YOUR EXPERT

IN ALTERNATIVE
FUELS
PRESENTS

Legal framework • Guidelines of the cement &

limeindustry • Calculation basis for alternative fuels
• Types of alternative fuels (biomass, waste-based
The most
fuels, solids/liquids) • Influences on the clinker
comprehensive
production process • Treatment technologies:
crushing,
compendium screening, of classifying, removal of pollutants
• Reception,
alternative fuels dosing, storage, sampling techniques •
Flame control, burner technologies, fire protection •
and raw
Impact onmaterials
CO2 emissions • Purchase management
for the cement
• Logistics • Quality control/quality management •
Trials
andorganization
lime industry • Analysis procedures • Information
about origin, composition and availability • Chemical
and physical parameters, such as bulk density, flow
behavior and burning behavior • Specific influences
on the clinker production process • Economic and
technical conditions for treatment, storage and
dosage possibilities • Specific legal requirements
• Safety at work • Environmental aspects • Country-
specific information Legal framework • Guidelines
of the cement & limeindustry • Calculation basis for
alternative fuels • Types of alternative fuels (biomass,
waste-based fuels, solids/liquids) • Influences on the
clinker production process • Treatment technologies:
crushing, screening, classifying, removal of pollutants
• Reception, dosing, storage, sampling techniques •
Dammstraße 11a, 47119 Duisburg, Germany
Flame control,
Tel: +49 burner
(0) 203 34 65 16 – 25 technologies,
Fax: +49 (0) 203 34 fire
65 16 – 50 sales@lechtenberg-partner.de protection •
www.lechtenberg-partner.de

Impact on CO2 emissions • Purchase management

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

Content
Preface 5 Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
List of Abbreviations 21 review “Bamboo”
1 Classification according to European Waste
List of Chemical Formulae 33 Catalogue EWC 69
1.1 AFR description 69
1.2 AFR pictures 70
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) 2 AFR source and composition 71
2.1 Source 71
review “Agriculture films”
2.2 Quantity and availability 72
1 Classification according to European Waste
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 74
Catalogue EWC 37
2.4 AFR composition 75
1.1 AFR description 37
2.5 AFR analysis 75
1.2 AFR pictures 39
2.6 AFR ash composition 76
2 AFR source and composition 39
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 76
2.1 Source 39
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 77
2.2 Quantity and availability 41
4.1 Collection and transport 77
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 43
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 77
2.4 AFR composition 43 4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime plant 79
2.5 AFR analysis 44
5 Recommendations 82
2.6 AFR ash composition 44
6 References 82
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 45
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 45 Fact Sheet:
4.1 Collection and transport 45 Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal of the AFR 46 review “Calcium fluoride sludge”
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime plant 47 1 Classification according to European Waste
5 Recommendations 50 Catalogue EWC 85
6 References 51 1.1 AFR description 85
1.2 AFR pictures 86
Fact Sheet: 2 AFR source and composition 86
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) 2.1 Source 86
review “Bagasse” 2.2 Quantity and availability 91
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 92
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 55 2.4 AFR composition and analysis 93
1.1 AFR description 55 3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 94
1.2 AFR pictures 56 4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 94
2 AFR source and composition 56 4.1 Collection and transport 94
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 94
2.1 Source 56
4.3 Use as alternative raw material in
2.2 Quantity and availability 57
a cement plant 96
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 58
5 Recommendations 99
2.4 AFR composition 59
6 References 99
2.5 AFR analysis 60
2.6 AFR ash composition 61
Fact Sheet:
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 61
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 62 review “Carpets and rugs”
4.1 Collection and transport 62 1 Classification according to European Waste
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 62 Catalogue EWC 103
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime plant 63 1.1 AFR description 103
5 Recommendations 65 1.2 AFR pictures 104
6 References 65 2 AFR source and composition 105
Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook
2.1 Source 105
2.2 Quantity and availability 107
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 108
2.4 AFR composition 109
2.5 AFR analysis 111
2.6 AFR ash composition 112
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 112
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 113
4.1 Collection and transport 113
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 114
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 115
5 Recommendations 120
6 References 121
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Coconut shells”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 2.5 AFR analysis 165
127
1.1 AFR description 127
1.2 AFR pictures 128
2 AFR source and composition 129
2.1 Source 129
2.2 Quantity and availability 129
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 133
2.4 AFR composition 133
2.5 AFR analysis 134
2.6 AFR ash composition 135
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 135
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 136
4.1 Collection and transport 136
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 136
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 137
5 Recommendations 140
6 References 140
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Coffee bean husks”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 143
1.1 AFR description 143
1.2 AFR pictures 144
2 AFR source and composition 145
2.1 Source 145
2.2 Quantity and availability 146
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 151
2.4 AFR composition 151
2.5 AFR analysis 152
2.6 AFR ash composition 152
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 153
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 153
4.1 Collection and transport 153
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 153
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 154
5 Recommendations 155
6 References 156
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Foams”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 159
1.1 AFR description 160
1.2 AFR pictures 160
2 AFR source and composition 161
2.1 Source 161
2.2 Quantity and availability 163
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 164
2.4 AFR composition 165
2.6 AFR ash composition 166
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 166
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 166
4.1 Collection and transport 166
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 168
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 169
5 Recommendations 172
6 References 172
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Glycerine from biodiesel
production”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 175
1.1 AFR description 175
1.2 AFR pictures 176
2 AFR source and composition 176
2.1 Source 176
2.2 Quantity and availability 177
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 181
2.4 AFR composition 181
2.5 AFR analysis 182
2.6 AFR ash composition 183
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 183
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 184
4.1 Collection and transport 184
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 184
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 185
5 Recommendations 188
6 References 188
Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Labels”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 191
1.1 AFR description 191
1.2 AFR pictures 192
2 AFR source and composition 193
2.1 Source 193
2.2 Quantity and availability 194
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 195
2.4 AFR composition 196
2.5 AFR analysis 196
2.6 AFR ash composition 197
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 198
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 198
4.1 Collection and transport 198
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 198
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 199
5 Recommendations 202
6 References 202
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Lime residues”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 205
1.1 AFR description 206
1.2 AFR pictures 206
2 AFR source and composition 207
2.1 Source 207
2.2 Quantity and availability 215
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 219
2.4 AFR composition and analysis 220
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 224
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 225
4.1 Collection and transport 225
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 225
4.3 Use as alternative raw material in a
cement or lime plant 227
5 Recommendations 233
6 References 233
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Meat and bone meal”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 239
1.1 AFR description 239
1.2 AFR pictures 240
2 AFR source and composition 240
2.1 Source 240
2.2 Quantity and availability 243
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 246
2.4 AFR composition 246
2.5 AFR analysis 247
2.6 AFR ash composition 248
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 248
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 248
4.1 Collection and transport 248
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 249
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 250
5 Recommendations 253
6 References 254
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Municipal solid waste”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 259
1.1 AFR description 259
1.2 AFR pictures 260
2 AFR source and composition 260
2.1 Source 260
2.2 Quantity and availability 261
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 263
2.4 AFR composition 263
2.5 AFR analysis 266
2.6 AFR ash composition 268
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 268
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 269
4.1 Collection and transport 269
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 270
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 272
5 Recommendations 280
6 References 280
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Nappies”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 283
1.1 AFR description 283
1.2 AFR pictures 284
2 AFR source and composition 284
2.1 Source 284
2.2 Quantity and availability 284
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 290
2.4 AFR composition 290
2.5 AFR analysis 292
2.6 AFR ash composition 293
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 293
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 293
4.1 Collection and transport 293
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 294
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 294
5 Recommendations 297
6 References 297
Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Oil mud drillings”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 303
1.1 AFR description 303
1.2 AFR pictures 304
2 AFR source and composition 304
2.1 Source 304
2.2 Quantity and availability 306
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 308
2.4 AFR composition 309
2.5 AFR analysis 310
2.6 AFR ash composition 312
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 313
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 315
4.1 Collection and transport 315
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 316
4.3 Use as alternative raw material in a
cement plant 316
5 Recommendations 320
6 References 320
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Packaging materials”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 323
1.1 AFR description 323
1.2 AFR pictures 324
2 AFR source and composition 325
2.1 Source 325
2.2 Quantity and availability 326
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 331
2.4 AFR composition 332
2.5 AFR analysis 333
2.6 AFR ash composition 335
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 336
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 336
4.1 Collection and transport 336
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 336
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 338
5 Recommendations 340
6 References 340
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Paper fly ashes”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 343
1.1 AFR description 343
1.2 AFR pictures 343
2 AFR source and composition 344
2.1 Source 344
2.2 Quantity and availability 344
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 347
2.4 AFR composition 348
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 349
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 349
4.1 Collection and transport 349
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 349
4.3 Use as alternative raw material in a
cement plant 349
5 Recommendations 352
6 References 352
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Plastics”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 355
1.1 AFR description 356
1.2 AFR pictures 358
2 AFR source and composition 359
2.1 Source 359
2.2 Quantity and availability 360
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 366
2.4 AFR composition 367
2.5 AFR analysis 368
2.6 AFR ash composition 368
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 369
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 372
4.1 Collection and transport 372
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 373
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 375
5 Recommendations 381
6 References 382
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Power plant ashes”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 385
1.1 AFR description 385
1.2 AFR pictures 386
2 AFR source and composition 387
2.1 Sources 387
2.2 Quantity and availability 390
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 391
2.4 AFR composition 391
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 394
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 394
4.1 Collection and transport 394
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 395
4.3 Use as alternative raw material in cement
plants 396
5 Recommendations 402
6 References 402
Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Rice husk”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 405
1.1 AFR description 405
1.2 AFR pictures 406
2 AFR source and composition 407
2.1 Source 407
2.2 Quantity and availability 407
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 412
2.4 AFR composition 413
2.5 AFR analysis 413
2.6 AFR ash composition 414
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 414
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 414
4.1 Collection and transport 414
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 415
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 416
5 Recommendations 420
6 References 421
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Roofing felt”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 423
1.1 AFR description 423
1.2 AFR pictures 424
2 AFR source and composition 425
2.1 Source 425
2.2 Quantity and availability 426
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 427
2.4 AFR composition 427
2.5 AFR analysis 429
2.6 AFR ash composition 430
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 430
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 431
4.1 Collection and transport 431
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 432
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement plant 432
5 Recommendations 437
6 References 437
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Spent cell linings”
also known as “Spent pot linings”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 441
1.1 AFR description 441
1.2 AFR pictures 442
2 AFR source and composition 442
2.1 Source 442
2.2 Quantity and availability 443
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 454
2.4 AFR composition 454
2.5 AFR analysis 455
2.6 AFR ash composition 456
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 456
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 457
4.1 Collection and transport 457
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 457
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement plant 458
5 Recommendations 464
6 References 464
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Spent solvents”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 467
1.1 AFR description 468
1.2 AFR picture 469
2 AFR source and composition 469
2.1 Sources 469
2.2 Quantity and availability 471
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 473
2.4 AFR composition 473
2.5 AFR analysis 473
2.6 AFR ash composition 478
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 478
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 482
4.1 Collection and transport 482
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 483
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 484
5 Recommendations 488
6 References 489
Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Synthetic gypsum”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 491
1.1 AFR description 492
1.2 AFR pictures 492
2 AFR source and composition 493
2.1 Source 493
2.2 Quantity and availability 499
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 500
2.4 AFR composition and analysis 501
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 502
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 503
4.1 Collection and transport 503
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 503
4.3 Use as alternative raw material in cement
plants 504
5 Recommendations 508
6 References 509
Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

Fact Sheet: 2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 556

Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) 2.4 AFR composition 556
review “Textiles” 2.5 AFR analysis 557
1 Classification according to European Waste 2.6 AFR ash composition 558
Catalogue EWC 515 3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 559
1.1 AFR description 516 4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 561
1.2 AFR pictures 516 4.1 Collection and transport 561
2 AFR source and composition 516 4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 562
2.1 Source 516 4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
2.2 Quantity and availability 517 plant 564
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 519 5 Recommendations 570
2.4 AFR composition 519 6 References 570
2.5 AFR analysis 520
2.6 AFR ash composition 521 Table of Figures 573
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 521
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 522 Table of Pictures 578
4.1 Collection and transport 522
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 522 Table of Tables 584
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime
plant 523 Advertisement Index 590
5 Recommendations 526
6 References 526

Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Tobacco waste”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 531
1.1 AFR description 531
1.2 AFR pictures 532
2 AFR source and composition 532
2.1 Source 532
2.2 Quantity and availability 534
2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 536
2.4 AFR composition 537
2.5 AFR analysis 538
2.6 AFR ash composition 539
3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 539
4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 540
4.1 Collection and transport 540
4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 540
4.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement plant 540
5 Recommendations 542
6 References 543

Fact Sheet:
Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR)
review “Used wood”
1 Classification according to European Waste
Catalogue EWC 547
1.1 AFR description 548
1.2 AFR pictures 549
2 AFR source and composition 549
2.1 Source 549
2.2 Quantity and availability 555