1.

a gene's sequence always reveals its function

F

2.genes with recombination frequencies smaller than 50 percent are present ______ meaning
they are _____
in the same chromosome, linked

3.what is the relationship for recombination between linked genes in alleles of trans or cis
configuration
they take place with the same frequency

4.the greater the distance btwn 2 genes ______

the more likely a crossing over event occurs

5.what is the relationship between recombinant, non-recombinant, parental and non-parental

genes
parental = non-recombinant
non-parental = recombinant

6.what is the difference in gamete combinations in linked and unlinked genes?

linked genes do not behave independently therefore you do not produce all possible gamete
combinations.

7.what does it mean when linked genes are said to be completely linked?
there is an absence of crossing over in meiosis one causing 100% parental progeny

8.what did Thomas Morgan propose

1st to propose that genes on the same xsome could be inherited together as the same unit bc
they are physically linked

9.the frequency of recombination is directly proportional to _____

distance between 2 genes

10.the higher the FoR, the ______ the genes

further apart

11.what is the formula for recombination frequency

# recombinant (non parental) DIVIDED BY total # of progeny

12.What does it mean if gametes are not equally proportional

the genes are linked with rare recombination
13.what is a plasmid
small, circular, molecule of DNA that encodes nonessential genes that may offer selective
advantages.

14.the 1st plasmid discovered

R plasmid

15.what are 3 mechanisms of gene exchange in eukaryotes

1. conjugation
2. transformation
3. transduction

16.what is the outline of the conjugation experiment by J. Letterberg and E. Tatum?

they took 2 auxotropic strains of E. coli (A and B), put them on minimal media, added the
opposite supplementations to each and the third one they mixed A and B and added all
supplementations, They centrifuged and replaced with min med and no supplementation and
found no growth from A or B but 1/10 million could grow from the mix which suggested that it
had become prototrophic.

17.the conjugation experiment was followed up by the U-tube experiment by B. Davis. This
consisted of
taking a U-tube, putting strain A on one side, fritted glass in the middle, and B on the other side.
Found that needed cell to cell contact for genetic exchange and called this conjugation.

18.what did W. Hayes teach us

genetic exchange is UNIDIRECTIONAL. (strain A can donate genes to B but not vice versa due to
F-Factor or fertility factor.)

19.Conjugation occurs between?

cell of opposite mating type (F+ and F- NOT F+ and F+ or F- and F-)

20.what is the TRA Operon

where the genes for conjugation are clustered together on the plasmid

21.The process of DNA transfer debriefed:

1. nick is made in DNA at the OriT.
2. DNA synthesis occurs at the nick. DNA replication begins and the outer strand becomes
displaced
3. transfer of the displaced strand into recipient cell
4. the 2nd strand is copied in the recipient cell

22.most often, the result of an HFR strain is ____ because ___

F- recipient strain because the entire bacterial xome would have to be copied in order to make
it F+ and that takes too long for the conjugation bridge to withstand.
23.how does the F' plasmid arise
from imprecise excision of an HFR strain

24.define transformation
the ability for bacteria to take up naked DNA from the environment

25.what cells are capable of transformation

competent cells

26.Define transduction
process by which bacteriophage transfers genes from one bacterium to another via an
infectious route.

27.once DNA is transferred, it can undergo _____ ____ with the host bacterial xsome and
change the phenotype of the recipient cell
homologous recomb,

28.what are the 2 types of BP life cycles

lytic and lysogenic

29.briefly describe what happens during the lytic cycle

attachment of BP to host cell,
contraction of outer sheet forcing tail inside,
injection of DNA through tail,
degradation of host bacterial xsome DNA by BP proteins and enzymes,
replication and synthesis of BP genome and proteins, assembly of BP particles,
lysis and release

30.the ____ phage are capable of generalized transduction meaning _____

lytic
any nonspecific fragment of DNA can be transferred

31.how are transducing particles made

when BP packages fragment of bacterial xsome instead of phage genome

32.what happens during lysogenic life cycle

1. infection
2. the prophage remains integrated until env. cond. gets bad and then the prophage jumps ship
(SOS response)
3. find new host and the progeny have choice to be lytic or lysogenic (temperate phage)
33.what are 4 characteristics genetic material must have
1. complex and stable enough to store all genetic information

2. stored info can be accurately replicated and passed down

3. info can be translated into cellular phenotype

4. genetic variation can be introduced (genetic recomb and mutation)

34.dicentric: is if a Chromosome gains a centromere

35.acentric: is if Chromosome lost centromere

36.what are the 4 morphological classifications of Chromosomes?

metacentric, submetacentric, telocentric, acrocentric

37.what is an episome?
plasmid that can be extrachromosomal or integrated

38.Is an F+ cell a donor or recipient in the process of conjugation?

donor

39.Can conjugation occur between two F+ cells? Can it occur between two F- cells?
no

40.What is the relationship between frequency of co-transformation and

the distance (linkage) between two genes?
the higher the frequency the shorter the distance

41.What is meant by virulent phage?

virulent causes death

42.What is meant by temperate phage?

has choice of being lytic or lysogenic

44.Thomas Hunt Morgan contributed to two major discoveries in genetics, what were they?
genes on same chrosome could be inhertited as same unit bc physically together

non parental is result of crossing-over

45.Approximately how many genes are there in the human genome?
25,000

46.What is the relationship between the frequency of meiotic recombination and genetic
distance between two genes?
the higher the frequency, the further apart

47.What is meant by coupling and repulsion phase? Do these terms refer to linked or unlinked
genes?
Coupling is CIS and repulsion is TRANS they are linked

48.What is a centimorgan?
one map unit