Signals and Systems

Electrical System

i(t) + v(t) -
R + i(t)
i(t) v(t)
-
+ v(t) -

v(t )  R i(t ) i (t )  C
dv
v(t )  L
di
dt dt
 System
•Consider the following simple RC circuit:

x(t) y(t)

-
•Output y(t) relates to x(t) by:
t
1
y (t )  Rx (t )   x( )d
0
C  t
1 1
y (t )  Rx (t ) 
C 
 x( )d   x( )d
C 0
t
1
 vc (0)  Rx (t )   x( )d t0
C0
•This is single input single output (SISO). In general system may be of multiple
Input multiple output (MIMO)
 What are Systems?
•Systems are used to process signals to modify or extract
information
•Physical system – characterized by their input-output
relationships
•E.g. electrical systems are characterized by voltage-current
relationships
•From this, we derive a mathematical model of the system

“Black box” model of a system:

 Classification of Systems
Systems may be classified into:

1. Linear and non-linear systems

2. Time varying and time invariant systems
3. Instantaneous (memoryless) and dynamic (with memory)
systems
4. Causal and non-causal systems
5. Stable and unstable systems
6. Continuous-time and discrete-time systems
7. Analog and digital systems
8. Invertible and noninvertible systems
 Basic Systems-Examples(DT)

Input Output
Signal Signal
System
x(t),x(n), etc., y(t), y(n), etc.,

•Identity system

x(n) Identity System y(n)

y(n)=x(n)
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} y(n)={2,1, 3,-1}
↑ ↑
 Basic Systems-Examples(DT)
•Delay and Advance system

x(n) Delay y(n)

System
y(n)=x(n-2)
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} ={0, 2,1, 3,-1}
↑ y(n)=x(n-n0), n0 is +Ve constant, n is in Z ↑

x(n) Advance y(n)

System

y(n)=x(n+n0), n0 is +Ve constant, n is in Z

y(n)=x(n+2)
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} ={2,1, 3,-1}
↑ ↑
 Basic Systems-Examples(DT)
•Time Multiplier

x(n) Time Multiplier y(n)

y(n)=nx(n)
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1}
y(n)=nx(n) ={-2,0, 3,-2}
↑
↑
 Basic Systems-Examples(DT)
•Downsampler and upsampler

x(n) Down y(n)

sampler
y(n)=x(2n)
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} ={0,1,-1}
↑ y(n)=x(Dn), D is +ve constant and >1
↑

x(n) Upsampler y(n)

y(n)=x(n/2)
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} ={2,0,1,0,3,0,-1}
↑ y(n)=x(n/I), I +Ve constant and >1
↑
 Basic Systems-Examples(DT)
•Folder

x(n) Folder y(n)

y(n)=x(-n)
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} ={-1,3,1,2}
↑ y(n)=x(-n)
↑
•Accumulator

x(n) Accumulator y(n)

y(n)=
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} n ={2,1+2,3+1+2,-1+3+1+2}


↑ y ( n)   x(k ),
k  
  n   ={2,3,6,5,5,…}
↑
y(n)   x(n  k ),    n   If x(n)=δ(n)ACC. Outputs y(n)=u(n)=unit step
k 0 If x(n)=u(n)ACC. Outputs y(n)=unit ramp
 Basic Systems-Examples(DT)
•Discrete differentiator

x(n) Forward y(n)

difference
x(n+1)={2,1,3,-1}
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} y(n)=x(n+1)-x(n) ↑
↑ y(n)={2,-1,2,-4,1}
↑

x(n) Backward y(n)

Difference
x(n-1)={2,1,3,-1}
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} y(n)=x(n)-x(n-1) ↑
↑ y(n)={2,-1,2,-4,1}
↑
 Basic Systems-Examples(DT)
•Square system

x(n) Square y(n)

System

y(n)=x2(n) y(n)=x2(n)
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} ={4,1,9,1}
↑ ↑
 Basic Systems-Examples(DT)
•Moving average (MA) system

x(n) MA y(n)

x(n)={2,1, 3,-1} M2 M1=1, M2=2

↑
y ( n)  1
M 1  M 2 1  x(n  ky(n)=
k   M1
)
¼[x(n+1)+x(n)+x(n-1)+x(n-2)]
1 3 3 5 3 1 1
•Cumulative average system { , , , , , ,
2 4 2 4 4 2 4
}

n
x(n)={2,1, 3,-1}
↑
y ( n)  1
n 1  x(n  k )
k 0 3 5
y ( n)  {2, ,2, }
 2 4