古題

(Ch. 7) (a) Starting from the Maxwell equations [Jackson Eq. (6.6)], derive the dispersion relation
(i.e. the relation between the wave frequency ω and the propagation constant k) for a
(homogeneous) plane electromagnetic wave of frequency ω in an infinite and uniform medium of
conductivity σ, electric permittivity ε, and magnetic permeability μ.
[vector formula: ∇×(∇×A) = ∇(∇․A) - ∇2A]
(b) From the result in (a), derive the expression for the skin depth δ of a good conductor.

(Ch. 7) Consider a plane wave propagating in a dielectric medium characterized by a complex

electric permittivity of ε = ε0(1 + 0.001i) and a complex magnetic permeability of μ = μ0(1
+ 0.001i). Calculate the fractional power loss over a distance of one wavelength.
(Ch. 7) Using Jackson Eqs. (7.4), (7.56), and (7.58) and assuming ω<<γ0, derive the skin depth (δ)
of a good conductor.

(Ch. 7) Show that the instantaneous Poynting vector of a circularly polarized plane electromagnetic
wave of constant amplitude is independent of time.

(Ch. 7) A plane electromagnetic wave with vector fields Ei and Bi is incident normally from free
space upon a perfectly conducting flat surface. The reflected wave has vector fields Er and
Br.
(a) What is the relation between Er and Ei on the surface? Give your reason.
(b) What is the relation between Br and Bi on the surface? Give your reason.

(Ch. 7) A highly relativistic electron is moving in the direction of propagation of a plane

electromagnetic wave in free space. Estimate the ratio of the maximum electric force to the
maximum magnetic force on the electron.

(Ch. 7) (a) Calculate the peak electric field (E0) associated with a linearly polarized laser beam (in
free space) having a time-averaged energy density of 106 joules/cm3.
(b) What is the peak magnetic induction (B0) of this laser beam?
Note: Values of electrical permittivity (ε0) and magnetic permeability (μ0) for the vacuum can
be found in Jackson, p. 782.

(Ch. 7) As implied in Jackson Eqs. (6.15) and (6.16), the electromagnetic radiation is generated by
electrical charges and currents. In the equations of Jackson Sec. 7.3, there are no explicit
expressions for charges and currents; however, the results show that a reflected wave is generated
when a plane wave is incident from one dielectric medium into another dielectric medium.
Consider a wave incident from a vacuum into a dielectric medium with μ = μ0 and ε  ε0 (a special
case of Sec. 7.3). Explain qualitatively from the perspective of Eqs. (6.15) and (6.16) how the
reflected wave is generated?
 (Ch. 7) (a) A charge-neutral, uniform plasma has N electrons per unit volume. Assume that the ions
remain stationary in the presence of an ac electric field which varies with time as exp(-iωt).
Using the equation of motion for the electrons and neglecting collisions, show that the
conductivity (σ) of the medium is σ = iNe2/ωm, where e is the magnitude of the electron
charge and m is the electron mass.
(b) Using the Maxwell equations, derive the dispersion relation for a plane electromagnetic
wave in this medium. What is the “plasma frequency”?
(c) It is known that radio waves can be totally reflected from the ionosphere. Under what
condition will this happen?
(Ch. 7) (a) Derive the AC conductivity (σ) of a conductor containing N free electrons per unit volume which
collide at an average frequency of γ. Start from the equation of motion of free electrons and
neglect the effect of bound electrons.
(b) If the electric field is given by E = E0cos(ωt+α), where E0, ω, and α are real constants, what are
the amplitude and phase (relative to that of E) of the current density?
(Ch. 7)(a) A one-dimensional wave packet is propagating in a uniform medium characterized by a
dispersion relation ω = ω(k), where ω is the frequency and k is the wave number. Under
what condition will the wave packet remain undistorted in shape? Express the condition
analytically.
(b) What is your physical interpretation of the result in (a)?

(Ch. 7) Assume that J(t) = Re[J0exp(-iωt)] and E(t ) = Re[E0exp(-iωt)], where J0 and E0 are
complex constants and ω is a real constant. Show that the time-averaged value of J(t)·E(t)
is given by 12 Re[J0·E0 *].
(Ch. 7) Consider a medium characterized by the generalized electric permittivity ε in Jackson Eqs. (7.51)
and (7.56). Answer the following questions briefly and to the point.
(a) In the derivation of ε, what are the approximations made on the electron binding force and on the
electric field, which result in the linear property of the medium?
(b) What makes the medium dispersive?
(c) What makes the medium lossy?
(d) In the DC limit (ω→0), we have ε→¥ due to the free electrons. Hence, the expression for ε is no
longer valid. What is the physical reason for the breakdown?
(e) Explain physically why a free electron is much more effective in damping the electromagnetic
wave than a bound electron.
(Ch. 7) Consider Eq. (7.49) of Jackson: m( x   x  02 x)  eE( x, t )
(a) Solve it for x(t ) by making the appropriate assumption on E(x, t ).
(b) You will find from your solution in (a) that, if E(x,t ) = 0, there
will be a different solution for x(t ) under a certain condition.
What is this condition?
(c) Let E(x,t ) = 0 and assume 0   , find the new solution for x(t )
including the effect of  .
(d) Physically, what does the solution in (c) represent?
2
 (Ch. 7) Let E0 be a complex vector and k = kn, where k is a complex number and n is a real
vector. Prove that if k  E0 = 0, then k  E*0 = 0, where E*0 is the complex conjugate of E0 .
(Ch. 7) A measuring device is disturbed by the following influences. How would you separately
protect the device from each of the following influences?
(a) High-frequency electromagnetic fields.
(b) D.C. and low-frequency magnetic fields.

(Ch. 7) (a) The impedance of a medium is defined as Z   (p. 297). Write the reflection
coefficient (denote it by ) for normal incidence, as given in Eq. (7.42), in terms of
Z for a wave incident from vacuum ( Z  Z 0 ) onto a medium of impedance Z .
(b) The generalized  in Eq. (7.56) can be written    b  i 
 . For a good conductor,
  i  . Assume  and  of the conductor are real numbers. Express the impedance
for a good conductor (denote it by Z s ) in terms of  ,  , and .
(c) Let copper  1.26 106 H/m and  copper  5.9  107 / Ω-m, calculate the Z s of copper
at f  2.5 109 Hz (microwave) and f  2.5  1013 Hz (infrared).
(d) For the reflection coefficient  obtained in (a), let Z 0  377  and Z   Z s of copper,
calculate  (amplitude of ) at f  2.5  109 Hz and 2.5 1013 Hz.
(e) Show that the fraction of the incident power absorbed by copper at 2.5 1013 Hz is
approximately 100 times greater than that at 2.5  109 Hz.
(Ch. 7) Consider the reflection/refraction model (Fig. 7.5) treated in Sec. 7.3. Assuming normal
incidence (i.e. incident angle i = 0) and μ = μ’, find the ratio of transmitted power to
incident power in terms of the indices of refraction of the two media (n and n’).
(Ch. 7) Refer to Jackson Fig. 7.5, a plane wave is incident normally (i.e. i = 0) from the free space
onto the flat surface of a dielectric with ε’ = 9ε0 and μ’ = μ0.
(a) What fraction of the incident power is transmitted into the dielectric?
(b) What is the phase change of the reflected wave at the interface?
(Ch. 7) (a) Under what condition can we write the dispersion relation of a uniform plasma
[Eq. (7.61)] approximately in the form of Eq. (7.95)?
(b) A wave packet of width L at t = 0 is propagating in a uniform plasma of plasma
frequency ωp. Assuming the condition in (a) and using the model of Sec. 7.9, find the width
L(t) of the wave packet at t > 0.

(Ch. 7) An X-ray is incident from a vacuum on the flat surface of a metal with a permeability of μ =
μ0. If the angle of incidence (with respect to the normal to the surface) is greater than a critical angle
θ0, the X-ray will be totally reflected. Calculate θ0 by using the permitivity of metal given by
Jackson Eq. (7.56), assuming that the angular frequency ω of the X-ray is greater than the plasma
frequency ωp of the conduction electrons, and neglecting the effects of collisions and bound
electrons.

3
 (Ch. 7, 8) (a) What is the SI unit of Keff in Eq. (8.14)?
(b) For a good conductor, Eq. (8.14) shows that Keff is proportional to the magnetic
field H  on the conductor. Explain physically why the proportionality constant is
independent of the conductivity (  ) of the conductor.
(c) Manipulating Eq. (8.12) to show that the power absorbed into a unit area of the
conductor is (Notations follow Jackson.)
dPloss 1 c 2
 H 
da 2 2
(d) As shown in (c), for the same values of  ,  , and H  , there is more power
absorption for larger values of  c (an effect exploited in induction heating). Give
the physical reason for such an effect.
Note: Equations (8.12) and (8.14) have been derived in Ch.7 of lecture notes.

(Ch. 7, 8) The conventional oven heats food with infrared waves of a broad spectrum. The
microwave oven heats food at the frequency of 2.45´109 Hz. Assume (i) that the heating chambers
of the two types of ovens are made of identical good conductors; (ii) that the infrared wave spectrum
is represented by a frequency of 9.8´1013 Hz, and (iii) that the average field energy density on the
chamber wall is the same in both types of ovens.
(a) Using the proper formula to calculate the ratio of power per unit area absorbed by the
conventional oven chamber wall to that by the microwave oven chamber wall.
(b) Explain physically why the conventional oven chamber wall absorbs much more power per
unit area. Do NOT just explain it mathematically by the formula used for (a).

(Ch. 8) Express the damping rate and resonant width of a cavity in terms of the Q value and
resonant frequency (ω0) of the cavity.

(Ch. 8) Explain physically why the TM0n or TMm0 mode does not exist in a rectangular waveguide.
Do not use any equation.
(Ch. 8) Derive the electromagnetic fields of an axisymmetric TEM mode in a coaxial transmission
line with perfectly conduction walls. The inner wall radius is a and outer wall radius is b. Assume
that the outer wall is grounded and the voltage on the inner wall has an amplitude V0.

(Ch. 8) Starting from Jackson Eq. (8.46), find the maximum time-averaged power (in watts) that
can be transmitted in the TE10 mode of a rectangular cross-section waveguide (Jackson Fig.
8.5, a = 2 cm, b = 1 cm, /0 = /0 = 1) if the waveguide can support a maximum electric
field of 2×106 volts/m and if the next higher order mode can not propagate.
[useful formula: cos 2  1  2sin 2  ; 0 and 0 are given in Jackson, p. 782]

(Ch. 8) Consider a cavity with resonant frequency ω0 and quality factor Q. At t = 0, a source of
4
 frequency ω0 and constant power P0 is turned on and completely coupled into the cavity.
Calculate the field energy (U) in the cavity as a function of time (assume U = 0 at t = 0).

(Ch. 8) A microwave cavity has ohmic loss on its wall, which results in an ohmic Q (denoted by
Qohm ) of 4000. There is an additional loss due to a coupling structure on the wall, which
results in a loss half as much as the ohmic loss.
(a) What is the Q value (denote it by Qext) due to the coupling loss?
(b) What is the total Q value of the cavity (denote it by Qtotal)?

(Ch. 8) A TEmn wave with frequency well above the cutoff frequency is propagating in the
waveguide shown in Jackson Fig. 8.5. The walls of the waveguide are perfectly conducting. The
filling medium of the waveguide is characterized by μ = μ0 (magnetic permeability of vacuum) and
ε = ε1 + iε2, where ε1 and ε2 are positive constants and ε2＜＜ε1.
(a) Calculate the attenuation constant of the wave accurate to first order in ε2.
(b) Let a = 1.5 cm, b = 1 cm, ε1 = ε0 (electrical permittivity of vacuum), and ε2 = 0. What is the
guide wavelength of a TE10 wave with a frequency of 12 GHz?

(Ch. 8) Design a vacuum-filled rectangular waveguide for TE10 mode propagation at f = 10 GHz. The
safety requirements are: f = 1.25 times the cutoff frequency of the TE10 mode, and f = 0.75 times
the cutoff frequency of the next higher mode.

(Ch. 8) Vehicles travel in a 5 m  3 m rectangular tunnel with conducting walls on all 4 sides.
(a) What is the lowest frequency which can be used to communicate with them?
(b) Suggest a simple and practical means that would allow communication at any
frequency.

(Ch. 8) Show that, for the TM wave in a waveguide, the minimum attenuation due to the
conductor losses (i. e. wall losses) occurs at the frequency ω = 3 ωc, where ωc is the cutoff
frequency. [Hint: use Eq. (8.63) of Jackson]

(Ch. 8) A coaxial transmission line has inner wall radius a and outer wall radius b. Both walls are
perfectly conducting and the space between the walls is filled with a uniform lossless dielectric (ε,
μ). An axisymmetric TEM mode is propagating along this line in the positive z direction.
(a) Calculate the electric field E and magnetic field H of the mode as a function of the radial
position r, axial position z, and time t.
Hint: First obtain a generating function  , where  is the solution of t2  0 with
boundary conditions  (a )  V0 and  (b)  0 .
5
 (b) Show that the time-averaged power flow along the line is
 2
P   a H0
2
In( ba ),

where H0 is the amplitude of H at the surface of the inner wall (r = a).

(Ch. 9) Equation (9.11) of Jackson predicts no electric monopole radiation if the source is localized.
Verify this fact analytically by invoking the equation of continuity: t    J  0 .

(Ch. 9) Show that fields in Jackson Eq. (9.20) do not transport net power.

(Ch. 9) (a) In Jackson Eq. (9.20), why does the electric field E have the same spatial
dependence as that of the static electric dipole field?
(b) In obtaining Eq. (9.20) from Eq. (9.18), a few terms have been neglected. But some
of the neglected terms are still important in the near zone. What are they and in what
sense are they important?

(Ch. 9) A small circular loop antenna lying on the x-y plane carries an ac current. Assume that the z
axis passes through the center of the loop and that you are on the x-axis in the far zone. Use the
proper equations in Jackson to find the direction along which you should orient a linear antenna in
order to receive the maximum radiation from the antenna.

(Ch. 9) Referring to P. 408 of Jackson, the radiation fields of an antenna are given by
1
H   A , (1)
0
iZ 0
E H , (2)
k
where
o eik | x  x '| 3
4 
A(x)  J(x') d x', (3)
| x  x'|
k = ω/c is the wave number, Z0 is the impedance of vacuum, and J is the source current density.

(a) Under what condition(s) is Eq. (2) valid?

(b) From Eqs. (1)-(3), we observe that E and H are not explicit functions of the source charge
density ρ. Show algebraically that this is possible.
(c) From Eqs. (1) and (2), we observe that E is not an explicit function of the scalar potential ф.
Show algebraically that this is possible.

(Ch. 9) (a) What is the time-averaged power per unit solid angle (dP/dΩ) radiated by a center-fed
linear antenna (of total length d, as in Fig. 9.3 of Jackson) with the following charge
distribution:

6
 - λ0 cos[k(d/2 - z)] δ(x) δ(y) exp(-iωt), z0
ρ=
λ0 cos[k(d/2 + z)] δ(x) δ(y) exp(-iωt), z0

where k = ω/c and λ0 is a constant.

(b) What is the dimension of λ0?

(Ch. 9) (a) The full-wave antenna radiation can be thought of as the superposition of two half-wave
antennas, one above the other, excited in phase. Demonstrate this by rederiving the
expression for dP/dΩ [Jackson Eq. (9.57), kd = 2π] for the full-wave antenna by
superposing the fields of two half-wave antennas.
(b) If the two halves of the full-wave antenna are excited 180o out of phase [i.e. J(z) =
-J(-z)], derive dP/dΩ again by the method of superposition as in (a).
(c) Plot the approximate angular distribution of dP/dΩ in (a) and (b). Explain the difference
(or lack of difference) qualitatively.
dP Z 2
(Useful formula:  0 k 2 r 2 sin 2  A )
d  2 0
2

(Ch. 9) (a) Show that, in Jackson, Eq. (9.56) reduces to Eq. (9.28) in the limit kd << 1.
(Useful formula: cos x @ 1–x2/2, if |x|<< 1)
(b) Calculate the radiation resistance (Rrad) of the center-fed antenna (Jackson Fig. 9.3) in
the limit kd << 1.

(Ch. 9) Show that a system of charged particles all of which have identical charge-to-mass ratios
e/m cannot emit electric dipole radiation if the center of mass of the system moves with constant
velocity vcm.

(Ch. 9, Ch. 10) Which of the following equations in Jackson is (are) valid ONLY under the condition
of d << λ? (where d is the dimension of the source and λ is the wavelength of the radiation):
Eq. (9.3), Eq. (9.55), Eq. (10.11), Eq. (10.28), and Eq. (10.31). (15%)
(3 points are deducted for each wrong answer.)

(Ch. 10) The scalar diffraction theory evaluates only a scalar field, whereas the electromagnetic
fields have six components.
(a) Explain why the scalar diffraction theory can still be approximately valid. Under what
condition does your argument apply?
(b) There is one piece of information about the electromagnetic fields which the scalar
diffraction theory cannot provide. What is it?

7
(Ch. 10) The directed radiation from a circular dish antenna of diameter D has an angular spread θ
given by θ @ λ/D, where λ is the wavelength. Derive this approximate relation from the
principle of superposition of electromagnetic waves under the condition D >> λ.

(Ch. 10) Equations (10.6) and (10.32) of Jackson both give the differential scattering cross section
(dσ/dΩ) of a dielectric sphere with radius much smaller than the wavelength. Equation (10.6)
is valid for arbitrary values of εr (= ε/ε0). It reduces to Eq. (10.32) in the limit εr → 1. A
physical effect is included in Eq. (10.6), but not in Eq. (10.32).
(a) What is this physical effect?
(b) Explain why it keeps dσ/dΩ finite.

(Ch. 10) The air is composed of different kinds of molecules. Suppose a new air is formed by
combining every 10 molecules (of the same kind) of the old air into a giant molecule with a
molecular polarizability (γmol) 10 times that of each constituent molecule.
(a) Will the new air have a different electric permittivity (ε)? If your answer is “yes”, what is its
ratio to that of the old air and for what reason? If your answer is “no”, give your reason.
(b) Will the new air have a different Rayleigh attenuation constant (α)? If your answer is “yes”,
what is its ratio to that of the old air and for what reason? If your answer is “no”, give your
reason.

(Ch. 10) What are the two mathematical inconsistencies in the Kirchoff approximation to the
integral formula in Jackson Eq. (10.79)?

(Ch. 10) Why must the hole in a pinhole camera (利用針孔成像原理的照像機) be neither very
large nor very small in order to get sharp images on the film?

*(Ch. 11) Write down the relativistic equation of motion of a charged particle (with charge q, rest
mass m, velocity v, and relativistic factor γ) in the presence of electric field E and magnetic
induction B.

(Ch. 11) An electromagnetic wave has frequency ω and propagation constant k.

(a) What is its frequency to an observer moving at the speed v0 in the same direction as the
wave?
(b) What is the frequency to an observer moving at the speed v0 in the direction perpendicular
to the wave propagation?
(Ch. 11) A police radar operates on a frequency of ω. What is the frequency received by the police
after the signal is reflected from a car moving at the velocity v0?

8
 (Ch. 11) Consider two inertial frames S and S’, which have a relative speed v0 along the
mutual z-axis. The Lorentz transformation for the difference between two (space-time)
coordinates is given by
x '  x (1)
y '  y (2)
z '   o (z   o t ) (3)
v
t '   o (t  o z ) (4)
c2
where the unprimed quantities refer to frame S, primed quantities refer to frame S’, and γ0 =

1/ 1  v02 / c 2 .

(a) What is time dilation? Prove it with the above transformation law.
(b) Consider a rod which remains parallel to, but moves along, the z-axis in frame S. The length
of the rod (Δz) in frame S is the difference of the z-coordinates of its two end points
measured at the same time, i.e. Δt = 0. Equation (3) then gives

Δz’ = γ0Δz. (5)

Under what condition is Δz’ given by Eq. (5) the length of the rod measured in frame S’?
Prove your answer with the above transformation law.

(Ch.11) A particle of rest mass m moves on the x-axis is attracted to the origin by a force m 2 x
(  const ). It performs oscillations of amplitude a.
(a) Neglecting the small radiation loss, show that the relativistic oscillation period ( ) is given
by the integral
1 ( a 2 x )
2 2 2
a
 0
 4 dx 2c

a 2  x2 1 ( a 2 x )
2 2 2
4c

(b) Obtain the first two leading terms of this integral as ca  0.
Hint: Define X  a 2  x 2
n(n  1) 2
Useful formulas: (1  y )n  1  ny  y 
2!
b dy
0 dy by  y 2
  (for b  0)

b ydy
0 dy by  y 2
 b  (for b  0)
2

*(Ch. 11) Frames K and K' are two inertial frames with relative velocity v0 along the common
z-axis. In frame K, a particle with velocity v is acted on by force f. What is the force as viewed
in frame K'?

9
(Ch. 11) Consider an electron beam with current density given by (in cylindrical coordinates)
n ev sin[ k ( z  v0t )]e z , r  a
J 0 0 ,
0, ra
where n0, e, v0, k, and a are constants and v0<c.
(a) Find the charge density ρ.
(b) Prove in a rigorous manner that this electron beam does NOT generate radiation fields
(neglecting the interaction between electrons).

(Ch. 11) (a) Two identical particles of rest mass m and equal and opposite velocities v collide

inelastically to form a single particle of rest mass M. Find M and the velocity V of the new
particle.

(b) A particle of rest mass m and velocity v collides with a stationary particle of the same
rest mass and is absorbed by it. Find the rest mass M and the velocity V of the resultant
particle.

Discuss the significance of your results.

(Ch. 11) A plane mirror lying on the x -y plane is moving along the z -axis
x , k
at a constant speed v0 . A plane wave with frequency  and mirror
propagation constant k (  kc ) on the x-z plane is incident
on the mirror at an angle  with respect to the z -axis (see figure).  z
 ?
(a) What is the frequency ( ) of the reflected wave in the lab
v0    ?
frame?
(b) What is the angle of reflection ( ) in the lab frame?
k x  k x  kx , k y , kz , 
 
k y  k y K z
Useful formulae:   v0
 k z   0 (k z  c 2  )  k x , k y , k z ,  
    0 (  v0 k z )
K z
 v0
(Ch. 11) A rocket is launched from the earth into outer space. It
moves on a straight line with a constant acceleration (a) with
respect to its rest frame. From the transformation formula in
Jackson problem 11.5, find the rocket acceleration (a ) as viewed
in the earth frame.

(Ch. 11 & 14) Let | v | be the magnitude of the acceleration of a particle of rest mass m and
velocity v under the applied force F.
(a) If F∥ v , show | v | = F/(γ3m), where γ is the relativistic factor of the particle.

10
 (b) If F  v , show | v | = F/(γm).
(c) Using Jackson Eq. (14.26) and the results in (a) and (b), show that for a given magnitude of
applied force, the radiation emitted with a transverse acceleration is a factor γ2 larger than with
a parallel acceleration.

(Ch. 11 & 14) The total power radiated by charge e, which is accelerated in the direction of its
2
motion, is given by Eq. (14.43) of Jackson: P  23 e3 v 2 6 . Show that you will get the
c
same power by doing the calculation in the rest frame of the charge.

(Ch. 11 & 14) Consider a point charge in uniform motion at velocity v. Equation (14.14) predicts that
the electric field at a distance b from the charge in the direction perpendicular to v is γ3 times larger than
the electric field at same distance from the charge in the direction parallel to v, where γ is the relativistic
factor of the moving charge. Verify this prediction, as in the lecture notes, by using the Lorentz
transformation of lengths (in particular, the length contraction relation) and the transformation laws for
EM fields (draw figures to make your arguments clear):

 E'   E'  , B'   B


 ' vo vo
 E    o ( E   c  B ), B'    o ( B 
c
 E )
1
/
1

/
20

where    v c and v0 is the relative velocity between two Lorentz frames.

0

(Ch. 14) Equations (14.13) and (14.14) are derived on the basis of the retarded Green function G+(x, t;
x’, t’) [Eq. (6.44)], which is valid for a nondispersive medium such as a vacuum (see p. 245, first line).
Discuss the significance of this validity condition to the fact that the fields at x and t, as given by Eqs.
(14.13) and (14.14), depend only on the instantaneous motion of the point charge at an earlier position
x’(t’), where t’ is the retarded time.

(Ch. 14) A nonrelativistic electron of mass m is performing one-dimensional simple harmonic

motion with an angular frequency ω and amplitude (maximum displacement) A.
(a) Calculate the amount of energy radiated per cycle, assuming that A remains constant
within the cycle, i. e., the radiated energy per cycle is negligible compared to the kinetic
energy of the electron.
(b) Calculate the ratio of the radiated energy per cycle to the average kinetic energy of the
electron, assuming again that A remains constant within the cycle.
(c) On the long-time scale, the average kinetic energy will decrease in time. Calculate the
average kinetic energy of the electron as a function of time.

(Ch. 14) A particle of mass m and charge q moves in a plane perpendicular to a uniform, static,

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 magnetic induction B. The ratio of the particle’s total energy to its rest energy is .

(a) Show that the total energy radiated per unit time is (in Gaussian unit system)

2 q4 B2 2
p (  1)
3 m 2c3

(b) If the particle is an electron (m = 9.1×10-28 g, q = -1.6×10-19 coulomb) with  = 2 and the
magnetic induction is 1 kG, what is the total radiated power in watts?

(Ch. 14) As in lecture notes, the E-field (at point O and time t ) due to a charge e in uniform
motion (see figure) is given by
e vt e b e2
E1  2 2 2 2 3/ 2 ; E2  2 2 2 2 3/ 2 point of
(b  v t ) (b  v t ) observation
(a) The above E-field is generated by O e1
the charge at a certain point along R
its orbit. Which point is it (just the
Q r b
answer, no proof)?
n
(b) Does the E-field obey the Gauss t  v t
P P M
law shown below? (Just answer R vt
e at t  e at t t=0
"yes" or "no". )

 4 e, for e inside surface S

 s E(x, t )  da  0, for e outside surface S
(c) Let e  0. Show that the E-field lines are straight lines emanating from point P.

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 (Ch. 14) A stationary observer at position x and time t has observed an electromagnetic pulse
of infinitesimal duration dt. The pulse was radiated, for a duration of dt’, by a moving charge
with velocity v(t’) at position r(t’) and time t’ (see figure).
(a) Explain physically (not by equations) [E(x, t ), B(x, t )] at
point of observation
why dt and dt’ in general do NOT 
have the same value. e (at t ) x
 n ( t )
(b) Calculate the ratio of dt to dt’ in o v ( t )
R ( t )
terms of v(t’) and n(t’), where r ( t  )  e (at t  )
orb it of e
n(t’) = [x-r(t’)]/│x-r(t’)│.

(Ch. 14) A low-energy electron has a velocity v0 << c at infinity and the velocity is directed toward
the center of a fixed, repulsive Coulomb field. The potential energy of the electron in this field is
given by
Zr
e
2
U
r
(
)

where r is the distance of the electron from center. The electron is decelerated until it comes to rest
and then is accelerated again in a direction opposite to the original direction of motion. Show that
when the electron has again reached an infinite distance from the center, the total energy it has
radiated away (W) is
mZ
8 5
W

v5 0
c
4


3

where m is the mass of the electron.

Hint: Since W is very small compared to the initial kinetic energy of the electron, you may use the
following equation (of conservation of energy) to evaluate r as a function of the electron velocity v:
Zr
e
1 2

1 2

2
m
v

m
v
20

 

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