CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Biswaranjan

M o h a n t y of Class +2 1 s t year Sc. bearing Roll
No. 1 2 0 2 has worked the Project entitled “ A i r
Pollution”. His Work embodied genuine and
original Project work and has not been submitted
to any institution/College for the word of
degree or deplane

Signature of Guide
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely indebted to my guide Indubhusan Harichandan

Lecture in Botany of A.D.College, brahmagiri for his help and able
guidance.

I wish to place on record my sincere regards to my father and mother

whose blessings and loving care enable me to appreciate the love and
encouragement offered my friends Tamasa(Reema).

I shall be failing my duty if don’t express my sincere guidance to all

the persons who are provided me facts, figures, dates for the present study.

Signature of the Candidate

Biswaranjan Mohanty
 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that Project entitled “Air

Pollution” submitted to A.D.College, Brahmagiri. On

Environmental Education for +2 Ist year Course is of

any own and hasn’t been submitted to any other

college or published at any time before

Biswaranjan Mohanty
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Air Pollution in Urban areas
4. Effect of Air Pollution
5. Air Pollution Control
6. Conclusion
7. Preferences

Introduction
 Nature is the name of the world around us where all kind of
amnimals and plants live. Nature includes tropical forests as well as
thiected parts of the world. This is the wide meaning of nature. How ever
there is specific meaning of nature too. For example, a fresh, similarly, a hot
spring serves nature for the larva of particular kind of fly. For a lowly plant
like the reindeer moss, a rock slab in the tundra is called nature. Thus it is
found that nature is not the right word to explain the living conditions of all
living things. The right word is environment where particular animals or
plant have grown accustomed to live through ages. The environment which
does not suit a particular animal or plant is quite un-natural to it. Thus , it is
appropriate to use the word “ecology” which means the study of living
things in relation to ther environment and to each is derived from two
Greek words that mean “the study of the same”.

1. Environment :
Environment refers to the ecological, economic, political, social and
technology consideration that impact on Engineering and in turn are
impacted by the results of engineering. Scientists and ebgineers develop
technology that impact the environment in which we live.

2. Environmental Pollution :
We are living in a world that is suffering from all kinds of pollution
from varioys sources. So much so that it is threatening its very existence.
The comb act with pollution is a major challenge of our times. On one hand
the advancement of science and technology have added to human comforts
by providing automobiles, electrical appliances, supersonic jets. Space
Crafts, better medicines, better chemicals to control harmful pests and
insects etc. but on the other hand the modern amenities are causing serious
problem of pollution.

Pollution may be defined as “an undesirable change in the physical,

chemical or biological characteristics of the air, water and land, that can be
harmful for health, survival or activities of human or other living
organisms.”
 The level of pollution is a function of so many factors. Pollution
increases with the pollution density, because as the population increases,
more borden is placed on the environment. Environment pollution further
increases as the standard of living goes up. The intensity of pollution also
depends upon the amount of waste treatement. There are several methods
available to clean air discharged from industrial process.

Pollution develops respiratory diseases which may cause diseases of

lungs etc.

3. Air :
The earth’s atmosphere is a blanket of air that surrounds the planet.
Air is a maximum of gases mainly nitrogen and oxygen. We can’t see, taste,
or smell it, yet air is vital for life. Layers of gases high in the atmosphere
shield us from harmful radiation from the sun. the increasing destruction of
these protective layers caused by pollution is altering the earth’s climate.
The atomspher can be divided into foyr layer having its own properties.
They are (i)Troposphere (ii) Stratosphere (iii) Mesosphere,(iv) Ionosphere.

The air is a mixture of so many gases such as Nitrogen, Oxygen,

Carbon dioxide, Helium, Hydrogen, Ozone etc. These all are in a fixed ratio.

The atmosphere is changing due to large scale forest clearance

resulting in disequilibrium in the composition of gases. Industries add
carbon dioxide. This green house gas is responsible for the present day
global warning, is resulting in global climate change.

4. Air Pollution:
Air pollution is basically the presence of undesirable foreign
substance in the air. Air pollution may be defined as any gaseous, liquid or
solid material suspended in the air which creates an undesirable effect.

According to Engineers joint council (USA) “Air pollution means the

presence in the out door atmosphere of one or more contaminants, such as
dust, fumes, gas, mist, odour, smoke, or vapor, in quantites, with
charactersticks, and of duration such as to be injurious to human, plant or
animal like or which unreasonably interfere with the comfortable
enjoyment of life property”.
 Polluted air is present over almost every industrialized community.
Much of the blame for the contaminated atmosphere can be direct toward
automotive exhaust but industrial wasters are also contributors. Factories.
And electric power generating plants emit sulphur dioxide and fly ash &
microscopic pieces of mental or mental oxides. Air pollution is growing at a
rate that alarms experts through out the world and it will continue to grow
despite measures. Being taken to alleviate it. Only the most drastic steps
can reverse the present trend.

Air pollution is injurious both to life and property. Air pollution can
cause death, impair heath, reduce visibility, bring about vast economic
losses and contribute to the general deterioration of both our cities and
country side. It can cause intangible losses to historical movements.

5. Causes of air pollution / sources of air pollution.

Air pollution caused by different sources :
(a) Air pollution caused by automobiles :

It is estimated that about 60% of the air pollution is caused by

transportation vehicles. The types of automobiles used in our
country are:-

i) Motorcycles, scooters & Automobiles.

ii) Passenger cars

iii) Large buses and trucks

The amount of pollutants that an automobile emits depends on a

number of factors including the design and operation. Of the hydrocarbons
emitted by a car with no controls, the exhaust gases account for roughly
15% and crankcase emission for about 20%, carbon monoxide, nitrogen

oxide, and lead components are emitted almost exclusively in the exhaust
gases. Diesel power vehicles create relatively minor pollution problems
compares to gasoline powered ones. The diesel engines exhausts only about
a tenth of the amount of carbon monoxide exhausted by gasoline engines,
although its hydrocarbon emission may be more than the gasoline engine.

(b) Air pollution caused by major industrial operation :

Even though there are many different sources which contribute to

air pollution, industries contribute a major share. There are a
number of industries which is responsible for air pollution such as
fertilizer industry and aluminum manufacturing plants, which
emit hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, fertilizer dust and melting
pigments, heavy chemical industries, like acid plant synthetic
fibers. The chief pollution are tin, lead, tumes & oxide solvents,
thinners & acid fumes.

(c) Air pollution caused by MINIING OPERATION:-

Miniing and associated actives such as drilling, blasting, road

haulage, crushing and screening generate dust and particulate
matter to the air. Further , processing of minerals like open bhattas
to conver coal in to coke, roasting of sulphide ores, oxidation of
mine dumps and coal seams on fire contribute sulphur dioxide
and other naxious gases.

(d) Thermal Power stations and brick kilns :-

The sulphur dioxide through burning of coals in the boilers of

thermal power plants causes server damage to plants, concerte
structures and is a great health hazard owing to the oxidation of
sulphur dioxide into sulpheric acid.

(e) Sources of radioactive Air Pollution:-

The major radioactive pollutants are :-

  Nuclear rectors

 Experimental accelerators

 Agricultural & industrial use of radioactive isotopes

 Testing of nuclear. Bombs in the atmosphere

6. Indoor Pollution.
Indoor environment also gets affected by certain pollutions which
include radium, a radio acts material found in rocks and some building
material, asbestos, tobacco smoke, fungi etc. level of dist, soot nitrogen
oxide carbon monoxide and radium tend to be high inside than outside. In
developing countries where wood and charcoal are burnt in open pire for
cooking smoke filled huts are known to cause respiratory diseases.

7. Table showing important pollution and their sources.

AIR POLLUTANT Source
Smoke, Frame & dust ∆ Opening Burning

∆ Motor Vehicles

∆ Industrial Factory

∆ Mining Areas

Carbon Monoxide ∆ Motor Vehicles

Sulphur Dioxide ∆ Burning of coal & rubbish

∆ Sulphuric acids production in factories

Nitrogen Oxide ∆ Open burning

∆ Factories producing

∆ Nitric acid

Lead ∆ Use of leaded petrol

Cholofluro Carbons ∆ Spray ocerosols

∆ Refrigerators

Radioactive Wastes ∆ Nuclear testing

∆ Mishaps

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
 Objective and aims of study are important aspects of every subject
that needs our attention. The major objective of this project are to :
1. Know the causes of air pollution in our locality.
2. Ware out the problems of pollution.
3. Create awareness in order to save environment.
4. Conservation or protection of our environment.
5. Create public opinion to check for the conservation of plants and
wild animals in the locality.
6. Maintain balance in nature
7. Create views against cutting jungles that have been taking place in
a large scale.
8. Endeavor to generate qualitative improvement in air.
9. To encourage to plant trees and to create public opinion against
air pollution.

Pollution in Urban Areas:

Virtually every major metropolis of the world suffers from serious air
pollution caused by combustion of fossil fuel for power generation in
industries, thermal power plants and automobiles. Smog is a major
environmental problem caused by such human activities. Apart from outing
down the sunlight smog is harmful for human health burning of fossil fuels
in urban and industrialized regions also raise the local temperature at
compared to the surrounding areas. This causes local climatic changes in
these areas.
When fossil fuels are burnt in thermal power plants the main gaseous
effluent is sulphur dioxide, which is also produced in the combustion
petroleum. This gas goes into the atmosphere and combines with the water
vapour present in the atmosphere to form sulpheric acid in the present of
sunlight.
Urban areas are also responsible for another grave environmental
problem that of global warming. Large scale deforestation to expand urban
areas and an increase in the burning up of fossil fuels along with the
extensive use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) has led to the increase of
carbon dioxide in the air. The green house gas has raised the global
temperature and scientists are expecting a global climate change.
 For many human living in these urban areas air pollution have
already become lethal. Respiratory aliments caused by these pollutants in
the air are on a rise and take their death toll in increasing numbers.
As a result, the residents of this city are exposed to server air
pollution.

CHAPTER-3
Effect of Air Pollution:
 In many ways man has made this environment more hospitable
through rapid advancement in modern science, technology and meditation.
Yet in all this endeovour to improve human life has crossed all ecological
borders and disrupted the fragile increased and continuing death and
destruction because of the air which he has disturbed.

Effect Of Air Pollution:

Various effects of air pollution are :-

(a) Health problems: - Common air pollution causes

respiratory problems, skin and eye problems. Radioactive
wastes cause cells to die, and abnormal growth of cell which,
could result in cancer.
(b) Food problems: -Layers of dust cover green leaves , preventing
the rays of the sun from reaching the levels, thus lessening the
photosynthesis process without food, these plant will die.
(c) Acid Rain: - Acidic gases such as nitrogen oxide and
sulphur dioxide can evaporate and condense in clouds or
dissolve in rainwater will accumulate in rivers causing the
deaths of aquatic life.
(d) Earth’s Rising Temperature: - When plants die their will
be less oxygen and more carbon dioxide, as green plants
producing oxygen through photosynthesis become fewer.
Carbon dioxide acts as an insulator, preventing earth’s heat
from being released into space, causing the “Gren House Effect”.
(e) Ozone Depletion:- Cholorofloro carbon gases destroy the
ozone layre, a blanket of gas in the atmosphere preventing
direct sunlight,contaninig ultra-violage(UV-ray). These may
cause cancer and eye problems.

Effect Of Air Pollution On Human Health:

Depending on the chemical nature of the pollutants. Some may be
harmful when present in the air in small concentrations. The duration of
exposure of the body to polluted air is also an important factor. The prime
factors affecting human health are :
× Nature of the pollutants.
× Concentration of the pollutants.
× Duration of exposure
 × State of health of the receptor.
× Age group of the receptor.
Air pollutation can have a number of health hazards; such as
eye irritation, nose and throat irritation etc. Gases like HCL and NH 3 causes
odor nuisance even at low concentrations. Air pollution can also lead to an
increase in mortality rate and morbidity rate.

Effect Of Air Pollutation On Animals:

All farm animals, especially cattle and sheep are most susceptible to
fluorine. This causes lack of oppetite, rapid loss in weight, decline in health
and vigor, lamenouss, feriodic diarrhea, muscular weakness and death from
acute fluorine poisioning. Arsenic poisioning of investock caused by
cursenic in dusts and sprays on plants can lead to poisoning of cattle.

Effect Of Air Pollution On Plant :

Industrial pollution, particularly from smelters, has caused complete
destruction of vegetation in a number of places. Tersistance of smog in
areas with heavy vehicular pollution has damaged cross and forest. Smog,
dust etc. reduce the amount of light reaching the leap. By clogging the
stomata, it may reduce CO2 in take to some extent & affect the force
of photosynthesis.

Effects of Air pollution On Art Treasures:

Air pollution have caused geat damage historical through
industrialized world. Pollutants have eaten away some excellent
movements and sculptures and carvings on historical building
and cathedrals. The Taj mahal a miracle of marbles and
historical monuments is facing grave danger from the pollution
creating by existing foundries, power house, railway yards &
industrial units. The problem has been aggrieved by the
Mathura oil refinery.

CHAPTER-4
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
 Detrimental effect of increased air pollution are controlled
through the implementation of environmental specification, and
standard s which in turn place more stringent contractions on
future technology.

Air quality trends:

A high level of SPM (suspended particulate matter) is a
major problem affecting the mega cities. Especially in those
cities where high concentration of SO 2 occurs simultaneously.
Next inseverty are ozone, lead and carbon monoxide. Current
production point to a substantial. The semega cities could well
see 75% to 100% increase in their pollution concentration are
also expected to increase substantially in all the mega cities
because of the forest increase in motor vehicle traffic.
Consequently, the effets on the health will be magnified.

Air pollution control strategies:

The following strategies have been suggested to reduce
the effects of pollution.

1. Pollution control strategies rely upon national regional &

local authorities. Setting air qualities & emission
standards, therefore became important. By putting into
effects a minimum level of quality control and following
the standard being made compulsory, govt., canen
coverage industries to develop new & better
technologies.

2. Control technologies generally involve modifying the

fuel combustion techniques or removing pollution from
the sources, be it mobile or static, indoor or outdoor the
overall cost effectiveneness of the different techniques
influences the ultimate choice of the control method.

3. Pre combustion control technique involves the use of

low pollution fuel. Fuel cleaning is widely used to reduce
sulphur dust and ash content of coal. Distilled oils are
often used in urban area because of their reduced
 sulphur content. Many nations have reduced
atmospheric emission by using natural gas and nuclear
power.

4. Combustion modification techniques have been

employed some countries to decrease sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen dioxide. How ever modern composition
technology is relatively expensive and therefore beyond
the reach of many developing countries.

5. Post combustion control involves there moral of

pollution fuel gases and vehicle exhaust. There are a
number of methods for removing SPM from fuel gases.
A combination of these techniques is usually employed
in larger coal fired boilers.

6. The introduction of new manufacturing processes has

also reduced industrial emission. Many countries have
adapted, mainly on economic grounds energy
conservation measure, which have effectively limited
energy consumption and demand and improved
generation and distribution efficiency.
 CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION:-

When changes in the set up of human society through

changing culture, knowledge and lifestyle alongwith the change
in poltical and economic structure, there are inevitably chnges.
That occurs in the environment. These changes are often show
disruptive that some time it becomes difficult for the society to
cope with. These changes include transition of nodomic
population to sendetary, movement of the rural population into
urban areas and movement of both urban and rural population
move from one economic level to another.

Throughout history, the availability of air has been an

important factor in determining human welfare more broadly
the human being is responsible for all types of air pollution.
Man crossed his ecological balance and now the world in the
face of danger. The global waning, ozone depletion, green
house effects are the warning for the world. Warning of danger.
Cannot we save the world from this danger.
 REFERENCES

1. Frank Environmental Education

Frank Bros. & company publisher Ltd.
2. Industrial Engineering &
Management
By O.P Khanna