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NGLA.
High Voltage Technical Seminar
Transmission Line Arrester Applications
• General overview about lightning activities
• General overview about lightning effects on unshielded and shielded
transmission lines.
• General overview about the procedures to improve the transmission
lines lightning performance.
• Transmission Line Arresters (TLA).
• This fact has been taken by several power supply utilities and
industrial consumers around the world and caused them to invest in
partnership with universities and research centers in the research
programs and field studies, aiming:
– To develop theoretical studies to get a better understanding about
the transient response of shielded and unshielded overhead lines
reached by lightning.
– To get a better understanding about the lightning incidence and its
parameters which have influence on the transient behaviour of the
overhead lines.
– The promotion of improvements along the critical sections of the
overhead lines with poorer lightning performance, thereby
increasing their reliability.
Transient voltages on
insulators strings
VIS i t Vcrossarmi t Vinducedi t VPFi
VIS i t Vcrossarmi t Vinducedi t VPFi
VIS i t VDischarg ei t
• Unshielded Lines:
– Basically all lightning strikes on structures or on the phase
conductors will produce flashovers along the insulator strings.
• Shielded Lines:
– Possibility of back flashover occurring across insulator strings.
– Transmission line lightning performance depends strongly on the
transient grounding system behaviour.
• Shielding failure:
– Flashover occurrence as in case of the unshielded lines.
• Induced voltages:
– Critical for systems with rated voltage up to 45 kV
INPUT OUTPUT:
Current outage Desired outage
number number
• Generality:
– TLA been Installed in parallel with
insulators strings on systems up to
800 kV for lightning protection and
to controll switching overvoltages.
– Installed along critical sections of
transmission lines with poorer
lightning performance to reduce
non-schedule outages due to
lightning.
• reducing system interruption.
• increasing system reliability.
– NGLA or EGLA configuration.
page 24
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
TLA selection for NGLA
• Totally different application than substation arresters:
– Used to protect self-restoring equipments.
– Short protective distances.
– Its only purpose is to prevent flashover of the insulators strings
• Rated voltage and MCOV:
– Highest voltage of the system & maximum temporary overvoltages
and their duration.
• Housing characteristics.
• Maximum protective levels required.
• Energy requirements for lightning & switching surges.
• TLA short-circuit capability.
• Environmental conditions and mechanical considerations.
TOV SA TOV 2
TOV 1
MCOV
VMAX
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
Housing requirements
page 31 /
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
Housing requirements
page 32 /
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
Housing requirements: lightning impulses
Lightning impulse withstand voltage of the housing:
Condition 1: LIWVC ≥ 1,10 x TLA residual voltage at 40 kA (8/20 µs):
page 33 /
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
Housing requirements: creepage distance
page 34 /
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
Housing requirements: creepage distance
DLFC Creepage distance for an altitude H above the sea level (m);
DLFN Creepage distance for an altitude H ≤ 1000 m;
H Altitude of the transmission line above the sea level (m).
50001000
0.5.
DLF4600m 6125 e 8150
6125 1.278 7,829mm
page 35 /
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
TLA selection – NGLA – Which Energy class?
• Different application than line discharge for substation arresters:
Simulation time
using ATP Draw
program
Power frequency
source
characteristics:
245 kV system
Line parameters:
R, L and C for
positive and zero
sequences
• TLA installed along the sections of the transmission lines share the
total energy among them reducing the energy absorbed by each
TLA.
• Electrical characteristics.
– When the disconnector shall operate.
– When the disconnector shall not operate.
page 43
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
Selection of disconnectors characteristics
page 44
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
Important disconnector characteristics
• The disconnector must always continue its opening operation once it
is triggered to operate even if the system voltage trips.
• A disconnector is a simple device that typically reacts on heating
from power frequency like currents. It can never distinguish between
TOV currents or slow oscillating slow front currents passing through
the NGLA or real short-circuit currents.
– This shows the importance to always select a high enough rated
voltage so that the NGLA do not see TOV stresses that can
interfere with its disconnector operation.
– If not, disconnectors with a better coordination to selected NGLA
and systems conditions shall be selected.
page 45
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
NGLA - Proper disconnector coordination
1. Disconnector operates before the line trips: this depends how
quick the disconnector operates plus how quickly it can quench the
arc during falling out, which will be strongly weather dependent.
This is then a race between the line protection scheme and the
disconnector and may vary from incident to incident. No tripping
occurs.
2. Disconnector operates before fast reclosing of the line: this
means that once triggered the disconnector shall continue to
disconnect even if the power supply is switched off. This should be
a repeatable operation depending on coordination of the line
protection scheme including fast reclosing time and the
disconnector opening time.
page 46
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
NGLA - Proper disconnector coordination
3. Disconnector has not completed its operation when reclosing
occurs: this should not happen as this leads to a system
disturbance and also leads to a second short-circuit stress on the
NGLA which significantly increase the risk of complete
disintegration of the arrester with larger pieces coming down. This
indicates a mismatch of disconnector opening times compared to
the line protection scheme of the system and may cause system
disturbance every time there is a NGLA failure.
4. A fourth scenario is that the disconnector operates but the
arrester is not overloaded or failed: this should not occur and
indicates either a disconnector not matching the NGLA
characteristics or a mechanically too weak disconnector design.
page 47
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
Field performance and trial results
• Field experience with line arrester´s application:
– Technical literatures and field evaluation have been reporting the
effectiveness in the application of transmission line arresters for the
improvement of transmission line lightning performance in many
countries around the world in special in USA and Japan.
– Good field experience and the proven results obtained in the
improvement of the overhead lines lightning performance have been
encouraging more and more users to develop studies and research
programs to evaluate the line arresters application.
– Electric failures:
• higher energies absorbed by line arresters.
• Temporary overvoltage issues
– Mechanic failures:
• disconnection of some line arresters due to failures in the flexible
cable and in the links connection (eye screw) caused by the
incidence of strong winds and / or vibration in the line.