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CONSUMPTION
• Signal properties
– Signal probability, Pi, - probability of a signal being logic ONE
– Signal activity, ai, - probability of signal switching(0->1, or 1->0)
0
DD V
dvout
EC iVDD (t )vout dt C L vout dt C L vout dvout C LVDD
2
/2
0 0
dt 0
2
Source: Intel
Energy dissipated for 1->0 or 0->1 transition: C LVDD /2
• Example
– 1.2m CMOS chip
– 100 MHz clock rate
– Average load capacitance of 30 fF/gate
– 5V power supply
• Power consumption/gate = 75 mW
• Design with 200,000 gates: 15W !
• Pessimistic evaluation: not all gates switch at the
full rate
• Have to consider the activity factor a: Effective
switching capacitance = aCL
Source: Intel