Seismic Navigation GIS: Student Presentation GEG2230

Seismic
Navigation
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic Seismic Navigation GIS

navigation
Data production Student presentation GEG2230
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
Didrik Lilja, May 13, 2014
Student presentation GEG2230 1 / 35

Seismic
Navigation Outline
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
I Background
Seismic
navigation I Marine Acquisition
Data production
Monitoring I Survey Classifications
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
I Seismic navigation
I Data production
I Monitoring
I Planning for non-production time
I Minimizing the amount of in-fills

Seismic
Navigation Outline
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
I Background
Seismic
Data production
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
I Data production
I Monitoring

Seismic
Navigation Seismic Data
GIS
From listening to echoes
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic Definition
navigation
Data production
Relating to or denoting geological surveying methods
Monitoring
Planning for
involving vibrations produced artificially by explosions:
non-production
time ’seismic data show the deep structure of rift systems’.
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
– Oxford dictionaries1
Used as a tool for oil and gas exploration, but also for
academic research, and possibly for CO2 storage in the future.
1
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/seismic
Seismic
Navigation Outline
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
I Background
Seismic
Data production
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
I Data production
I Monitoring

Seismic
Navigation Towed marine seismic data acquisition2
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
Figure : Overlap-
Figure : Seismic reflections, courtesy of ping common
deliveryimages.acm.org mid-points (CDP),
courtesy of Excess
Geophysics.
Student presentation GEG2230
2
also referred to as marine seismic 6 / 35
Seismic
Navigation Pre-plots and seismic lines
GIS
The prospect area sailing routes
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
Seismic lines
navigation
Data production • Lines confined to a
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
preplot polygon
time
Minimizing the • Parallel lines
amount of in-fills
• Line change with

180 deg turns
• Lines organized in
swaths (chunks)
Figure : Preplot polygon, courtsey of survOPT

Seismic
Navigation Marine seismic equipment
GIS
Sources, cables, navigation equipment++
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills

Seismic
Navigation Marine seismic data section
GIS
One section per cable
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills

Seismic
Navigation Outline
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
I Background
Seismic
Data production
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
I Data production
I Monitoring

Seismic
Navigation Typical cable configurations
GIS
The more cables, the more data sections
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
2-D surveys 4-D surveys
Seismic
navigation • 1 towed cable • Time-lapse monitoring
Data production
Monitoring • Sparse line coverage • Replicating 3-D survey
Planning for
non-production
time • Long lines • Tight specs
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
3-D surveys Multi-vessel surveys

• 6-14 towed cables
• Dense line coverage
• Short lines
• Frequent line changes

Seismic
Navigation Typical 3-D layout: 12x8000 m cables, 100 m sep.
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
Figure : Seismic layout footprint on Oslo, using Google earth and .kmz file from
SurvOPT.

Seismic
Navigation Marine seismic survey classifications
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Modern acquisition lines
Seismic
navigation Seismic imaging improves with more illumination angles, as
Data production
Monitoring provided by modern acquisition techniques. These techniques
Planning for
non-production
time
have complex navigation:
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills • Crossing lines
• Overlapping lines
• Coil lines
• Extended source–receiver distances
• Often multi-vessel operations

Seismic
GIS
Modern illumination techniques
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
Figure : Various illumination angles, Courtesy of ENI

Seismic
GIS
Coil line shooting
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
Figure : Coil line acquisition has no line changes, courtesy of WesternGeco.

Seismic
Navigation Outline
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
I Background
Seismic
Data production
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
I Data production
I Monitoring

Seismic
Navigation Outline
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
I Background
Seismic
Data production
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
I Data production
I Monitoring

Seismic
Navigation Data recording is tied to navigation
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Seismic data production
Survey
Classifications Currents can cause drifting on cables (feathering) and/or
Seismic
navigation
impacts the vessel speed over ground.
Data production
Monitoring
• Data quality depends on positioning and coverage:
Planning for
non-production
time
√
Minimizing the SNR(n) ∼ SNR(1) · n
amount of in-fills
n is the no of recordings
SNR is the signal-to-noise for a CMP gather

Seismic
Navigation Data recording is tied to navigation
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Seismic data production
Survey
Classifications Currents can cause drifting on cables (feathering) and/or
Seismic
navigation
impacts the vessel speed over ground.
Data production
Monitoring
• Data quality depends on positioning and coverage:
Planning for
non-production
time
√
Minimizing the SNR(n) ∼ SNR(1) · n
amount of in-fills
n is the no of recordings
SNR is the signal-to-noise for a CMP gather
• Data and positioning depends on navigation.

• Data is merged and stored with navigation positioning
data.

Seismic
Navigation Seismic Navigation System
GIS
A real-time GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
Production coordinates
navigation
Data production • DGPS at vessel antenna
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
and cable tail buoys.
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
• Acoustic communication
in a network of modules
attached to the cables.
Figure : Courtesy of National

Oceanography Center,[3].

Seismic
Navigation In-fills
GIS
Patching of CMP coverage holes
Background
Marine Loss of CMP coverage
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications Cables may drift outside of their preplot-assigned bins, besides
Seismic the possility of unacceptably noisy data, which calls for in-fill
navigation
Data production line patching.
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills

Seismic
Navigation Navigation constraints and challenges
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications A long list...
Seismic
navigation • Sea environmental (tides, cross-currents, head/tail current)
Data production
Monitoring • Areas restrictions (shoals, protected areas, obstructions, marine mammals)
Planning for
non-production • Acquisition type (conventional, wide azimuth, rich azimuth, multi-azimuth,
time
Minimizing the
coil)
amount of in-fills
• Vessel-operational (multi-vessel coordination, planned downtime,
time-sharing)
• Turn rate (tension, depth control)
The remedy
Good navigation planning and monitoring

Seismic
Navigation Downtime, line changes and in-fills are costly
GIS
Navigation GIS is key to productivity
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills

Seismic
Navigation Outline
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
I Background
Seismic
Data production
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
I Data production
I Monitoring

Seismic
Navigation Real-time monitoring
GIS
Information for steering
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
Figure : SeaPro Nav GIS navigation system, courtesy of Sercel.

Seismic
Navigation Real-time monitoring
GIS
On-line steering
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Vessel and equipment steering
Classifications
Seismic
Real-time monitoring ensures
navigation
Data production
• Data quality: Better coverage and positioning
Monitoring
Planning for • Safety: Avoid collisions and cable tangles
non-production
time
Minimizing the • Productivity: Optimal sailing courses, also in conjunction
amount of in-fills
with downtime
Downtime
The vessel needs to sail at a minimum speed to keep the
equipment afloat. Bad weather, causing too high noise levels
on the data recordings, will force the vessel to circling around
when ”riding the storm off”. The same thing happens in cases
of unexpected downtime events.

Seismic
Navigation Equipment steering
GIS
Lateral and depth controllers
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
Figure : eBird - Seismic cable control, courtesy of Kongsberg

Seismic
Navigation Outline
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
I Background
Seismic
Data production
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
I Data production
I Monitoring

Seismic
Navigation Minimizing time spend for line change
GIS
Pre-survey planning
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Deciding on the preplot
Classifications
Seismic • Fixed polygon boundaries

navigation
Data production • Lines in swaths
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production • Line direction matters
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills • Aim for fewer and longer
lines → Fewer line
changes
• No of lines vs. vessel
configuration

Seismic
Navigation Plan for maintenance downtime
GIS
Maintenance during e.g. swath changes
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills

Seismic
Navigation Plan for avoiding obstructions
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills

Seismic
Navigation Outline
GIS
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
I Background
Seismic
Data production
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
I Data production
I Monitoring

Seismic
Navigation Optimized in-fill line sequence
GIS
On-site decisions and back-office support planning
Background
Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
Seismic
navigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning for
non-production
time
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills

Seismic
Navigation Fresnel zone
GIS
Background
Marine
Fresnel zone reflection
Acquisition
Survey
Classifications
• Vertical resolution
Seismic governed by dominant
navigation
Data production wavelength λ: λ4 is the
Monitoring
Planning for highest possible
non-production
time
Minimizing the
resolution
amount of in-fills
• The vertical resolution
affects the horizontal
resolution to cause a
Fresnel zone reflection
• Fresnel zone width:
r
λ2
w= 2dλ + Figure : Courtesy of University of
4
Wisconsin-Madison

Seismic
Navigation Saving in-fills with Fresnel zone binning
GIS
Background Fresnel zone binning

Marine
Acquisition
Survey
Improves the monitoring
Classifications
of CDP coverage, as used
Seismic
navigation in (ray trace) processing
Data production
Monitoring • Navigation-integrated
Planning for
non-production
time • Saves in-fills
Minimizing the
amount of in-fills
• Provides better
positioning
Figure : Facsimile from a FZB service brochure,

courtesy of Fugro-Geoteam.

Seismic
Navigation Some references
GIS
Appendix
For Further
Reading
SurvOPTTM
Marine seismic project optimization
http://www.survopt.com/Marine-seismic-software-features.html
Lecture notes
Department of Geoscience, University of
Wisconsin-Madison
http://www.geology.wisc.edu/courses/g594/Lectures/L15_
SeismicReflectionII.pdf
How seismic surveys work

Courtesy of National Oceanography Center
http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/nmfss/nmep/seismic-exploration

Seismic Navigation GIS: Student Presentation GEG2230

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Seismic

Seismic Seismic Navigation GIS

Didrik Lilja, May 13, 2014

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• Line change with

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3-D surveys Multi-vessel surveys

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Figure : Various illumination angles, Courtesy of ENI

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Figure : Coil line acquisition has no line changes, courtesy of WesternGeco.

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• Data and positioning depends on navigation.

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Figure : Courtesy of National

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Figure : SeaPro Nav GIS navigation system, courtesy of Sercel.

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Figure : eBird - Seismic cable control, courtesy of Kongsberg

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Seismic • Fixed polygon boundaries

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Background Fresnel zone binning

Figure : Facsimile from a FZB service brochure,

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How seismic surveys work

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