IEEE Industry Applications Society

Annual Meetings
New Orleans, LA, October 5-9, 1997

Characterization of Voltage Sags in Industrial Distribution Systems

G. Yalynkaya', M.H.J. Bollen2, P.A. Crossley'

1
Manchester Centre for Electrical Energy, UMIST, B26 Ferranti Buildiing, PO Box 88,
Manchester M60 lQD, United Kingdom. Phone: +44 161 200 481 1, Fax: +44 161 200 4820,
E-Mail: mchpagy@afs.mcc.ac.uk WWW: http://www.man.ac.uk/-mchpagy
2
Department of Electric Power Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 4 12 96 Goteborg, Sweden.
Phone: +46 3 1 772 3832, Fax: +46 3 1 772 1633, E-Mail: mathias.bollen@!elkraft.chalmers.se

ABSTRACT This paper describes the various
characteristics of voltage sags experienced by customers
within industrial distribution systems. Special emphasis is
paid to the influence of the induction motor load on the
characterization of voltage sags. During a fault an
induction motor operates as a generatorfor a short period
of time and causes an increase in sag magnitude. Their
re-acceleration after the fault clearance results in an
extended post-fault voltage sag. The infuence of the
induction motor on the imbalanced sags caused by single
line-to-ground and line-to-line faults has been analysed
in detail. For an imbalanced fault the induction motor
current contains only positive and negative-sequence
components. Induction motors create a low impedance
path for the negative sequence voltage due to an
imbalanced fault. This causes a small sustained non-zero
voltage with large phase angle-jump in the faulted phase
and a voltage drop in the non-faultedphases with a small
phase angle-jump. The symmetrical components of the
induction motor during the imbalanced sags have been
studied. The results show that induction motor behaviour
is determined by positive and negative sequence voltages
during the imbalanced sag.
Voltage sags due to short-,circuit faults have become one of
the most important power quality problems facing industrial
customers. As the complexity of the electronics equipment
used in the industrial plant increases, the equipment is
becoming mare sensitive tio voltage sags.
A voltage sag is most of the time described by two essential
characteristics: one magnitude and one duration. However,
the sag magnitude is not constant due to the induction
motor load present in many industrial systems. Previous
work [1,2] has shown that it is often difficult to define a
constant sag magnitude for sags in an industrial system.
Apart from the drop in voltage magnitude, the voltage also
shows a jump in phase angle [3] and three-phase imbalance
[4]. When an imbalanced voltage sag occurs at a certain
voltage level (e.g. 33 kV:l and is then transferred down to
the equipment terminals (e.g. 660 Volts), the magnitude and
phase-angle jumps in the three phases will change in the
process. The transformer winding connections between the
point of the fault and the equipment terminals swap the
three phase voltages in case of an imbalanced sag. A single
line-to-ground fault (SLGF) on the primary side of a
DeltdWye or WyeDelta transformer will change into a
phase to phase fault on the secondary side.

1. INTRODUCTION
A voltage sag is a momentary decrease in the rms voltage
magnitude lasting between half a cycle and several seconds.
Disruptive voltage sags are usually caused by fault
conditions on the utility transmission and distribution
systems or within a customers facility. Motors starting
within the customer facilities can also results in voltage
sags, but with predictable characteristics. The duration of
the sag caused by motor starting is generally longer, but the
voltage drops are usually small and do not cause serious
problems for the equipment. It is relatively easy to design
the system such that sags due to motor starting do not pose
any problems.
0-7803-4067-1/97/$10.00 0 1997 IEEE.
21 97
Previous work [4] has shown that the voltage sags
experienced by three phiase loads like adjustable-speed
drives, can be classified into four types characterized by a
magnitude and a phase-angle jump. From this classification
it is possible to determine the voltages at the equipment
terminals for a given fault at a higher voltage level. It can,
for example, be shown that for a single line-to-ground fault
the lowest phase voltage after a transformer is never less
than 33%. This is due to the loss of zero-sequence voltage
when the sag is transferred through a transformer (the
Yn/Yn transformer is an exception to this rule). For line-to-
line faults it is still possible that the voltage in one of the
phases at a lower voltage goes down to zero. Reference [5]
came to the same results for single line-to-ground faults.
The influence of the load on the voltage sag has not been
taken into account in either of these studies. Some studies
of induction motor load influence on voltage sags have
been performed [ 1,2]. They were however restricted to
three-phase faults. This paper describes the results of a
study on the influence of induction motors on imbalanced
sags due to single line-to-ground and line-to-line faults.
Induction motors are a large fraction of the total load,
especially in industrial power systems. In the following
sections, the results of the influence of the induction motor
on imbalanced sags for YdYn transformer winding
connection between the fault position and load terminal will
be described in detail. The results for the other transformer
winding connections and line-to-line faults will then be
summarized. The balanced sag will also be discussed for
completeness.
2. SIMULATED INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
The industrial distribution system under study is shown in
Figure 1. The system i s part of an offshore oil-field
electrical system described and studied in [ 6 ] . It contains
four different groups of induction motors at different
busbars. Each group is represented as a single motor, MI,
M2, M3 and M4 are supplied from busbars 4, 8, 9 and 5
respectively. The parameters of the motors are given in
Table A l , in the Appendix. Each group is fed through a
dedicated transformer, which makes it possible to observe
their influence on the voltage sags. The source impedance
has been chosen to maintain the short-circuit level at the
supply busbar (busbar I ) to 15 times the total load in the
system. The short-circuit MVA at each motor bus i s
adjusted to 15 times the motor rating by changing the
transformer’s impedances. This corresponds to the
maximum induction motor load one could expect on each
busbar. The pre-fault voltage at the motor terminals is
maintained at 1 .O pu by using the transformer tap changers.
The zero sequence impedance of the source was chosen to
be equal to the positive sequence impedance. The zero
sequence impedance of the cables is equal to three times
their positive sequence impedance. The system has been
studied for various transformer winding connections.
The voltage sags have been analyzed using the transient
simulation package EMTP (ElectroMagnetic Transient
Program) [7]. The EMTP employs a 5th order induction
motor model and enables an investigation into the effects of
different faults and different transformer winding
connections.
3. IMBALANCED SAGS DUE TO SINGLE LINE-TO-
GROUND FAULTS
Most of the faults on the utility transmission and
distribution systems are single line-to-ground faults
(SLGF). These faults are the most common cause of voltage
2198
sags for industrial customers. The voltage on the faulted
phase drops to zero at the fault location, whereas the other
two phase voltages remain more or less unchanged. This
results in an imbalanced voltage sag between phases. This
imbalanced voltage sag is then transferred down to the
equipment terminals within the industrial system. The sag
experienced by the equipment is different to that observed
on the utility network or service entrance due to the
influence of the load in the industrial distribution system. It
has been shown in [4] that for the ideal case (no load), the
sag experienced at the equipment terminals is one of three
types. These types are characterised by the following phase
voltage magnitudes. These magnitudes assume zero load
current.
- voltage magnitude 0%, 1OO%, 100% (type B)
- voltage magnitude 58%, 58%, 100% (type C)
- voltage magnitude 33%, 88%, 88% (type D)
1 13.8 kV
7 6 5
8 9
~
Figure 1:Industrial distribution system.
Consider a SLGF (on phase A) on busbar 1 in Figure 1. The
phase A voltage will drop to zero and the phases B and C
will normally remain unchanged at the 13.8 kV bus. If there
is no induction motor load present in the system, the during-
fault voltage magnitudes at each busbar can easily be
predicted as a fbnction of transformer connection [4,5]. The
duration of the sag would be the fault clearing time of the
protection system used to clear the fault.
Figure 2 shows the phase voltages at the busbar 4, due to a
SLGF of 300 milliseconds (IS cycles) on phase A on
busbar 10. The fault can be viewed as a typical fault
somewhere on the utility distribution system or a fault at the
service entrance. There is only an impedance between the
point-of-common coupling (at 13.8 kV) and the motor
terminals. The transformer winding connection is YdYn,
which has exactly the same effect. The faulted phase (phase
A) at the load terminal has a sustained non-zero voltage
with a small magnitude, where the non-faulted phases
experience a small voltage drop. The other load busbar
experiences similar phase voltages with different
magnitude. The lowest phase voltages (shortly before fault
clearing) during the fault at the 13.8 kV busbar and load
busbars are given in Table 1. The voltage magnitude is in
percent of the pre-fault nominal voltage. The non-zero
voltage on phase A and the voltage drop on non-faulted
phases is due to the induction motor load.
3000
ZOO0
similar results and therefore they are not shown here. The
pre-fault and during-fault phase voltages are indicated by
solid lines and dotted lines, respectively. The voltage
magnitude and the phase angle of each phase shortly before
fault clearing has been calculated. The magnitude of the
phasor is found from the peak value of the voltage sinewave
and given in Table 1. The phase-angle calculation of each
phasor is based on voltage zero crossing time and indicated
in the figures.

1000

$ 0

-1000

-2000

-3000
I I
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

0 01 02 0.3 0.4 0 5
I
06
I VB

Figure 3: Voltage phasor diagram at the motor (MI)

terminal

I VC

I
0 01 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 06
Time rn seconds

Figure 2: phase voltages at busbar 4, due to a SLGF on

busbar 10.

TABLE 1:
PHASE VOLTAGES AT VARIOUS BUSBARS DUE
TO SLGF ON BUSBAR 10
Figure 4: Voltage phasor (diagram at the 13.8 kV busbar.

1 busbar-1 i 0.0% i 93.0% i 92.0% I(

1 busbar-4 i 8.0%
I

I 90.0% j 85.0% 1 We now see again a drop in magnitude in phase B and C

1 busbar-5 i 7.0%
I

I 85.0% i 86.0% 1 (the non-faulted phases) with a small phase-angle jump.

This phase-angle jump is higher at the motor terminals
I( busbar-8 I 6.0% I 83.0% I 86.0% 1 (1 1 Soand 5.4") than at the 13.8 kV bus (4.2" and 2.2"). The
busbar-9 I 5.0% 83.0% 87.0% faulted phase (A), shows a small remaining voltage with a
large phase-angle jump (64.0').

The pre-fault and during-fault phasor diagram for the phase 4. ANALYSIS OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
voltages at the busbars 4 and at 13.8 kV are shown in
Figures 3 and 4 respectively. The other load busbars yield
A. Symmetrical Components of Voltage:

21 99
The above phenomena can be explained by analysing the shows a fast drop during the first few cycles followed by a
symmetrical components. From the voltage magnitude and slow decay during the remainder of the fault. The positive-
phase-angle, we can calculate the positive, negative and sequence voltage at the motor terminals does not
zero sequence voltages as follow: immediately drop to 67% because of the flux remaining in
the air-gap. As the negative and zero sequence voltages
immediately jump to their sustained value, the voltage in
1 1 1 the non-faulted phases shows a small overshoot at fault
initiation (see Figure 2). The slow decay in positive
2
sequence voltage at the motor terminals is due to the
decrease in positive sequence impedance when the motor
I a2 a
slip increases.

where a = -0.5 + j0.866 and a' = -0.5 - j0.866

The subscripts 0, 1 and 2 refer to zero, positive and
negative sequence voltages respectively. The symmetrical
components of the voltage for the ideal case and at busbars
1 and 4 (in percent of pre-fault positive sequence voltage) 40 v o (Yo)

t
are given in Table 2. In the ideal case the load current has
been neglected. v 2 (%)
20
30
TABLE 2
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF VOLTAGE.
lo 1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Seq. Ideal Faulted Motor Time in seconds
Vol. Case Busbar Terminal Figure 5 : Sequence voltages at busbar 4 during the fault.
vo -33.0% -33.74+0.14i -35.1-1.43i

I 67.0%
(-33.74%)
61.84-1.331
(6 1.86%)
(-35.14%)
58.58-5.51 B. Symmetrical Components of Current:

-33.0% -27.67+0.571 20.3+0.241
I I (-27.68%) I (-20.20%)
Since the induction motors are connected either delta (A) or
ungrounded wye (U),the zero- sequence currents flow into
the motor are always zero. Therefore, the zero-sequence
voltage is not influenced by the induction motor. In the
EMTP model, the induction motor did not draw any zero
sequence current at all. The difference in zero sequence
voltages between the faulted busbar and the motor terminals
thus indicates the error made by obtaining the voltage
phasor from the EMTP plots. What we see is that the
positive-sequence voltage shows a small drop, and the
negative-sequence voltage shows a large drop. This is due
to the positive and negative sequence currents that flow into
the motor during the fault. There is a negative phase-angle
shift in the positive sequence voltage when we move down
from the faulted busbar to the motor terminal.
The magnitude and phase-angle of the current has been
1 calculated in the same way as for the voltage mentioned
above. During the fault (SLGF on phase A on busbar lo),
the current in phases A and B for all the induction motors
increases significantly. The phase current in phase C of M1
and M4 decreases, whereas it increases for M2 and M3 as
can be seen in Table 3. This depends on the motor
characteristics, particularly the pre-fault nominal slip and
inertia constant. M1 and M4 have high inertia constant and
low nominal slip, where M2 and M3 have low inertia
constant and high nominal slip. The M1 and M4 are
relatively high voltage motors in comparison with M2 and
M3.
TABLE 3
INDUCTION MOTORS PHASE CURRENTS DUE TO
A SLGF ON BUSBAR 10.

The symmetrical components of voltage at busbar 4 due to

a SLGF on phase A on busbar 10 have been calculated at
I
1
Motor

M2 I
1,
23 1.7%
218.2% I
Ib

270.2%
303.0% I
IC

40.52%
121.0% 1
several time instants during the fault (from t = 0.07 to t =
0.354 seconds). The results in percent of pre-fault nominal
voltage are given in Figure 5 . Observing sequence voltages
during the fault shows that negative and zero sequence
I M3
M4
207.3%
247.3Yo
308.0%
292.0%
152.0%
49.0%

voltages remain constant. The positive-sequence voltage

2200
By replacing the phase voltages in equation (1) with the
phase currents, the symmetrical components of the current
can be calculated from the current magnitude and phase
angle. The zero-sequence current is zero, the positive and
negative-sequence currents of each motor shortly before
fault clearance are presented in percent of pre-fault current
in Table 4.
TABLE 4
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION
MOTORS CURRENT
Motor Iposseq. L e g . Seq.
MI 150.0% I4 1.O%
M2 193.0% 114.0%
207.0% 104.0
M4 166.0% 148.0
Figure 6 shows the sequence currents of M1 during the fault
(from t = 0.104 to t = 0.354 seconds). Due to the dc offset,
the current magnitude and phase angle at t = 0.07 (one
cycle after the fault initiation) cannot be calculated
accurately from the EMTP plots. The positive sequence
current of the motor during the fault increases, whereas the
negative sequence current remains constant.
80 4 I
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Time in seconds
Figure 6: Positive and negative sequence currents of M I
during the fault.
C. Symmetrical Components of Impedance:
The positive and negative-sequence impedance of the
induction motors have been calculated by dividing the
voltage by current. The positive and negative sequence
impedances of each motor shortly before fault clearing are
given in Table 5. The impedances are in percent of the pre-
fault positive sequence impedance.
Figure 7 shows the sequence impedance of M1 during the
fault (from t = 0.104 to t = 0.354 seconds). For a small slip,
the negative sequence impedance does not change, it
remains almost constant. However, the positive sequence
2201
impedance decreases when .the motor slip increases during
the fault.
TABLE 5
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION
MOTORS IMPEDANCE
I I 1
Se: M1
39.1%
M2
28.3%
I 1 1
M3
26.4%
M4
34.0%
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Time in seconds
Figure 7: Positive and negative sequence impedances of M1
during the fault.
There are two effects which make the voltages at the
equipment terminals different from those at the service
entry. The induction motor slows down and requires a
higher positive sequence current during the fault. Note that
this holds for all induction motors connected to the system.
There will thus be a positive sequence voltage drop at the
13.8 kV bus. ‘This is in addition to the positive sequence
voltage drop because of ithe single line-to-ground fault
(from 100% to 67%). The second effect is that the negative
sequence voltage due to the fault leads to a high negative
sequence current flow into the motor. The negative
sequence impedance can be as low as 10-20% of the normal
positive sequence impedance. The induction motor thus
creates a low-impedance path for the negative sequence
voltage due to the fault. It is this shorting of the negative
sequence which causes a sustained non-zero voltage in the
faulted phase. The reduction in voltage in the non-faulted
phases is a combination of both effects. The difference in
voltage magnitude in the non-faulted phases either at the
13.8 kV service entry or at the motor terminals is due to the
phase angle-jump in the positive and negative sequence
voltage during the fault.
5. INFLUENCE OF TRANSFORMER WINDING
CONNECTION ON SLGFs
Different transformer winding connections between the
fault location and load termiinal will cause different sags at
 ~

the load terminal due to imbalanced faults. Transformers remains constant during the fault. Comparing the above
with the winding connections of ANn, YnlA, AN,Y/A will results shows that transformer winding connections have no
results in the same sag at the load terminal. This consists of influence on the induction motor behaviour. The magnitude
a large voltage drop on two phases and a relatively small of the sequence voltages are the same, only the negative
drop on the third phase (50% and 20 % respectively). In the sequence voltage angle was shifted. This could be expected
ideal case, this is called a type C sag [4]. The magnitude of as induction motor behaviour is determined by sequence
the phase voltages for the ideal case, at the faulted busbar voltages during the imbalanced sags. Imbalanced sags,
and at the motor terminal is given in Tables 6 for this type therefore, should be characterised as positive and negative
of sag. The values given in these tables are the lowest sequence voltages for induction motor load.
voltage magnitude (shortly before fault clearing) and are in
percent of the pre-fault voltage. The symmetrical
components of voltages for this type of sag are exactly the TABLE 7
same as the symmetrical components of voltages given in PHASE VOLTAGES DUE TO A SLGF WITH
Table 2 except the zero sequence voltage at the motor TRANSFORMER WINDING CONNECTIONS OF
terminal is zero due to the absence of zero sequence YnN, YNn, MA, Y N
current. In this type of sag, the only difference is with the
YnlA transformer winding connection. For example, with I Phase I Faulted I Motor I Ideal 1
Y d A transformer winding connection, phase voltages drop
to 42%, 34% and 71%. The difference between the ANn,
AIY, YIA transformer winding connection and the YdA
busbar
0.0%
terminal
38% 5 8% I
transformer winding connection is due to the difference in
zero-sequence impedance at the fault position. The
grounded star point at the 13.8 kV side provides an
additional path for the zero-sequence current. Therefore the
voltages in the non-faulted phases no longer remain 6. IMBALANCED SAGS DUE TO LINE-TO-LINE
constant. This difference is not due to the induction motor FAULTS
only.
Line-to-line faults (LLF) on the primary side of the
TABLE 6 transformer cause similar types of sag as single line-to-
PHASE VOLTAGES AT BUSBAR 4 DUE TO A SLGF ground faults, but with lower voltage magnitude at the load
WITH TRANSFORMER WINDING CONNECTIONS

~1
ANn, YnlA, A N , YIA
100%
VC
I 92% 53% 5 8%
Transformers with winding connections YnN, Y N n , MA,
Y N will also results in the same sag at the load terminal.
This consists of a large voltage drop on one phase and a
relatively small drop on the other two phases (60% and 30
% respectively). In the ideal case, this is called a type D sag
[4]. The magnitude of the phase voltages for the ideal case,
at the faulted busbar and at the motor terminal is given in
Tables 7. The symmetrical component of voltages for this
type of sag is also the same as the symmetrical components
of voltages given in Table 2, except the zero sequence
voltage at the motor terminal is zero due to the absence of
zero sequence current.
The zero sequence voltage is not transferred to the motor
terminals except for the YdYn connected transformer. The
positive-sequence again shows a slow decay after an initial
fast drop. The negative-sequence drops significantly and
terminal. With all kinds of transformer winding
connections, LLF results in two types of voltage sag at the
load terminal. The resulting phase voltages at busbar 4 for
various transformer winding connections due to a LLF on
busbar 10 (on the primary side of the transformer) are
shown in Table 8. The fault is placed between lines B and
C. The other load terminal voltages are very similar to these
values and they are not shown here. The transformer
winding connections of ANn, YnlA, AN, YIA result in
larger voltage sags at the customer locations. One of the
phase voltages drops almost to zero, where the other two
phase voltages drop to around 60% of pre-fault voltage. For
the other transformer winding connections, there is
significant voltage drop on the faulted phases and a
relatively small drop on the non-faulted phase.
TABLE 8
PHASE VOLTAGES AT BUSBAR 4 DUE TO A LLF
ON THE PRIMARY SIDE OF TRANSFORMER.
Transformer winding V, Vb VC
connections
YnlY, Y N n , AIA,
YIY, YnlYn 69% 38% 31%
ANn, YdA,
I AIY, YIA I 62% I 8% I 58%

2202
Again the induction motor behaviour is independent of
phase voltages, it is determined by sequence voltages only.
For a LLF, the zero sequence current and voltage are equal
to zero. The induction motor decelerates more during the
fault, as the drop in positive sequence voltage is higher.
Thus the induction motor positive sequence impedance
decreases significantly. The symmetrical components of
induction motor current, impedance and voltage at the
motor terminal have been calculated in the same way as in
section 4. The symmetrical components are the same for all
transformer winding connections with the LLF on the
primary side of transformer. Typical results for the motor
connected at busbar 4 (Ml) are given in Table 9. The
negative sequence impedance is almost the same as that
during a SLGF, but there is a large decrease in positive
sequence impedance. In the ideal case, with no load
connected to the system, both the positive and negative
sequence voltages are equal to 50% of the nominal voltage.
This shows the rather large voltage drop due to the
increased load currents during the sag.
TABLE 9
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT OF M1 DUE TO A
LLF ON THE PRIMARY SIDE.
(1 Sym. Comp. I Pos. Seq. I Neg. Seq. 1 0
Vo I tage 37.5% 3 1.3%
Current 16 1 2 % 219.5%
Impedance 1 23.26% I 14.26%
The influence of the induction motor on sags caused by
line-to-line faults is principally the same as those due to
single line-to-ground faults. Unlike the SLGF, the negative
sequence voltage shows a small voltage drop and positive
sequence voltage shows a large drop for the LLF. However,
during the LLF, the induction motor slows down more and
draws higher currents from the supply after the fault has
been cleared. This consequently results in somewhat more
severe post-fault sags than after a SLGF. For any
imbalanced fault within the industrial plant, the influence of
the induction motor on the voltage sag classification and
characterisation will be the same.
7. BALANCED VOLTAGE SAG
Balanced voltage sags are caused by three phase faults
anywhere in the system. Balanced sags do not change when
transferred through a transformer. Figure 8 shows the
voltage sag on phase A at busbar 4 due to a three phase
fault of 120 ms duration on busbar 10. Since it is a balanced
fault, voltages in the three phases are therefore the same
and phases B and C are not shown here. The voltage sag
consists of a severe during-fault sag (directly due to the
fault) and a less severe, but with longer duration, post-fault
2203
sag (due to the induction motor re-acceleration). The
during-fault sag decays to zero in a few cycles. Unlike its
responds to single line-to-ground faults, the induction motor
does not cause a sustained voltage contribution for the
three-phase faults.
An induction motor generally slows down, with energy
being returned to the supplly under generator action, during
a fault. It simply operates as a generator for a short period
and causes an increase in sag magnitude. However, its re-
acceleration after fault clearance results in an extended
post-fault voltage sag. In terms of the voltage sags
characterisation, the magnitude and duration of the post-
fault sag have to be taken iinto account.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Time in seconds
Figure 8: Voltage sag on phase A at busbar 4 due to a three-
phase fault.
8. CONCLUSION
It has been shown previously that induction motors can
have a significant influence on the post-fault sags due to
three-phase faults. In this, paper it has been shown that
induction motors can also have a significant influence on
the during-fault sag for sags caused by single-line-to-
ground and line-to-line faults. The effect of induction
motors is that the previous classification of sags [4] is no
longer valid. It has also be:en shown that sags due to single
line-to-ground faults are still more or less rectangular.
During the irnbalanced faults, the induction motor draws
positive and negative sequence current, there is no zero
sequence current into the motor. Therefore not all phases
are influenced in the same way.
Although the classification into four types of sags can be
very usehl for power electronic loads like adjustable-speed
drives, a classification using positive and negative sequence
voltages is more useful for induction motor loads.
Transformer connections do not influence the magnitude of
the sequence voltages, and thus don't need to be considered
when studying induction motor behaviour. Translating
voltages and currents into symmetrical components enables
a fast assessment of the 1oa.d influence on
the sag.
It has been shown that the negative sequence voltage drops
to a low value immediately, and remains at a low value
during the imbalanced sag. This is because the negative
sequence impedance is almost independent of the motor
slip. The positive sequence impedance is highly slip
dependent, so when the slip increases during the sag, the
positive sequence impedance decreases and consequently
the drop in the positive sequence voltage increases. During
the line-to-line faults the motor slows down faster, leading
to a larger drop in positive sequence voltage.
9. REFERENCES
[ I ] G. YalCinkaya, M.H.J. Bollen, “Stochastic assessment
of voltage sags for systems with large induction motor
loads”, Universities Power Engineering Conference,
Galway, Ireland, September 1994.
[2] M.H.J. Bollen, “The Influence of motor re-acceleration
on voltage sags” IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, Vol. 3 1, pp. 667-674, 1995.
[3] M.H.J. Bollen, P. Wang, N Jenkins, “Analysis and
consequences of the phase jump associated with a voltage
sag”, 12th Power System Computation Conference
Proceedings, Vol. I, pp. 316-322, August 19-23, 1996,
Dresden, Germany.
[6] D.C. Franklin, A. Morelato, “Improving Dynamic
Aggregation of Induction Motor Models”, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 1935-
194 1, November 1994
[7] The ATP version of EMTP has been obtained from the
European EMTP users group.
[SI G. Yalgnkaya, M.H.J. Bollen, “Stochastic Assessment
of Frequency, Magnitude and Duration of Non-rectangular
Voltage Sags in a Large Industrial Distribution System”,
12th Power System Computation Conference Proceedings,
Vol. 11, pp. 1018-1024, August 19-23, 1996, Dresden,
Germany.
APPENDIX
The induction motor parameters are listed in Tables A l .
The parameters are given in per-unit, based on motor rating.
TABLE A1
INDUCTION MOTOR PARAMETERS

[4] M.H.J. Bollen, “Characterisation of voltage sags

experienced by three-phase Adjustable-Speed Drives”, I1 I II
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, in print. 1 X,(pu) I 0.0836 I 0.143 I 0.143 I 0.1037 1
It H (sec) i 0.50 i 0.10 j 0.10 i 0.330 1
[5] M.F. McGranaghan, D.R. Mueller, and M.J. Samotyj,
‘Voltage Sags in Industrial Systems”, IEEE Transaction on
(1
II
S(KVA) i 597 j
I
2712 j 4269 i 3420 1
Industry Applications, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 397-403, April
1993.

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