Index
Abrasion, mechanical, 223–226
Accelerated Aging, 713–717
Accelerator, 321
Acetal, bonding of, 629–631
Acrylic, modified, adhesive, 391–392
Acrylic, thermoplastic, adhesive, 410
Acrylic, thermoplastic, bonding of, 631–
634
Acrylonitrile butadiene, 399–400
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, bonding
of, 628–629
Adherend, properties
important to adhesive selection, 425–
437
important to joint design, 102–104
Adhesion
forces, 41, 49–51
practical, 56
science of, 8–10
work of, 54
Adhesion promoters, 266–277
chrome complex, 267–273
silane, 273–277
titanate, 273–277
zirconate, 277
Adhesive, 280–412
chemical composition, 281–286, 319–
326
classifications, 279–280, 345–355
commercial formulation, 341
cost, 316
form, 307–315
formulation, 326–338
function, 280–281
methods of reaction, 286–307
Adhesive, types, 280–412
contact, 301
elastomeric, 285, 352–353
hot melt, 306–307, 315
hybrid, 285, 330–333, 354
moisture curing, 295–296
multiple part systems, 291–292
paste and liquids, 310
pressure sensitive, 301–305
reactivatable, 305
resinous solvent, 306
single part systems, 292–300
solid, 299–300
solvent based, 312–313
solventless, 310–312
thermoplastic, 284–285, 350–351
thermoset, 281–284, 348–349
UV / light curable, 296–297
water based, 313–314
Adhesive bonding
advantages, design, 26
advantages, mechanical, 23
advantages, other, 28
advantages, production, 27
competitive joining methods, 18–25,
419–420
disadvantages, 18, 23
disadvantages, design, 29
disadvantages, mechanical, 28
disadvantages, other, 30
disadvantages, production, 30
planning, 420–424
processes, 417–419
stages, 66–79
Adhesive, environmental resistant
chemicals and solvents, 716–722
combined effect, 713–717
high temperatures, 693–702
humidity and water, 707–717
low temperatures, 703–707
outdoor weathering, 717–719
radiation, 723–724
vacuum and outgassing, 722–723
Adhesive joints, 93–125
adherend thickness, 102–104
angle, 112–113
bar, 112
871
872 Index
Adhesive joints (Cont.):
beveled double strap, 109
beveled lap, 107
corner, 113
cylindrical, 110–112
depth of lap, 101–104
double butt lap, 106
double lap, 107
double strap, 109
end lap, 113
flat adherends, for, 105–109
joggle lap, 107
mitered, 113
mortise, 113
plastic and elastomeric, 114
recessed double strap, 109
reinforced plastic, 115
scarf butt, 106
scarf, 115
stiffening joints, 109
strap, 109
tongue and groove, 106
tube, 112
wood, 115
Adhesive thickness, 100
Adhesive, family
acrylic, modified, 391–392, 706
acrylic, thermoplastic, 410
acrylonitrile butadiene, 399–400
anaerobic resins, 386–390
bismaleimide, 380–382, 700–701
butyl rubber, 397–398, 706
cellulosic resin, 408
chloroprene (neoprene), 398–399, 706
cyanoacylate, 390–391, 701
epoxy, 355–366, 693–698, 704–705
epoxy hybrid, 366–373, 706
epoxy nylon, 372, 705
epoxy phenolic, 371–372, 705
epoxy polysulfide, 372–375, 705
epoxy vinyl, 373
ethylene vinyl acetate, 407
glues of agricultural origin, 411
glues of animal origin, 411–412
litharge cement, 413
melamine formaldehyde, 374
natural rubber, 396–397
neoprene, 706
neoprene phenolic, 377, 698
nitrile phenolic, 375–377, 698
phenol resorcinol formaldehyde, 373–
374
phenolic, 374–375, 698, 705
phenoxy, 409–410
phosphate cement, 413
polyamide, 408
polyaromatic resins, 377–381, 699, 706
polybenzimidazole, 382, 700
polyester, thermoplastic, 408–409
polyesters, 382–383
polyimide, 378–381, 699–700, 706
polyisobutylene, 400
polyolefins, 409
polysulfide, 400–401, 706
polysulfone, 409, 701
polyurethane, 383–386, 705
polyvinyl acetal, 404
polyvinyl acetate, 404–406
polyvinyl alcohol, 407
polyvinyl methyl ether, 400
reclaimed rubber, 397
resorcinol formaldehyde, 373–374
silicone, 401–403, 698, 705–706
sodium silicate, 412–413
styrene butadiene rubber, 398
sulfur cement, 413
thermoplastic elastomers, 407
toughened epoxy, 367–371
urea formaldehyde, 374
vinyl phenolic, 377
Aging
accelerated, 713–717
environmental, 38, 75–79, 445–449,
685–724
Air blade coater, 743–745
Air spray, 742
Airless spray, 742
Alkyd, bonding, 621–622
Aluminum, bonding, 595–602
surface preparation, 257, 259, 261
Anaerobic resins, 386–390
Angle joints, 112
Antifungal agent, 325
Antihydrolysis agent, 325
Antioxidant, 325
Apparent contact angle, 68
Application
equipment, 739–741
film, 747–750
hot melt, 750–751
liquid, 741–745
pastes and mastics, 746
powders, 746–747
Applications, 17, 24
Auger electron spectroscopy, 194
Automation, 736–741
Backup materials, 508
Base resin, 320
 Index 873

Basic materials, 42–46 Composites, thermosetting, bonding of,

Bead coater, 743–745 657–662
Beryllium, bonding of, 602–606 Computer selection programs, 759–764
Binder resin, 320 ADHESIVES, 763–764
Bismaleimide, 381–382 Adhesives Selector, 761–762
Bitumen, sealant, 483 AdhesivesMart, 761
Bond failure Sealant System, 762–763
energy, 55–57 Concrete, sealing of, 516
failure mode, 40 substrate, 205
mechanism, 39–41 Contact angle, 53
Bond inspection, 183–190 Copper, bonding of, 607–608
Bonding equipment, 751–754 Corner joints, 112
heating, 752–754 Corona treatment, 237–239
pressure, 752 Corrosion resistance, 257
Boundary failure region, 58 Cost
Boundary layer, 5, 64–66, 199 adhesive, 316
theory, 88–89 assembly, 27
Brazing, 25 hidden, 30–31
Brookfield viscometer, 139 Crack propagation, 99
Butt joints Creep, 77, 160, 167–168
adhesive, 105 Critical surface tension, 54
sealant, 122 common solids, 56
Butyl rubber, adhesive, 397–398, 706 measurement, 54–55
C-Scan, 188–189 Crosslinking, 83
Cadmium plate, bonding of, 606–607 Cryogenic applications, 702–707
Carrier, 323 CTBN adhesive formulation, 331–333
Catalyst, 321 Cure rate, 141
Caulk, dry rope, 485 Curing agent, 320
Cellulosics, adhesive, 408 Cyanoacrylate, adhesive, 68, 390–391
Cellulosics, bonding of, 634 primers, 261
Ceramics, bonding of, 677–679 Cyanosilicone, sealant
substrate, 205 Cylindrical joints, 110–112
Chemical cleaning, 221–222 Definitions, 2–6
Chemical resistance, 36, 719–722 adherend, 5
Chemisorption, 50 adhesion, 4
Chlorinated polyether, bonding of, 634– adhesive, 3
635 boundary layer, 5
Chlorinated polyolefin primer, 258–364 cohesion, 4
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene, sealant, interface, 5
488 interphase region, 5
Chrome complex primers, 277 joint, 5–6
Cleavage, 156 non-structural adhesive, 3
Coating equipment, 743–745 primer, 5
Cohesion sealant, 3, 4
forces, 49–51 structural adhesive, 3
work of, 54 Errors in design, 179
Cohesive failure region, 58 Desorption, 77–79, 710–713
Coinda scope, 189 Dialyl phthalate, bonding of, 622
Combined adhesive and mechanical Dielectric heating, 564–565
fastening, 31 Diffusion constant, moisture, 707–710
Combined environments, 713–717 Diluent, 322
Composites, thermoplastic, bonding of, Dip roll coaters, 743–745
662 DuNouy ring, 52
Composite, substrate, 205, 247–249 Dupre equation, 54
874 Index

Elastomer, bonding of, 666–669 water based, 313–314

Surface, 205, 249–250
Elastomeric adhesives, 285
Electrical conductivity, 336–338
Electrolytic cleaning, 223
Engraved roll coaters, 743–745
Environment
factors, 754–757
resistance to, 685–689
service conditions, 446–449
service stress, 447
tests, 161–163, 163–169
Epoxy, adhesive, 355–366
sealant, 484
Epoxy, bonding of, 622–623
Epoxy hybrid, adhesive, 366–373
Epoxy nylon, adhesive, 331, 372
Epoxy phenolic, adhesive, 371–372
Epoxy polysulfide, adhesive, 372–373
Epoxy vinyl, adhesive, 373
Equilibrium spreading pressure, 53–54
ESCA, 195
Ethylene vinyl acetate, adhesive, 407
LaPlace-Kelvin equation, 67
laser treatment, 242
Extenders, 322
Failure
adhesive, 4, 39–40
cohesive, 4, 40
sealant, 79–81
Fatigue, 26
test, 157–158
Fillers, 322
Film former, 325
Flame treatment, 239–240
Flow control, 327
Flow or curtain coater, 743–745
Fluoroalkyarylenesiloxanylene, sealant,
702, 706
Fluorocarbon, bonding of, 635–637
Fluoropolymer, sealant, 489–490
Foam, bonding of, 662–666
Fokker bond tester, 187
Forces
adhesion, 49–51
cohesion, 49–51
Form, physical, 307–315
film, 314
hot melt, 315
liquid, 310
paste, 310
powder, 314
solvent based, 312–313
tape, 314
Friction welding, 565–566
Gasketing, 509–510
formed in place, 510–512
Glass, bonding of, 677–679
sealing of, 517
Glass transition temperature, 83–86
natural glues
agricultural origin, 411
animal origin, 411–412
Grout, 500
Hardener, 320
Hardness, 142
Heat sealing, 552
Heated tool welding, 543–553
Highway joints, 483
Historical development, 10–11
Honeycomb bonding, 679–680
Hot gas welding, 553–557
Hot spray, 742
Humidity resistance, 707–717
Hybrid adhesive, 285
Hydrocarbon rubber based, sealant, 485–
487
Hydrogen bonding, 50, 84
Hydrolytic stability, 707–710
Impact, 158–160
Induction welding, 561–564
Information technology, 759–764
Infrared welding, 560
Inhibitors, 321
Interface, 5, 83–87
Internet web sites, 759–760
Interphase, 5, 89–90
Ion scattering spectroscopy, 194
Joint design
adhesive selection, 438–439
bond thickness, 439–441
effect of bond area, 101–102
efficiency, 98–104
general rules, 104–105
planning, 422–423
Kiss coater, 743–745
Knife spreader, 743–745
Lap joints
adhesive, 105
sealant, 122
test, 149–150
Laplace-Kelvin equation, 67
Laser welding, 558–560
Lead, bonding of, 608–609
Litharge cement, 413
Magnesium, bonding of, 609–611
Manufacturing processes, 44–47

Markets, 12
Masonry, sealing of, 516
Material properties
importance of adhesion, 62–83
importance to joint design, 99–102
importance of cohesion, 83–87
Mechanical anchoring, 63
Mechanical fastening, 19, 22, 25, 31,
580–589
Melamine formaldehyde, 374
Metals, bonding of, 594–617
sealing of, 517–518
surface, 200–203, 246
Meter-mix-dispense equipment, 736–738
Metering, 733–735
Mixing, 735–738
Modulus, 103
Molecular weight, 83
Movement capability, 164–165
MS sealants, 491–493
Natural rubber, adhesive, 396–397
Neoprene phenolic, adhesive, 377
Nickel, bonding of, 611
Nitrile, sealant, 499–500
Nitrile phenolic, adhesive, 331, 375–377
Non-destructive testing, 184–191
C-scan, 188–189
Fokker bond tester, 187
proof test, 187
radiography, 187
tap test, 186
thermal transmission methods, 190
ultrasonic inspection, 187–189
visual inspection, 184–186
Nylon, bonding of, 637–638
Oil and resin based, sealants, 482
Organosilane, 267–273
Outdoor weathering, 717–719
non-sea coast, 717–718
sea coast, 718–719
Outgassing resistance, 722–723
Oxidation, 690–692
Oxidative cure, 482
Oxides, 202
Painted adherends, sealing of, 517
Surface, 205
Part requirements, 441–442
Peel, 98
test, 151–156, 165
Permeability coefficient, moisture, 707–
710
Phenol resorcinol formaldehyde, 373–374
Phenolic, adhesive, 374–375
Phenoxy, adhesive, 409–410
Index 875
Phosphate cement, 413
Plasma treatment, 240–242
Plastic
joints, 114
machine screws and bolts, 581
mechanical fasteners, 581
press fit design, 586–588
rivets, 585
self fastening, 586–589
self threading screws, 583–585
snap fit design, 588–589
spring steel fasteners, 585–586
Plasticizer, 323
Plastic assembly, 537–538
Plastics, general assembly
direct heat welding, 523–560
indirect heating, 562–577
joining methods
mechanical fastening, 581–589
solvent welding, 577–580
Plastics, joining methods
dielectric heating, 564–565
friction welding, 565–566
heated tool welding, 543–553
hot gas welding, 553–557
induction welding, 561–564
infrared welding, 560
laser welding, 558–560
mechanical fastening, 580–589
resistance wire welding, 557–558
solvent cementing, 577–580
sources of information, 589–590
spin welding, 566–569
ultrasonic welding, 569–574
vibration welding, 574–577
Plated adherends, bonding of, 611–612
Surface, 205
Polyamide, adhesive, 408
Polyamide-imide, bonding of, 649–650
Polyaromatic resins, adhesives, 377–381
Polyaryletherketone, bonding of, 650
Polybenzimidazole, adhesive, 382
Polybutene, sealant, 485
Polycarbonate, bonding of, 640–643
Polychloroprene (neoprene), adhesive,
398–399
sealant, 488
Polyether, sealant, 491–492
Polyethersulfone, bonding of, 653–654
Polyester, bonding of, 624–625
Polyester, thermoplastic, adhesive, 408–
409
Polyester, thermoplastic, bonding of, 647–
649
876 Index

Polyesters, adhesive, 382–383 Quality control, 177–183

Polyetheretherketone, bonding of, 650 bonding process, 182
Polyetherimide, bonding of, 649 incoming materials, 180–181
Polyetherketone, bonding of, 650 pre-manufacturing, 179
Polyimide, adhesive, 378–381 surface treatment, 181–182
Polyimide, bonding of, 623–624, 649 Radiation resistance, 723–724
Polyisobutylene, adhesive, 400 Radiography, 197
sealant, 485 Reclaimed rubber, adhesive, 397
Polymeric surfaces, 203–205, 234–346 Refrigerated storage, 731
Polymeric materials, 81–82 Requirements, 36–39
Polyolefin, bonding of, 643–645 Resistance wire welding, 557–558
Polyolefin foam, sealant, 500 Resorcinol formaldehyde, adhesive, 373–
Polyolefins, adhesive, 409 374
Polyphenylene oxide, bonding of, 646–647 Retarder, 321
Polyphenylene sulfide, bonding of, 654 Reverse roll coater, 743–745
Polystyrene, bonding of, 650–652 Reversion, 707–710
Polysulfide, adhesive, 400–401 Riveting, 19–21, 27
sealant, 490–491, 706 RTV silicone, adhesive, 497–498
Polysulfone, adhesive, 409 Safety factors, 754–757
Polysulfone, bonding of, 652–653 Secondary bonds, 62
Polyurethane, thermoset, bonding of, Sealant
626–627 additives, 468–470
Polyurethane, adhesive, 383–386 applications, 33, 470–441
sealant, 493–497, 706 application temperature, 525
Polyvinyl acetal, adhesive, 404 classifications, 453–462, 460–462
Polyvinyl acetate, adhesive, 404–406 characteristics, 477
sealant, 483–484 checklist of considerations, 34
Polyvinyl alcohol, adhesive, 407 commercial formulations, 474–475
Polyvinyl chloride, bonding of, 654–655 composition, 460–470
Polyvinyl chloride foam, sealant, 500 design considerations, 35
Polyvinyl chloride plastisol, sealant, 484 dry rope caulk, 485
Polyvinyl methyl ether, adhesive, 400 families, 477
Porosity sealing, 512–513 fillers, 467–468
Precious metals, bonding of, 608 formulation, 470–474
Pressure or squeeze coater, 743–745 functions, 31–36
Primary bonds, 62 grouting material, 500
Primers, 255–266 hardening and non-hardening types,
advantages, 255–256 453–457
aluminum, 257, 259, 261 highway joints, 483
application, 256–259 oxidative cure, 482
chlorinated polyolefin, 258, 264 plasticizers, 468
corrosion resistance, 257 performance classification, 476
elastomers, 264–266 production considerations, 36
for sealants, 517 resin, 465
inserts, 264–266 single part system, 459–460
metals, 259–263 solvent and water release, 460
plasma applied, 261 solvents, 467
polymers, 263–264 sources of information, 534–535
surface exposure time, 257 tooling, 520
surface treatment, with, 242–246 transfer molding, 524
Processing conditions, 421–422 two part systems, 457–459
Production requirements, 442–446 types, 522
Proof tests, 187 Sealant, families
Pyrolysis, 690–693 bitumen, 483
 Index 877

chloroprene (neoprene), 499 corner, 124

chlorosulfonated polyethylene, 488 efficiency, 115–122
cyanosilicone, 702, 706 lap, 122
epoxy, 484 lip, 125
fluoroalkyarylenesiloxanylene, 702, 706 shear, 121
fluoropolymer, 489–490 stress distribution, 115–121
hydrocarbon rubber based, 485–487 threaded joints, 508–509
nitrile, 499–500 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy, 194
oil and resin based, 482 Selection, 424–425
polybutene, 485 analysis form, 340
polyether, 491–492 factors, 6–8
polyisobutylene, 486 by computer, 760–761
polyolefin foam, 500 Setting, 69–75
polysulfide, 490–491, 706 Setting methods, 44
polyurethane, 493–497, 706 Shear joints
polyvinyl acetate, 483–484 adhesive, 105
polyvinyl chloride foam, 500 sealant, 121
polyvinyl chloride plastisol, 484 Shelf life, 139–140, 729–730
silicone, 497–498, 698, 706 Silicone, adhesive, 401–403
styrene butadiene copolymer, 498–499 sealant, 497–498, 698, 706
thioether, 499 Silicone, bonding of, 625–626
Sealant, form Soap, 325
bulk materials, 518–522 Sodium silicate, adhesive, 412–413
foam, 523–524 Solidification, 36, 37, 69–75
preformed gaskets, 523–524 Solids content, 143
tape, 522–523 Solvent, 321
Sealant, properties Solvent cementing, 577–580
abrasion resistance, 530 Solvent cleaning, 217–221
adhesion, 531–532 Solvent resistance, 719–722
adhesive properties, 34 Sources of information, 47, 589–590
appearance, 534 Specifications, 173–177
chemical effects, 36 Spin welding, 566–569
compressive strength, 531 Spraying equipment, 741–743
cure, 457–460 Stabilizer, 325
cure rate, 525–526 Standards, 173–175
durability, 532–534 Static mixer, 733–735
hardness, 530 Steel and iron, bonding of, 612–615
high temperature resistance, 693–702 Stiffening joints, 109
low temperature resistance, 703–707 Stone, sealing of, 516
mechanical properties, 530–531 Storage, 728–731
modulus, 530 Storage life, 30
movement capability, 527–530 Strap joints, 107
performance classification, 476 Stress
performance properties, 473–474 cleavage, 97–98
properties, 478–481 combined with moisture and
rheology, 524–525 temperature, 713–717
stress relaxation, 531 compressive, 94–96
tensile strength, 530 due to service environment, 75–79
Sealant failure mechanisms, 79–81 due to setting, 71, 74–75, 334–335
Sealant joint design due to thermal expansion, 71–76
angle, 123 localized, 70
backup materials, 508 peel, 97–98
butt, 122 shear, 96–97
compound butt, 124 tensile, 94–96
878 Index

types, 94–98 polysulfone, 652–653

Stress distribution
adhesive, 97–103, 108
sealant, 115–121
Stressed aging, 713–717
Structural sandwich panels, 679–680
Stubmeter, 189
Styrene butadiene rubber, adhesive, 398
sealant, 498–499
Substrates
acetal, 629–631
acrylic, 631–634
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, 628–
629
alkyd, 621–622
aluminum, 595–602
beryllium, 602–606
cadmium plating, 606–607
cellulosics, 634
ceramic, 677–679
chlorinated polyether, 634–635
composite, 655–662
concrete and masonry, 517
copper, 607–608
dialyl phthalate, 622
elastomer, 666–669
epoxy, 622–623
fluorocarbon, 635–637
foam, 662–666
glass or porcelain438, 518, 677–679
honeycomb, 679–680
lead, 608–609
magnesium, 609–611
masonry, 516
metal, 413–433, 518, 594–617
nickel, 611
nylon, 637–638
painted surfaces, 518
plastic, 433, 538–542, 617–620
plated parts, 611–612
polyamide-imide, 649–650
polyaryletherketone, 650
polycarbonate, 640–643
polyethersulfone, 653–654
polyester, thermoset, 624–625
polyester, thermoplastic, 647–649
polyetheretherketone, 650
polyetherimide, 649
polyetherketone, 650
polyimide, 623–624, 649
polyolefin, 643–645
polyphenylene oxide, 646–647
polyphenylene sulfide, 654
polystyrene, 650–652
polyurethane, thermoset, 626–627
polyvinyl chloride, 654–655
precious metal, 608
silicone, 625–626
steel and iron, 612–615
stone, 517–518
themoplastic, 627–628
thermoplastic composite, 662
thermoset, 620–621
tin, 615
titanium, 615–617
unvulcanized elastomer, 435–436, 669
vulcanized elastomer, 433–435, 669–
673
wood, 436–437, 673–677
zinc, 617
Sulfur cement, 413
Surface attachment, 57–58
Surface cleanliness, 36–37
Surface energy, 51–54
Surface equilibrium, 215
Surface exposure time, 257
Surface interactions, 87–90
Surface preparation for sealants, 515–
517
Surface roughness, 63, 68–69, 224
Surface tension
common liquids, 56
critical, 56
methods of measurement, 51–55
Surface treatment
active chemical treatment, 232–236
active methods, 226–246
adhesion abrasion, 236
chemical cleaning, 221–222
corona, 237–239
elastomeric adherends, 249–250
electrolytic cleaning, 223
laser, 242
flame, 239–240
fluorine treatment, 235–236
grafting, 236
importance, 207–209
mechanical treatment, 223–226
metal surfaces, chemical treatment,
232–234
metals, 246
passive methods, 215–226
plasma, 240–242
plastics, 246–247
polymeric composites, 247–249
polymeric surfaces, chemical
treatment, 234–236
 Index 879

polymeric surfaces, physical treatment, viscosity, 137–139

26–246 working life, 140
primers, 242–246 Testing, sealants
quality control, 164–165 adhesion, 166
reinforcing fibers, 270–272 cohesion, 166
sealants compressive set resistance, 167–168
selection, 209–213 creep, 167–168
solvent cleaning, 217–221 environmental, 168–169
sources of information, 246 movement capability, 164–165
surface equilibrium, 215 peel adhesion, 165
ultrasonic cleaning, 222 standard test methods, 163–164
UV radiation, 242 tear strength, 166
vapor honing, 222 Testing, surfaces
Surfactant, 325 auger electron spectroscopy, 194
Tack, 140–141, 353–336 before and after surface preparation,
Tap test, 186 213–215
Tear strength, 166 ESCA, 195
Temperature ion scattering spectroscopy, 194
formulation factors, 329–330 secondary ion mass spectroscopy, 194
high temperature resistance, 689–693 x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 195
low temperature resistance, 702–703 Theories of adhesion
Tensile test, 146 adsorption, 59–62
Testing diffusion, 64
adherends, 143–145 electrostatic, 64
basic principles, 128–135 mechanical, 62–64
material properties, 135–144 weak boundary layer, 64–66
Testing, adhesives Thermal conductivity, 336–338
180 deg peel, 155 Thermal expansion coefficient
button tensile, 147 common materials, 72
cleavage, 156 lowering of, 333–334
climbing drum peel, 152 adhesives, 72
creep, 160 common building materials
cross lap, 148 Thermal transmission testing, 190
environmental, 161–163 Thermoplastic adhesives, 284–285
fatigue, 157–158 Thermoplastic bonding, 627–628
impact, 158–160 Thermoplastic composite bonding, 662
lap shear, 149–150 Thermoplastic elastomers, 407
peel, 151–156 Thermoplastic tradenames, 541–542
standard exposure conditions, 162 Thermoset plastic bonding, 620–621
standard test methods, 145–146 Thermoset plastic tradenames, 540
t-peel, 151–154 Thermosetting adhesive, 281–284
tensile, 146 Thickeners, 324
tensile-shear, 149 Thickness, adhesive or sealant, 100–101
Testing, adhesives and sealants Thioether, sealant, 499
cure rate, 142 Thixotrope, 324
destructive, 183–184 Threaded joints, 508–509
government, 172–173 Tin, bonding of, 615
hardness, 142 Titanate primers, 273–277
hierarchy, 171 Titanium, bonding of, 615–617
prototype, 170–173 Toughened epoxy, adhesive, 367–371
non-destructive, 184–191 Toughness, 330–333
shelf-life, 139–140 Transfer of adhesive or sealant, 732,
solids content, 143 738–739
tack, 140 Transition failure region, 58
880 Index
Tropical climates, 713–717
Two roll reverse coater, 743–745
Ultrasonic cleaning, 222
Ultrasonic inspection, 187–189
Ultrasonic welding, 569–574
Unvulcanized elastomer bonding, 669
Urea formaldehyde, adhesive, 374
Urethane, adhesive, 332
UV radiation surface treatment, 242
Vacuum impregnation, 513
Vacuum resistance, 722–723
van der Waals forces, 50, 62
Vapor honing, 222
Vibration welding, 574–577
Vinyl phenolic, 377
Viscosity, 137–139, 327
Visual inspection, 184–186
Vulcanized elastomer bonding, 669–673
Water resistance, 707–717
Welding, 19–22
Wetting, 36–37, 59–62, 66–69
Wetting agent, 325
Wilhelmy plate, 52
Wood, bonding of, 673–677
Working life, 140
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 195
Young equation, 53
Young-Dupre equation, 55
Zinc, bonding of, 617
Zisman plot, 54–55