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An arch is a curved structure that spans an elevated space and may or may not
support the weight above it.[1]
Contents
Basic concepts
A masonry arch
Fixed vs hinged arch
1. Keystone 2. Voussoir 3. Extrados
Types of arches
4. Impost 5. Intrados 6. Rise 7. Clear
History span 8. Abutment
Construction
Other types
Gallery
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Basic concepts
An arch is a soft compression form. It can span a large area by resolving forces into compressive stresses and, in turn eliminating
tensile stresses. This is sometimes referred to as arch action.[4] As the forces in the arch are carried to the ground, the arch will push
outward at the base, called thrust. As the rise, or height of the arch decreases, the outward thrust increases.[5] In order to maintain
arch action and prevent the arch from collapsing, the thrust needs to be restrained, either with internal ties or external bracing, such as
abutments.[6]
The fixed arch is most often used in reinforced concrete bridge and tunnel construction, where the spans are short. Because it is
subject to additional internal stress caused by thermal expansion and contraction, this type of arch is considered to be statically
indeterminate.[6]
[6] This type of arch has pinned connections at the base. Unlike the fixed
The two-hinged arch is most often used to bridge long spans.
arch, the pinned base is able to rotate,[8] allowing the structure to move freely and compensate for the thermal expansion and
contraction caused by changes in outdoor temperature. However, this can result in additional stresses, so the two-hinged arch is also
[6]
statically indeterminate, although not to the degree of the fixed arch.
The three-hinged arch is not only hinged at its base, like the two-hinged arch, but at
the mid-span as well. The additional connection at the mid-span allows the three-
hinged arch to move in two opposite directions and compensate for any expansion
and contraction. This type of arch is thus not subject to additional stress caused by
thermal change. The three-hinged arch is therefore said to be statically
determinate.[7] It is most often used for medium-span structures, such as large
building roofs.
Another advantage of the three-hinged arch is that the pinned bases are more easily Rossgraben bridge (Rüeggisberg)
developed than fixed ones, allowing for shallow, bearing-type foundations in near Bern, Switzerland, showing the
medium-span structures. In the three-hinged arch, "thermal expansion and hinge at mid-span of this three-
hinged arch.
contraction of the arch will cause vertical movements at the peak pin joint but will
have no appreciable effect on the bases," further simplifying the foundation
design.[6]
Types of arches
Arches have many forms, but all fall into three basic categories: circular, pointed, and parabolic. Arches can also be configured to
produce vaults and arcades.[6]
Arches with a circular form, also referred to as rounded arches, were commonly employed by the builders of ancient, heavy masonry
arches.[9] Ancient Roman builders relied heavily on the rounded arch to span lar
ge, open areas. Several rounded arches placed in-line,
end-to-end, form an arcade, such as theRoman aqueduct.[10]
Vaults are essentially "adjacent arches [that] are assembled side by side." If vaults
intersect, complex forms are produced with the intersections. The forms, along with
the "strongly expressed ribs at the vault intersections, were dominant architectural
features of Gothic cathedrals."[9]
Semi-circular arches usingbrick
The parabolic arch employs the principle that when weight is uniformly applied to and/or stone block construction at
an arch, the internal compression resulting from that weight will follow a parabolic the Great Wall, China
profile. Of all arch types, the parabolic arch produces the most thrust at the base, but
can span the largest areas. It is commonly used in bridge design, where long spans
are needed.[9]
The catenary arch has a shape different from the parabolic curve. The shape of the
curve traced by a loose span of chain or rope, the catenary is the structurally ideal
shape for a freestanding arch of constant thickness. Roman aqueduct near Nîmes,
France: an arcade, employing the
Types of arches displayed chronologically, roughly in the order in which they were circular arch
developed:
Triangular Round arch, or Segmental arch Unequal round
arch semi-circular arch is less than a arch, or
semicircle rampant round Horseshoe arches in the 9th-century
arch Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan,
Tunisia
The ancient Romans learned the arch from theEtruscans, refined it and were the first
builders to tap its full potential for above ground buildings:
The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the
A series of parabolic arches on the
world, fully to appreciate the advantages of the arch, the vault and
Móra d'Ebre bridge, Catalonia
the dome.[22]
Throughout the Roman empire, their engineers erected arch structuressuch as bridges, aqueducts, and gates. They also introduced the
triumphal arch as a military monument.Vaults began to be used for roofing large interior spaces such as halls and temples, a function
that was also assumed bydomed structures from the 1st century BC onwards.
The segmental arch was first built by the Romans who realized that an arch in a bridge did not have to be a semicircle,[23][24] such as
in Alconétar Bridge or Ponte San Lorenzo. They were also routinely used in house construction, as inOstia Antica (see picture).
In ancient China, most architecture was wooden, including the few known arch bridges from literature and one artistic depiction in
stone-carved relief.[25][26][27] Therefore, the only surviving examples of architecture from the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) are
rammed earth defensive walls and towers, ceramic roof tiles from no longer existent wooden buildings,[28][29][30] stone gate
towers,[31][32] and underground brick tombs that, although featuring vaults, domes, and archways, were built with the support of the
earth and were not free-standing.[33][34] China's oldest surviving stone arch bridge is the Anji Bridge, built between 595 and 605
during the Sui Dynasty; it is the oldest open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in stone.[35][36] However, the ancient Romans had
virtually all of these components beforehand; for example,Trajan's Bridge had open spandrels built in wood on stone pillars.[37]
The first example of an early Gothic arch in Europe is in Sicily in the Greek
fortifications of Gela. The semicircular arch was followed in Europe by the pointed
Gothic arch or ogive, whose centreline more closely follows the forces of
compression and which is therefore stronger. The semicircular arch can be flattened
to make an elliptical arch, as in the Ponte Santa Trinita. Parabolic arches were
introduced in construction by the Spanish architect Antoni Gaudí, who admired the
structural system of the Gothic style, but for the buttresses, which he termed
"architectural crutches". The first examples of the pointed arch in the European
Arch of Caracalla at Theveste
architecture are in Sicily and date back to the Arab-Norman period.
The horseshoe arch is based on the semicircular arch, but its lower ends are extended further round the circle until they start to
converge. The first known built horseshoe arches are from the Kingdom of Aksum in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, dating from
ca. 3rd–4th century. This is around the same time as the earliest contemporary examples in Roman Syria, suggesting either an
Aksumite or Syrian origin for the type.[38]
Construction
Since it is a pure compression form, the arch is useful because many building materials, including stone and unreinforced concrete,
can resist compression, but are weak when tensile stress is applied to them.[39]
An arch is held in place by the weight of all of its members, making construction problematic. One answer is to build a frame
(historically, of wood) which exactly follows the form of the underside of the arch. This is known as a centre or centring. Voussoirs
are laid on it until the arch is complete and self-supporting. For an arch higher than head height, scaffolding would be required, so it
could be combined with the arch support. Arches may fall when the frame is removed if design or construction has been faulty. The
first attempt at the A85 bridge at Dalmally, Scotland suffered this fate, in the 1940s. The interior and lower line or curve of an arch is
known as the intrados.
Old arches sometimes need reinforcement due to decay of thekeystones, forming what is known asbald arch.
In reinforced concrete construction, the principle of the arch is used so as to benefit from the concrete's strength in resisting
compressive stress. Where any other form of stress is raised, such as tensile or torsional stress, it has to be resisted by carefully placed
reinforcement rods or fibres.[40]
Other types
A blind arch is an arch infilled with solid construction so it cannot function as a window
, door, or passageway.
A special form of the arch is the triumphal arch, usually built to celebrate a victory in war. A famous example is the Arc de Triomphe
in Paris, France.
Rock formations may form natural arches through erosion, rather than being carved or constructed.[41] Structures such as this can be
found in Arches National Park.
The arches of the foot support the weight of the human body.
Gallery
Restored Canaanite city gate Reconstructed Ishtar Gate Taq Kasra (Archway of
of Ashkelon, Ashkelon, Israel of Babylon in the Pergamon Ctesiphon), Salman Pak, Iraq
(2014) Museum, Berlin (2014) (1864)
The Arc de Triomphe, Paris; a Washington Soldiers' and Gateway Arch in St.
19th-century triumphal arch Square Arch, Sailors' Arch in Louis, Missouri; a
modelled on the classical Greenwich the Grand Army sculpture based on
Roman design (1998) Village, Plaza, Brooklyn, a catenary arch
Manhattan, New York City (2011)
New York City (2007)
(2010)
Pont Flavien over the River Bridge of Grosvenor Bridge over the Union Arch Bridge
Touloubre in Saint-Chamas, Seonamsa River Dee in Chester, carrying the Washington
Bouches-du-Rhône, France Temple, Cheshire, England, UK Aqueduct and MacArthur
(2008) Suncheon, (2007) Boulevard (formerly
South Jeolla named Conduit Road) in
Province, Cabin John, Montgomery
South Korea County, Maryland (2008)
(1979)
Anji Bridge over the The dry stone bridge, so Bridge of Sighs, Venice, Pont du Gard, a Roman
Xiaohe River, Hebei called Porta Rosa (4th Italy (2001) aqueduct in Vers-Pont-du-
Province, China (2007) century BC), in Elea, Gard, Gard, France (2014)
Province of Salerno,
Campania, Italy (2005)
Bridge in Český Krumlov, Rialto Bridge over the Grand Pont de Bercy over the River
Czech Republic (2004) Canal in Venice, Italy (2011) Seine, Paris, carrying the
Paris Métro on its upper deck
and a boulevard extension on
its lower deck (2006)
Arlington Memorial Bridge over Francis Scott Key Bridge Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge carrying
the Potomac River in Washington, over the Potomac River in Interstate 95 (I-95) and the Capital Beltway
D.C. (2007) Washington, D.C. (2006) over the Potomac River between
Alexandria, Virginia and Oxon Hill, Maryland
(2007)
Rainbow Bridge over the Tyne Bridge over the River Hell Gate Bridge over
Niagara River connecting Tyne, Newcastle upon the East River, New
Niagara Falls, New York Tyne, England, UK (2004) York City
and Niagara Falls,
Ontario, Canada (2012)
Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney, New South Ludendorff Bridge over Lianxiang bridge over the
Wales, Australia (2010) the Rhine River, Xiang River, Xiangtan,
Remagen, Germany, Hunan Province, China
showing damage before (2007)
collapse during the Battle
of Remagen in World
War II (1945)
Zhivopisny Bridge over the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge crossing Paranoá
Moskva River, Moscow, over the Trinity River in Lake, Brasília, Brazil (2007)
Russia (2009) Dallas, Texas (2012)
Gateshead Millennium Eiffel Arch supporting the Eiffel The second Wembley
Bridge over the River Tower, Tower, Paris (2015) Stadium in London, built in
Tyne, Newcastle upon Paris 2007 (2007)
Tyne, England, UK (2005) (2009)
The first San Mamés Stadium, in St Pancras railway station, Train shed in St Pancras
Bilbao, arch built in 1953, London (2011) railway station, London
demolished 2013 (2013) (2010)
Train shed in Victoria Lucerne railway station, Train shed in Lucerne railway Central railway station,
Station, London (2006) Switzerland (2010) station, Switzerland (2016) Frankfurt, Germany (2008)
Arches in Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, The Colosseum in Rome (2013)
Great Hall, Germany (2011)
Chicago
Union
Station,
Chicago,
Illinois
(2010)
Arches inside the Amir Chakhmaq Complex, Stonework Several arches at the
Colosseum in Rome Yazd, Iran (2014) arches seen Casa Simón Bolívar in
(2005) in a ruined Havana, Cuba (2006)
stonework
building –
Burg
Lippspringe,
Germany
(2005)
Arches in throne room of Arches in the nave of the North facade of Chartres Arches in Western
Neuschwanstein Castle, church in monastery of Cathedral, Chartres, choir of facade,
Bavaria, Germany (1886 Alcobaça, Portugal (2008) France (2008) Chartres Westminster
photochrom print) Cathedral, Abbey, City of
Chartres, Westminster,
France London
(2013) (2013)
Arches in nave of Washington Arches inside the Main facade of St. Peter's Basilica,
Westminster Abbey, City National Washington National Vatican City, Rome (2015)
of Westminster, London Cathedral in Cathedral, Washington,
(2006) Washington, D.C. (2005)
D.C. (Between
1990 and
2006)
Interior arches in St. Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Arches Arches inside the western
Peter's Basilica, Vatican Turkey (2013) inside the upper gallery, Hagia
City (2009) Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey
Sophia in (2007)
Istanbul,
Turkey
(1983)
Interior arches in Masjid Roof of Masjid al-Haram, Dome of the Rock, Old City of Arches inside Dome of the
al-Haram, Mecca, Saudi Mecca, Saudi Arabia Jerusalem (2010) Rock, Old City of
Arabia (2008) (2008) Jerusalem (2014)
Taj Mahal in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, The Great Gate (Darwaza-i- Arches inside East side of United States
India (2009) rauza): Entrance to grounds of the Taj Majal, Capitol in Washington,
Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, Agra, Uttar D.C. (2005)
India (2004) Pradesh,
India
Arches in Thomas Jefferson Building, Arches in Main Reading Arches in Great Hall,
corridor of Library of Congress, Washington, Room, Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson
United States D.C. (2008) Building, Library of Congress, Building, Library of
Capitol, Washington, D.C. (2009) Congress, Washington,
Washington, D.C. (2007)
D.C. (2006)
Art Deco arches New York Public Library Main Arches inside entrance of Metropolitan Museum of Art,
on Chrysler Branch, Manhattan, New York City New York Public Library Manhattan, New York City
Building, (2016) Main Branch, Manhattan, (2012)
Manhattan, New New York City (2012)
York City (2005)
Arches in Great Arches in Sculpture Gallery, Winter Palace, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg,
Hall, Metropolitan West Building, National Russia (2016)
Museum of Art, Gallery of Art, Washington,
Manhattan, New D.C. (2007)
York City (2012)
Arches near the Jordan Arches in Pavilion Hall, Cour Carrée, Louvre Palace, Arches in Salle du
Staircase, Winter Palace, Small Hermitage, Paris (2010) Manège, Louvre Palace,
Hermitage Museum, St. Hermitage Museum, St. Paris (2007)
Petersburg, Russia (2015) Petersburg, Russia (2015)
Palace of Versailles, Arches in Galerie des Arches in Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Westminster,
Versailles, Yvelines, Batailles, Palace of Palace of Versailles, City of Westminster,
France (2012) Versailles, Versailles, Versailles, Yvelines, France London (2010)
Yvelines, France (2013) (2011)
Arches in Westminster Hall, Arches in St. Stevens Hall, Aljafería Palace in Zaragoza,
Palace of Westminster, City Palace of Westminster, Spain (2005)
of Westminster, London City of Westminster,
(2011) London (2007)
Horseshoe arch inside Multifoil Catenary arches inside Rajasthani style arches inside
Aljafería Palace, arches inside Casa Milà in Barcelona, the 16th-century City Palace,
Zaragoza, Spain (2004) Aljafería Spain by Antoni Gaudí Udaipur, India (2013)
Palace, (2010}
Zaragoza,
Spain (2004)
Main façade of the Smithsonian Institution Building Arches inside the Smithsonian
Itamaraty Palace in ("The Castle"), Washington, D.C. Institution Building ("The
Brasília, Brazil, decorated (2007) Castle"), Washington, D.C.
with many arches (2005) (2012)
National Building Museum Arches inside the National Main facade of the Front entrance of the Old
(formerly Pension Building Museum Old Post Office Post Office Building in
Building), Washington, (formerly Pension Building (now the Washington, D.C. (2006)
D.C. (2005) Building), Washington, Trump International
D.C. (2007) Hotel) in
Washington, D.C.
(2012)
Arches inside Arches in Merzouga, Crypt of the Popes in the Chinese Eastern Han
Old Post Morocco (2011) Catacomb of Callixtus, Dynasty (25–220 AD) tomb
Office Building Rome (2007) chamber, Luoyang (2008)
in
Washington,
D.C. (2009)
Entrance to Natural Bridge Landscape Arch, Arches National Park, Utah Double O Arch, Arches
Washington in Rockbridge (2009) National Park, Utah (2007)
family tomb County,
at Mount Virginia
Vernon, (2014)
Fairfax
County,
Virginia
(2014)
Rainbow Bridge, Rainbow Aloba Arch, Medial longitudinal arch of the human foot (Gray's
Bridge National Monument, Ennedi-Est Anatomy)
Utah (2012) Region,
Chad (2015)
See also
Arch bridge
Catenary arch
Dome
Golden Arches
List of post-Roman triumphal arches
List of Roman triumphal arches
Natural arch
Order moulding
Skew arch
Suspension bridge
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37. This title strictly applies only to thesum of attributes given(O’Connor, Colin: Roman Bridges, Cambridge University
Press 1993, ISBN 0-521-39326-4, p.171): Various Roman stone pillar bridgesfeatured wooden open-spandrel
segmental arches as early as the 2nd century CE, among themTrajan's bridge, the longest bridge of the world to
have been built for over a thousand years. Also, a dozen or more Roman close-spandrel stone segmental arch
bridges are known from the 1st century BC onwards, such as thePonte San Lorenzo (Padua), Alconétar Bridge and
the Makestos Bridge (Turkey), the last having half-open spandrels. The 27 segmental arches of theBridge at Limyra
(300 ce) feature span to rise ratios between 5.3 and 6.5 to 1, making it an earlier example of a stone quarter circle
segmental arch bridge. This leaves the Anji bridge the title of "the oldestopen-spandrel stone quarter circle
segmental arch bridge in the world".
38. Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press. 199
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Further reading
Boyd, Thomas D. (1978), "The Arch and the V ault in Greek Architecture",American Journal of Archaeology, 82 (1):
83–100 (91), doi:10.2307/503797
Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995), I ponti romani, Vol. 1, Treviso: Edizioni Canova,ISBN 88-85066-66-6
O'Connor, Colin (1993), Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 0-521-39326-4
Rasch, Jürgen (1985), "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur . Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion",
Architectura, 15, pp. 117–139
Roth, Leland M (1993).Understanding Architecture: Its Elements History and Meaning . Oxford, UK: Westview Press.
ISBN 0-06-430158-3. pp. 27–8
External links
Physics of Stone Archesby Nova: a model to build an arch without it collapsing
InteractiveTHRUST: interactive applets, tutorials
DIYinfo.org's Constructing Brick Arches Wiki- A wiki on how to construct brick arches around the house
DIYinfo.org's Constructing Timber Framed Arches Wiki- Similar to the brick arches but extra information for timber
arches
Paper about the three-hinged arch of the Galerie des Machines of 1889 Whitten by Javier Estévez Cimadevila &
Isaac López César.
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