TERMINOLOGY:

STRESS INTRODUCTION:
STRESS
Stress is a part of life. Everyone feels “ It is a condition in which the human system
AND stress at one time or another. The
experience of stress & the way one
responds to changing in its normal balanced state
.stress result from a change in the environment
response to it are unique to each
ADAPTATION individual. The process of responding to stress
,that is presided as a challenge a threat or a
danger and can have both negative and
is constant & dynamic & is essential to positive effects.”
ZANKHANA RATHOD F.Y. M. the person’s physical, emotional & social
well being.
- Pender and Parsons (2006)

CONTI… CONTI…. HOMEOSTASIS

2) STRESSOR
“ stressor are themselves neither positive
nor negative but they can have positive and
negative effects as the persons responds to
the changes.”
ADAPTATION
“ when person is in a threatening
situation immediate response occur
.those response are often involuntary
,are called coping response. The change that
take places as a result of the responses to
a stressor is adaptation .”
“The various physiologic mechanism within
the body responses to internal changes to
maintain relative constancy in the internal
environment is called homeostasis.”
PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS
PSYCHOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS
PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS

TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS

Autonomic nervous system & the endocrine THE REFLEX PAIN

system primarily control homeostasis RESPONSE
mechanisms. LOCAL
self regulatory, occur without conscious LOCAL ADPTAVIE
GENERAL
thought, & usually function to correct ADAPTATION ADAPTATION RESPONSE
abnormal conditions. THE
RESPONSE SYNDROME INFLAMANTORY
Short term & long term stress can threaten the RESPONSE
physiologic homeostasis & result in illness,

GAENRAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

ALARM RESPONSE
According to “Hans Selye”
Three distinct stages:-
This is the “ Fight or Flight”
ALARM REACTION STAGE response that prepares the body for
STAGE OF RESISTANCE immediate action
STAGE OF EXHAUSTION
 STAGE OF ADAPTATION / RESISTANCE PHASE
If the source persists, the body prepares for long-
term protection, secreting hormones to increase blood
sugar levels. This phase is common and not
necessarily harmful, but must include periods of
relaxation and rest to counterbalance the stress
response. Fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability and
lethargy result as the stress turns negative.
TYPES OF STRESS
PSYCHOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS
Each person needs to feel loved & a sense of
belonging, to feel safe & secure & to have self-
esteem. When these needs are not met or a threat to
need fulfillment occurs homeostatic measures in the
form of coping or defense mechanisms help return
the person to emotional balance.
STAGE OF EXHAUSTION
In chronic stress situations, sufferers enter the
exhaustion phase: emotional, physical and mental
resources suffer heavily, the body experiences ‘
adrenal exhaustion’ leading to decreased stress
tolerance, progressive mental and physical
exhaustion, illness and collapse.
NEGATIVE STRESS
It is a contributory factor in minor conditions,
such as headaches, digestive problems, skin
complaints, insomnia and ulcers.
Excessive, prolonged and unrelieved stress can
have a harmful effect on mental, physical and
spiritual health.
POSITIVE STRESS TYPES OF STRESSOR
Health Basic
Stress can also have a positive effect, spurring ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS and human
illness need
motivation and awareness, providing the
PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESSORS F
stimulation to cope with challenging situations. a ily
reaction
Stress also provides the sense of urgency and to illness
alertness needed for survival when confronting
threatening situations. SOCIAL STRESSORS

THOUGHTS
EFFECTS OF THE

THE SOURCE OF STRESS ADAPTATION TO STRESS

STRESSOR
Developmental stress (IMBALANCE )
Situational stress

TYPES OF STRESSOR
EXPERIENCED
Physiologic stressor
Psychological stressors

PERSONAL FACTORS
 ADAPTATION TO STRESS (BALANCE ) MIND BODY INTERACTION
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS
humans react to threats of danger as if they were physiologic threats of a
ADAPTATION person perceives the threat on an emotional level& the body prepares
Perception Coping itself to either resist the danger or to run away from it. Each person reacts
of stress Sources in Backache
mechanism
Constipation
Diarrhea
Dilated pupils
Dry mouth
Mind body interaction Headache nausea
Balance Anxiety Sleep disturbances

Coping mechanisms

ANXIETY COPING MECHANISMS UNDOING

COMPENSATION

DENIAL

DISPLACEMENT
MILD
ANXIETY SEVERE INTROJECTION

PROJECTION

RATIONALIZATION
MODERATE PANIC REACTION FORMATION

REPRESSION

SUBLIMATION
 STESS AS A TRANSACTION BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL & THE
INTERVENTIONS TO REDUSE ANXIETY Support system provides emotional support that helps a person identify & verbalize ENVIRONMENT
feelings associated with stress. PR
PRECIPITATING EVENT
GE
EDISPOSING FACTORS NETIC
EX P
a). Exercise:- INFLUENCE ISTING CONDITION
AST EXPERIENCES
Regular exercises help to maintain physical & emotional health.
CO GNITIVE APPRAISAL

b). Rest and sleep:- RIMARY P

Rest and sleep helps the body to maintain homeostasis & restore IRRELEVANT BENIG N POS
ITIVE SS STRE
APPRAISAL
energy levels. NO RESPONSE PLEASURABLE
RESPONSE
HARM THREAT CHALLENGE

c). Nutrition:-
SECOND ARY
It plays an important role in maintaining the body’s homeostatic mechanisms & in
increasing resistance to stress. Obesity & malnutrition are major stressors & greatly Availabi of coping strategies
Perceived effectiveness of coping strategies
lity
Perceived ability to use coping strategies effectively
increase the risk of illness. QUALITY OF RESPONSE

d). Encouraging the use of support system:- ADAP VE TIVE MALADAPTI

STUART STRESS ADAPTATION MODEL

STRESS MANAGEMENT
REDISPOSING FACTORS P
BIOLOGICAL PPSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL

PRECI TING STRESSORS PITA MEDITATION

NATURE ORIGIN TIMING NUMBER

APPRAISAL TRESSOR OF S
COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL SOCIAL PROBLEM
AWARENESS
SOLVING
COPNING R URCES ESO
PERSONAL ABILITIES SOCIAL SUPPORT MATERIAL ASSETS POSITIVE BELIEFS

COPING ME NISMS CHA

RELAXATION
MUSIC
CONSTRUCTIVE DESTR
UCTIVE

ONTINUUM
OF COPING RE SPONSES

ADAPTIVE MALADAPTIVE RESPONSE

INTERPERSONAL
PETS COMMUNICATION WITH
RESPONSE CARING

NURSING DIAGNOSIS