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Abstract
In this paper we present a novel approach to integrate RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification)
in WSN (Wireless sensor network). WSN is used to support RFID identification process by
extending the read range of an RFID system. Besides, by the use of the WSN we can monitor the
environment of an object and optimize RFID reader’s performance and energy. Then,
methodology to integrate RFID technology, wireless sensor network to form an intelligent bus
tracking application is studied. The proposed system can monitor bus traffic inside spacious bus
stations, and can inform administrators whether the bus is arriving on time, early or late. This
information is then displayed on the different wireless displays inside and outside the bus station.
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the limitation of these technologies, RFID can be used to track buses. This technology can
be effectively applied for real-time tracking and identification [5]. RFID was developed in the
1940s by the US department of defense (DoD) which used transponders to differentiate between
friendly and enemy aircrafts [6]. Since this time, RFID technology has been evolving to change
the way people live and work. Many previous research projects have explored the possibility of
integrating RFID in different areas, from toll collection [7], agriculture [8], access control [9],
supply chain [10], logistics [11], healthcare [12], and library [13]. RFID technology can response
to our tracking needs that’s why we used RFID in our design to identify buses entering and
leaving the bus station. In this context, this paper presents the developments and the results of a
research project on bus tracking based on the use of RFID technology and WSN. These two
techniques are combined to support identification process by extending the read range of an RFID
system and improving its performance.
2. RESARCH METHOD
The main idea of our research is to integrate RFID technology and WSN to build an intelligent
bus tracking system. Two scenarios of integration have been implemented. In the first one, we
have extended the read range of the RFID system by adding wireless facility to RFID readers.
Each RFID reader is equipped with a wireless module which can transmit data to and from the
reader. RFID reader acts as sensor node: it reads the identification of an object and sends it to the
host application via an ad-hoc network. The second scenario of integration provides RFID readers
with sensing ability. Several motion sensors are installed near each reader to detect the presence
of a tagged object and to command the reader activity. This approach is tested through an
application which can track buses traffic in the bus station. When designing this system, the
following constraints have been considered:
- Modularity and expandability constraints: the system must be modular in design. Both
hardware and software should be divided into small components or modules to ensure
easy scalability for further feature expansions. Modules must be produced independently
from each other, so that changes or the crash of one module cannot affect the other ones.
- Economic constraint: We should take into account performance to cost ratio so as to
design a cost-effective solution
- Environmental constraint: In our design and implementation, we should keep in mind the
impact on environment. Low power consumption devices should be used to keep the
power of the system very low. Energy optimization should be involved in all the design’s
steps.
3. RFID TECHNOLOGY
implemented in the host application) and are used to control the reader activity and to optimize its
energy.
1 : Start reading
1 : object detected
1 : GPIO event
1 : Stop reading
Our aim was to develop a real-time schedule tracker system which can inform administrators
whether the bus is running on time, ahead or behind schedule. This information is then displayed
on different displays at the bus station to offer better services to the passengers. It also gives
operator the opportunity to make dynamic changes to the schedule time so he/she can optimize
the utilization of its fleet (buses). To enable such automation in the bus station it is necessary to
identify the arriving and departing buses. In this section, we present system architecture to
monitor buses traffic, integrating WSN and RFID.
Entrance and exit doors are equipped with an RFID reader, antennas and motion sensors. Each
bus has a UHF tag, which is applied inside the windshield. With this system, we can monitor the
buses traffic in real-time and without human intervention. Each time, a bus enters or exits the
station, the RFID reader sends its identification to the central computer where the event is
displayed on a Map. So the supervisor no longer needs to move on place to check the arrival of
bus.
Besides, this system provides a dynamic display inside and outside the station. It advertises
customers to move outside the station to check the arrival of the bus. Each quay (bus stop) is
equipped with a display which is connected wirelessly to a control station. A software application
on the control station keeps track of the entrance and the exit of buses and updates the displays
related to those buses with helpful information.
Figure 3 shows the main components of our system.
Timer Database
Entrance gate
Antennas
Central Computer
Wireless Sensor
Motion RFID Reader
Netowrk
sensor
UHF tag
Exit gate
Quay display
Figure 3. Bus station schedule management solution using RFID and WSN
Displays are used to provide passenger with real-time information about buses such as time
remaining and the next trip. They must be deployed on each quay in the bus station and must
ensure effective display of information. LCD and LED technology could be used. LCD displays
provide powerful display capability with up to 16 million colors but they are typically higher cost
than LED based displays. As we are limited to displaying simple alpha numeric characters, LED
display has been selected. We choose UHF Gen2 (Ultra High Frequency generation 2) RFID
which operates between 860MHz to 960MHz bandwidth [16]. UHF is better suited for reading
tag attached to buses. It uses backscatter technique to communicate with the tag and provides
higher read range compared to HF and LF technology. In our design, we used Alien circular
antenna to read RFID tags regardless of orientation. Two antennas are used in each gate, to
communicate with tags. One ensures the emission of energy to the tag and the other receives
energy back from the tag.
5.2 Software contribution
Bus station schedule management software application eliminates any human involvement. It
dynamically manages the time table and bus dispatch for optimum ride ship. It wirelessly controls
displays and can also generate auto statistic report. It will automatically alert administrator in case
of any bus’s late arrival. The software includes six modules: Wireless Sensor Network
Communication, WSN Middleware, RFID Middleware, Display Management, Database
Interface, and User Interface. Figure 4 shows the architecture of our software.
Database XML
interface
interface Application code
DB description
Inside Displays
RFID Middleware Display Management
Quay Displays
The Wireless Sensor Network Communication layer implements Zigbee API communication
protocols which encode/decode data in a formatted packet and supports data buffering, overflow
and transition error control. The API mode is then used to identify the packet’s origin and to
detect packet loss. Wireless remote configuration is also permitted by this mode so we can
remotely manage our network to ensure best operation.
The Wireless Sensor Network Middleware allows our application to communicate with different
types of wireless devices. It serves as a gateway between the application and hardware devices
and it is responsible for delivering all Zigbee traffic to the application. Displays and readers
communicate with the WSN middleware to deliver data to and from the application.
An RFID middleware manages RFID readers and accesses to their GPIO. It also manages
received data from RFID readers by filtering and transforming them into useful data. By
implementing the RFID middleware, management and the configuration of RFID devices are
separated from the application.
The database contains general information about buses and range of RFID identification numbers
referred to them. The database stores also different information about displays and Zigbee
modules. Each display is identified by an ID number queried by the microcontroller which
constitutes the Display’s processor. Zigbee transceivers are identified by their MAC addresses
(64bit number). The database interface provides access to the data using SQL (structured query
Language) and enables the data to be easily presented.
Display management module for the update and the configuration of remote displays using XML
schema.
6. CONCLUSION
RFID reader integrated with WSN will benefit from communications and sensing capabilities.
The integration of the RFID and WSN will facilitate the extension of an RFID network
eliminating the need the need of wired installation while reducing cost and saving time. The mix
of these two promoting technologies has been explored in this article to provide a smart solution
managing the bus schedule in the bus stations and offering helpful information to passengers. It is
believed that by the implementation of this system, problems such as underutilization of buses
fleet and long waiting time at the bus station will be reduced. So, both passenger and bus station
administrators will benefit from the system as real time information are provided. It is expected
that integration of RFID and WSN will provide new opportunities for applications related to the
identification of object over a large area. Possible applications of RFID with wireless capability
include parking solution, agriculture and forklift trucks in the supply chain.
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