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Jennifer E. Siegel
Sensor Products LLC
~
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FINITE ELEMENT MODEL (Hz) ,
The finite element (FE) model, as shown in Fig. 6,
consists of a disc (rotor), two pads, a caliper, a carrier, a
I Error
(%)
-2.5 -1 .1 0.1 2.0 i -0.7 1-2 .0 -0.6
I
piston and two guide pins. Damping shims are not
included in the FE model. The model consists up to 8000
8-node solid elements and approximately 37,100
degrees of freedom. The disc is rigidly constrained but is
allowed to rotate freely about its axial axis.
I
'.
'.
.-
9000 ---------~-
8000 • • ,
For this investigation, brake-line pressure, sliding speed
.+ ••+ •
¥
7000 i
6000
•• • and kinetic friction coefficient are set to 0.4 MPa, 3 radls
g 5000
•• and 0.43 respectively. Disc sliding time is set to 600s
and for each of wear simulation_ Contact analysis is
~ 4000- firstly performed to obtain contact pressure_ Using the
g 3000 • predicted contact pressure, wear displacement is
calculated and FE nodes at the brake pad interface are
~
2000 +.- • • adjusted in the normal direction for each Simulation The
1000
adjusted nodes are equivalent to removing some
c ' material on the contact surface of pads The new pad
o
surface topography is then simulated to determine
Brake-line Pressure (MPa) instability in the disc brake system This process is
continued up to six simulations in order to observe
significant changes in the unstable frequencies. Fig. 4
(a) Squeal generation in the brake dynamometer shows predicted unstable frequencies for a number of
wear simulation.
.. .- . .., ...
9000 '" "''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''']''''''
: l''\-
8000 ~.o. x '-
' • tJasellne
_ 7oo0~ • • • • '"Wear 1
~ ~ > .Wear2
-- 6000 , -
~
~ 5000
'.
~
I
-- ~-
, We.,,-3
~ I
u.. 3000'
•
2000 ~,.-
1000 '"
o 100 300 400 500
5000
'II/ear 2
Wear 3
.Wear4
SM3 Rigid connection Stiff spring in ~ • Wear 5
:if 4000
• 'Near 6
between piston and all three "
~
i::::r"
f r 5000
"
" ------.!..-:
•.SM1
~.'."n.
'"'
.SM3
.SM4
presence of wear.
CONCLUSION
.SM'
cr 4000 1)% .SM6
e I • SM7
This paper investigates the effect of wear on the squeal
u. 3000' • , SMa generation using a commercial software package.
." Consideration of a real surface topography is seen to
2000 :
help to obtain realistic contact pressure distributions.
1000 Prior to the investigation, the FE model is validated
o ~ ~ 75 100 1~ 1~ 1~ ~
through 3-validation stages, i.e., using modal analysis to
Real Parts correlate components and assembly model and using
contact analysis to compare static contact pressure
distribution over the experimental results. Using the
Figure 7. Prediction of unstable frequencies under validated model, predicted unstable frequencies are in
structural modifications good correlation with the squeal results found in the
experiments.
In order to determine its effectiveness to eliminate or
reduce instabilities in the disc brake system, this With the Archard wear formula, the effect of material
structural modification (SM 5) is simulated under removal (wear) is simulated. The results show that the
different surface topographies that are investigated in instability of disc brake system can vanish at particular
the previous section. wear condition or surface topography. This may suggest
that surface topography has a significant influence on
the fugitive nature of squeal behaviour. However, It
requires further investigation to confirm thiS finding
pp 13-16, 1971.
5. North, MR. " Disc brake squeal". lMechE, paper CONTACT
C38/76, pp 169-176, 1976.
6. Crolla, D.A. and Lang, A. M. " Brake noise and Dr Huajiang Ouyang at h.ouvang@lIv.ac,l!!<-.
vibration - The state of the artn. In: Dawson, D.,
Taylor, C.M., and Godet, M. (Eds.), Vehicle
Tribology, no. 18 in Tribology Series, pp 165-174,
1991.
7. Ibrahim, RA " Friction-induced vibration, chatter,
squeal and chaos Part \I' Dynamics and modeling".
Appl. Mech. Rev., vol 47(7), pp 227-250,1994.
8. Flint, J. and Hulten, J .• Lining-deformation-induced
modal coupling as squeal generator in a distributed
parameter disc brake model". J. Sound Vib" 254(1),
pp 1-21, 2002.
9. Fosberry, RAC. and Holubecki, Z. " Some
experiments on the prevention of brake squeal".
MIRA report, No. 1957/1, 1957.
10. Fosberry, RAC. and Holubecki, Z. An
investigation of the cause and nature of the brake
squeal". MIRA report, No. 1957/2, 1957.
11 Sherif, H.A. " Investigation on effect of surface
topography of pad/disc assembly on squeal
generation". Wear, 257 (7-8), pp 687-695,2004.
12. Chen. G., Zhou, Z., Kapsa, P. and Vincent, L. "Effect
of surface topography on formation of squeal under
reciprocating sliding". Wear, 253, pp 411-423, 2002.
13. Eriksson, M., Bergman, F. and Jacobson, S. "
Surface characterization of brake pads after running
under silent and squealing conditions" Wear, 232,
pp 163-167,1999.