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Optimization strategies for pulverized coal injection into the blast furnace
R. Schott, Küttner GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
Contact data
Dr.-Ing. Robin Schott
Küttner GmbH & Co. KG, Alfredstraße 28, 45130 Essen, Germany
phone: +49 (0)201 7293 242, fax: +49 (0)201 7293 107
e-mail: r.schott@kuettner.com
Summary
A significant measure to improve cost effectiveness of the blast furnace process by reducing the coke rate was the
injection of auxiliary fuels like pulverized coal, oil, or natural gas into the raceway of the blast furnace. After the
second oil crisis during the early 1980s, pulverized coal injection (PCI) became dominant. Since that time the
pulverized coal injection technology has been developed and optimized continuously. For an optimal blast furnace
operation using pulverized coal injection, it is necessary that the injected coal is gasified as fast and efficiently as
possible within the tuyere and the raceway of the blast furnace. The physical and kinetic limits of coke substitution
for pulverized coal are the permeability of the blast furnace in case the injected pulverized coal does not gasify
completely, a minimum coke rate to secure the permeability of the blast furnace, and/or an increasing amount of
unconverted pulverized coal in the top gas dust. Hence, the injected pulverized coal rate can be increased, and the
coke rate can be simultaneously decreased (according to the replacement ratio coke/coal), as long as the pressure
drop or the carbon rate in the top gas dust does not increase significantly. Consequently, it is necessary to develop
the pulverized coal injection technology with a vision of the best possible gasification of injected pulverized coal
within the tuyere and raceway of the blast furnace. This paper focuses on some important steps of these PCI
improvements. These steps include the reduction of transport and injection gas to a minimum, the Oxycoal
technology, preheating of pulverized coal, the use of oxygen in hot blast enrichment and the combined injection of
pulverized coal and gas. Finally, the economical aspects of using PCI considering the presented optimization steps
will be discussed.
Key Words
pulverized coal injection (PCI), auxiliary reducing agent, blast furnace, raceway, dense phase, dilute phase,
Oxycoal+ technology, oxygen enrichment, coal gasification, preheating of coal, combined injection, natural gas
injection (NGI)
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total fuel consumption. A good overview of this topic whereas the shape of the reaction space in the
can be found in [4]. raceway can be traced back on endoscopic
researches made by Greuel et al [6]. The penetration
Another way to realize high pulverized coal injection depth of the raceway is calculated in dependence of
rates converted in the blast furnace process uses the kinetic energy of the hot blast according to the
high oxygen enrichments of the hot blast of more semi-empirical model of Peters [7]. The three-
than 30 to 35%. The more oxygen enrichment of the dimensional gas flow is described by steady-state
hot blast the better is the gasification of coal particles Reynolds-averaged conservation equations for mass,
blown in the coke layer at the end of the raceway. substance, momentum, and energy. The coal
That means that a fast gasification of injected particles are modeled as a disperse phase according
pulverized coal in the tuyere and the raceway is less to the Lagrange-method. That model calculates
important because a higher amount of not converted injected coal particle characteristics on the basis of a
coal particles can be gasified in the coke layers at the balance of forces along discrete trajectory at which
end of the raceway by the additional oxygen in the particle-particle interactions are disregarded. The
hot blast. The permeability and the pressure drop of heating of the disperse phase is modeled by radiation
the blast furnace is not affected negatively and the and convective flow of heat. For the description of the
amount of carbon in the top gas does not increase. In burnout of injected coal particles a standard coal
the end a high oxygen enrichment of the hot blast combustion model is used, in which the Boudouard
enables to achieve high PCI rate even with a simple reaction and the heterogeneous water-gas reaction
PCI technology. are added to the heterogeneous surface reactions,
But it has to be considered that a lot of oxygen is like the partial oxidation of carbon. The transport of
needed for a high oxygen enrichment of the hot blast. the different gases within the gaseous phase, and
For example an oxygen enrichment of 35% with a their reactions among each other, is described by the
total amount of hot blast of approx. 710 m³(i.N.)/tHM finite rate/Eddy-dissipation-model, in which the speed
needs 125,82 m³(i.N.)/tHM of pure oxygen. In most of reaction is either limited by the Arrhenius-rate
place of the world oxygen is expensive. Of course depend on temperature, or by turbulent mixing of the
more oxygen in the hot blast of the blast furnace reacting agents. The complexity of that physical
enables more crude iron to be produced. However model is down to simultaneously solving the
this operation could mean higher wear for the blast formulation of the three-dimensional two-phase flow
furnace. In the end a detailed technological and superimposed by the coal gasification reactions, and
economical analysis is necessary to decide about a considering heat radiation and convection. To solve
traditional operation or an operation with a high the resulting complex system of equations a
oxygen enrichment of the blast furnace. computational fluid dynamic (CFD) tool [5] is used.
Methods of evaluation
If PCI technology is used it is very important to
evaluate its technological and economical success.
The most reliable PCI evaluations are of course
operational results. But operational PCI results can
only be determined after installation of the
corresponding PCI technology at the blast furnace.
Furthermore it is very difficult or in some case
impossible to determine reliable measured values for
example inside the raceway. For the decision which
PCI technology or which possible PCI optimization
strategy should be used it is necessary to forecast
the performance of the corresponding PCI technology
and its effect on the blast furnace process. That’s the Figure 3: Küttners gas flow and PCI process model of
reason why Küttner developed its own gas flow and the tuyere and the raceway [5]
PCI process model of the tuyere and the raceway of
the blast furnace [5]. Using PCI at the blast furnace it PCI optimization strategies
is very important that as much pulverized coal as Küttner's first industrial pulverized coal injection plant
possible is converted as fast as possible within the was built in 1984/85 for Thyssen's blast furnace no. 4
tuyere and the raceway. Thereby, the speed of coal in Hamborn, Germany. At that time, Küttner started
gasification depends on the temperature, and is with its own dense phase PCI system, while others
determined by either the chemical kinetics or the favored a dilute phase PCI system. In 1984 Thyssen
diffusion in coal particle pores, or the diffusion decided to equip blast furnace no. 4 in Hamborn in
through the particle encircling interface. The reaction such a way that 15 tuyeres were fed with Küttner's
space in the tuyere is known explicitly (see figure 3), dense phase PCI system, and the other 15 tuyeres
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with a dilute phase system. But what is the difference level. Altogether, the advantages of dense phase PCI
between a dilute phase and a dense phase PCI technology compared to dilute phase PCI technology
system? Figure 4 gives an answer to that question. are obvious.
The first step of optimizing existing PCI systems is to
reduce the transport and injection gas to a minimum
or in other words to use dense phase PCI
technology. Figure 5 illustrates operational results of
the increased PCI and decreased coke rate related to
CSC blast furnace no.4.
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raceway and not in the tuyere. Using dense phase the end of the raceway decreased from 261,7 g/s
PCI with Oxycoal+ technology, the increase of (dilute phase) to 208,2 g/s (dense phase) and to
temperature occurs within the tuyere. The result 184,6 g/s (Oxycoal+). From this it follows a minimal
concerning the start of ignition of injected pulverized increase of PCI rate changing dilute phase PCI to
coal within the tuyere corresponds exactly to the dense phase PCI of 53,5 g/s (or 9,2%) as the blast
experimental observations shown in figure 7. furnace process can cope with 261,7 g/s of not
Altogether these results confirm that the coal completely converted pulverized coal entering the
gasification starts earlier using dense phase PCI coke layer at the end of the raceway (reference). In
compared to dilute phase PCI and even more early this case the minimal amount of additionally injected
using the Oxycoal+ technology. Consequently, there pulverized coal of 53,5 g/s is not gasified in the
is more time left for a complete gasification of the tuyere and raceway but it is very probable that this
injected coal particles within the tuyere and the blast additional amount of injected pulverized coal is also
furnace raceway. The numerical simulations can also gasified according to the ratio converted to not
be evaluated to quantify the more complete converted coal using dense phase PCI. From this a
gasification of injected coal particles using dense maximum increase of PCI rate of 134,8 g/s (or 20,3
phase and/or Oxycoal+ technology. In doing so the %) using dense phase PCI instead of dilute phase
not converted coal particles at the end of the raceway PCI follows. The truth is somewhere between the
just before entering the coke layer in the blast minimum and maximum increase of PCI rate. For
furnace are counted. This is shown in figure 9 where dense phase PCI using the Oxycoal+ technology the
the amount of completely and not completely gasified minimum increase of PCI rate compared to dilute
coal particles within the tuyere and raceway is phase PCI is evaluated to 77,1 g/s (or 12,7%) and
evaluated for all three numerical simulations. the maximum increase of PCI rate is evaluated to
219,1 g/s (or 29,3%).
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preheating equipment is lower than for the Oxycoal+ consequence is a local cooling of gas temperature in
technology. the tuyere and raceway and a lower raceway
adiabatic flame temperature. In addition less free
oxygen for coal gasification in the tuyere and
raceway is available. Furthermore the endothermic
Boudouard and heterogeneous water-gas reaction
get more influence on coal gasification as hot steam
and carbon dioxide are the products of burned
natural gas. As a consequence the high temperature
level in the tuyere and raceway is additionally
lowered. Altogether natural gas injection has negative
influence on fast and complete coal gasification of a
combined PCI and NGI process which results in
reduced PCI rates converted by the blast furnace
process.
In order to quantify this influence two numerical
simulations with our gas flow and PCI process model
Figure 10: Improved coal gasification from Oxycoal+ of the tuyere and the raceway [5] were performed.
versus Oxycoal+ incl. PC preheating (200°C) Here, dense phase PCI incl. Oxycoal+ technology
and combined NGI and PCI incl. Oxycoal+
technology is compared. The combined injection
process is simulated with two separate injection
lances, one coaxial lance for dense phase PCI using
the Oxycoal+ technology and one single lance for
NGI. The volume of injected natural was chosen to
136 m³(i.N.)/h which is a relatively small amount. The
results of the numerical simulation in Figure 12 show
the gas temperature distribution within the tuyere and
raceway, indicating the burning of injected pulverized
coal and natural gas. A later ignition of injected
pulverized coal using the combined NGI and PCI incl.
Oxycoal+ compared to using only PCI incl. Oxycoal+
can be seen. Additionally the gas temperatures in the
tuyere and raceway of the only PCI incl. Oxycoal+
process are locally hotter than for the combined
injection process. These results confirm that NGI has
a negative influence on a fast and more complete
Figure 11: Küttners PC preheating plant at BF no.1 in coal gasification of combined injection of pulverized
Duisburg Schwelgern, Germany coal. Further evaluations of these two simulations
concerning the amount of completely and not
Pulverized coal is not the only auxiliary reducing completely gasified coal particles are shown in figure
agent used at the blast furnace. 10,9 % of all blast 13 (reference Oxycoal+).
furnace operators uses natural gas (NG) [1] to reduce
their coke rates and to improve their profitability. The
profitability is mainly depended on costs of coke and
the chosen auxiliary reducing agent. Some blast
furnace operators in the world have the possibility to
use either natural gas or pulverized coal as auxiliary
reducing agent and some like to operate a combined
injection of pulverized coal and natural gas. In this
context combined injection means to inject natural
gas and pulverized coal in all tuyeres at the same
time. This is possible but there are some limitations.
The burning of injected natural gas is much faster
than the gasification of injected coal. For this reason
the oxygen of the hot blast is preferred consumed by
burning of natural gas. But before natural gas is
burned it has to be cracked. This costs energy which Figure 12: Simulation results from PCI incl. Oxycoal+
is supplied by the blast furnace process. The versus combined NGI and PCI incl. Oxycoal+
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Abbreviations
CFD computational fluid dynamics
CSC China Steel Corporation
CSR coke strength after reaction
H2O water (steam)
HM hot metal
velocity coefficient
mass flow rate
N2 nitrogen
NG natural gas
NGI Natural gas injection
Figure 13: Degraded coal gasification from PCI incl.
p pressure
Oxycoal+ versus combined NGI and PCI incl.
O2 oxygen
Oxycoal+
PC pulverized coal
Conclusion PCI pulvierzed coal injection
Pulverized coal is the most used and in many cases heat flow rate
most economic auxiliary reducing agent for the blast T temperature
furnace. The more PCI rate converted in the blast υ volume fraction
furnace the better are the cost savings of blast volume flow rate
furnace fuel consumption. In order to achieve high v velocity
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References
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