Minerals Processing

Kuliah 1
07 Februari 2018
Isi kuliah

 SAP
 Peta Mineral di Indonesia
 Pengantar
Satuan Acara Pengajaran (1/2)

 MK : Pengolahan Mineral
 SKS : 4 (Selasa dan Rabu, pk. 13.00-15.00;
16.00-18.00)
 Tujuan Pembelajaran:
 Mahasiswa mampu mengenal dan memahami
proses-proses pengolahan mineral/bijih beserta
peralatannya.
 Buku ajar:
 B.A. Wills, Mineral Processing Technology, 5th ed.
Pergamon press, 1992
Satuan Acara Pengajaran (2/2)

 Silabus:
 Terminologi dan konsep dasar pengolahan
mineral/bijih,
 Potensi sumber-sumber mineral/bijih yang dapat
diolah secara teknis,
 Proses size reduction: crushing, screening,
grinding, klasifikasi
 Proses separasi/konsentrasi: gravitasi, flotasi,
magnetik, dewatering/thickening.
Ketentuan lain

 Pengajar:
 Dr. Ir. Sri Harjanto
 Dr.Ing. Alfian Ferdiansyah, ST., MT.
 Nilai :
 Tugas/Quiz : 20%
 UTS : 40%
 UAS : 40%
 Absensi : 70% kehadiran
BIJIH DAN KEBERADAANNYA
Minerals by definition are
natural inorganic substances possessing definite chemical compositions
and atomic structures.
Isomorphism - polymorphism

 Many minerals exhibit isomorphism, where substitution of atoms

within the crystal structure by similar atoms takes place without
affecting the atomic structure. The mineral olivine, for example, has
the chemical composition (Mg, Fe)2 SiO4, but the ratio of Mg atoms
to Fe atoms varies in different olivines. The total number of Mg and
Fe atoms in all olivines, however, has the same ratio to that of the Si
and O atoms.

 Minerals can also exhibit polymorphism, different minerals having

the same chemical composition, but markedly different physical
properties due to a difference in crystal structure. Iron sulfide (FeS2)
can crystallize in the orthorhombic system or in the isometric
system. Orthorhombic iron sulfide is called “marcasite” whereas the
isometric form of the compound is named “pyrite.”
Coal and rock

 Thus, coal, chalk, clay, and granite do not come within the definition
of a mineral, although details of their production are usually included
in national figures for mineral production.

 Such materials are, in fact, rocks, which are not homogeneous in

chemical and physical composition, as are minerals, but generally
consist of a variety of minerals and form large parts of the earth's
crust. For instance, granite, which is one of the most abundant
igneous rocks, i.e. a rock formed by cooling of molten material, or
magma, within the earth's crust, is composed of three main mineral
constituents, feldspar, quartz, and mica.
Logam di kulit bumi
Logam di lautan
Mineral dan ikutan
Bijih non metalik

 Ores of economic value can be classed as metallic or non-metallic,

according to the use of the mineral. Certain minerals may be mined
and processed for more than one purpose. In one category the
mineral may be a metal ore, i.e. when it is used to prepare the
metal, as when bauxite (hydrated aluminium oxide) is used to make
aluminium.

 The alternative is for the compound to be classified as a nonmetallic

ore, i.e. when bauxite or natural aluminium oxide is used to make
material for refractory bricks or abrasives.

 Many non-metallic ore minerals associate with metallic ore minerals

(Appendix II) and are mined and processed together, e.g. galena,
the main source of lead, sometimes associates with fluorite (CaF2)
and barytes (BaSO4), both important non-metallic minerals.
 Klasifikasi logam industri
Grup Sub Grup Logam-logam
Berat (heavy) Cu (tembaga); Ni (nikel); Pb (timah hitam); Zn
(seng); Sn (timah putih)
Ringan (light) Al (aluminium); Mg (magnesium); Ti (titanium);
Be (berilium); Ca (kalsium); Sr (stronsium); Ba
(barium); Li (lithium); Na (sodium; K (potasium),
Non
Rb (rubidium); Cs (cesium)
Ferrous
Minor Co (kobalt); Cd (kadmium); Sb (Antimoni); Bi
(bismut); Hg (air raksa); As (arsenik)
Mulia (noble) Au (emas); Ag (perak); Pt (platinum); Os
(osmium); Ir (iridium), Ru (ruthenium, Rh
(rhodium); Pd (palladium)
Klasifikasi logam industri
Grup Sub Grup Logam-logam
Logam jarang W (tungsten); Mo (molybdenum); V
(rare metals/ (vanadium); Ta (tantalum); Ti (titanium, bj =
refractory) 4500 kg/m3); Nb (niobium); Cr (chromium);
Mn (mangan); Zr (zirkonium); Re (rhenium)
Non
Ferrous Tanah jarang Sc (scandium); Y (yttrium); La (lanthanum);
(rare earth) Ce (cerium); Pr (peaseodymium); Nd
(neodymium); Sm (samarium); Eu (europium);
Gd (gadolinium); Tb (terbium); Yb (ytterbium),
Dy (dysprosium); Ho (holmium); Er (erbium);
Lu (lutecium)
Disseminated Ge (germanium); Ga (galium); Tl (thallium);
Re (rhenium); Hf (hafnium)
Radio aktif U (uranium); Th (thorium); Ra (radium); Pu
(plutonium); Np (neptunium); Pa
(protactinium)
Produksi Logam - LME
LOGAM BERHARGA DALAM
MINERAL DAN LIBERASI
Logam berharga dalam mineral
Texture

An intimate knowledge of the mineralogical assembly of the ore is essential if

efficient processing is to be carried out. A knowledge not only of the nature of
the valuable and gangue minerals but also of the ore "texture" is required.

The texture refers to the size, dissemination, association and shape of the
minerals within the ore. The processing of minerals should always be
considered in the context of the mineralogy of the ore in order to predict
grinding and concentration requirements, feasible concentrate grades
and potential difficulties of separation (Hausen, 1991; Guerney et al., 2003;
Baum et al., 2004).

Microscopic analysis of concentrate and tailings products can also yield much
valuable information regarding the efficiency of the liberation and concentration
processes (see Figures 1.2a-I for examples). It is particularly useful in
troubleshooting problems which arise from inadequate
Analisa mikroskopik bijih
 Liberasi This is illustrated by Figure 1.5,
One of the major objectives of comminution is which shows a lump of ore which has
the liberation, or release, of the valuable been reduced to a number of
minerals from the associated gangue minerals cubes of identical volume and of a
at the coarsest possible particle size. size below that of the grains of
mineral observed in the original ore
If such an aim is achieved, then not only is sample.
energy saved by the reduction of the amount of
fines produced, but any subsequent separation
stages become easier and cheaper to operate.
The particles of "locked" mineral and
gangue are known as middlings, and
further liberation from this fraction can
only be achieved by further
comminution.
Derajat Liberasi
The "degree of liberation" refers to the percentage of the mineral occurring as
free particles in the ore in relation to the total content. This can be high if there
are weak boundaries between mineral and gangue particles, which is
often the case with ores composed mainly of rock-forming minerals, particularly
sedimentary minerals.

Usually, however, the adhesion between mineral and gangue is strong and,
during comminution, the various constituents are cleft across. This
produces much middlings and a low degree of liberation.

New approaches to increasing the degree of liberation involve directing the

breaking stresses at the mineral crystal boundaries, so that the rock
can be broken without breaking the mineral grains (Wills and Atkinson, 1993).
Amstutz, 1961 membagi klasifikasi
geometri untuk tekstur mineral dan Texture/Interlocking: Equigranular, straight,
karakteristik liberasinya (dikutip rectilinear, cuspate margins. Simple locking (Fig 1).
dari http://www.cps- Liberation Properties: Fairly easy
liberation. Common occurrence especially in
amu.org/sf/notes/lect12.htm) orthomagmatic and highly metamorphosed and
recrystallized ores. Also in ores showing
successive depositional sequence.

b. Texture/Interlocking: Mutually curving

boundaries with negligible
interpenetration. Simple locking (Fig 2).
Liberation Properties: Fairly easy
liberation. Common occurrence in
simultaneously crystallized ores where interfacial
free energies are similar.

c. Texture/Interlocking: Mottled, spotty, careous,

with partial penetration. Relatively simple locking
(Fig 3).
Liberation Properties: Fairly easy
liberation. Common occurrence in ores
where interreplacement processes have been active.
d. Texture/Interlocking: Graphic, myrmekitic, viscera
locking. Deep micropenetration (Fig 4).
Liberation Properties: Complete liberation difficult o
impossible. Not common as a major texture in ores. Produced by
exsolution and replacement. Eg. Galena/sphalerite
and chalcocite/bornite.

e.Texture/Interlocking: Disseminated, drop like, emulsion

eutectoidal locking. Finely dispersed
phases (Fig 5)
Liberation Properties: Complete liberation difficult or impossible
chemical treatment often required. Common occurrence by
exsolution (left) Au/arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite/sphalerite
by replacement (right) pyrite/sphalerite.

f. Texture/Interlocking: Intergranular rim; coating mantled

enveloped, atoll-like locking (Fig 6).
Liberation Properties: Liberation may be difficult if free grain is
continuously enveloped by layer. Not uncommon, often formed by
replacement reaction. Eg. Hematite film on gold; chalcocite o
covellite on pyrite, galena or sphalerite.
 g. Texture/Interlocking: Concentric, spherulitic,
scalloped, colloform-layered locking (Fig 7).
Liberation Properties: Liberation fairly difficult or
difficult; common occurrence in Fe, Mn, and Al ores. Also
U (pitchblende) intergrained with sulfide. Usually
associated with colloidal precipitation.

h. Texture/Interlocking: Planar, lamellar, sandwich-type

locking. Lamellae may vary in size (Fig 8).
Liberation Properties: Liberation fairly easy to
variable. Produced by exsolution
(Eg. Cubanite/chalcopyrite, ilmenite/magnetite). Also by
replacement (Eg. Magnetite and hematite).

i. Texture/Interlocking: Reticulate (net-like)

boxwork. Finely interpenetrating locking (Fig 9).
Liberation Properties: Liberation variable to
difficult. Common occurrence by replacement (Eg.
bornite/chalcopyrite, anglesite/covellite/galena). Also by
exsolution (Eg. hematite/ilmenite/ magnetite).

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Tahapan pengolahan mineral (1)
Tahapan pengolahan mineral (2)
Rentang efektif aplikasi teknik
pemrosesan mineral konvensional
The object of mineral processing, regardless of the methods used, is
always the same, i.e. to separate the minerals into two or more products
with the values in the concentrates, the gangue in the tailings, and the
"locked" particles in the middlings.
MINERAL DI INDONESIA
Peta deposit mineral tembaga (Cu)
Peta deposit mineral nikel (Ni)
(4) Buli (PT Antam)
Konsesi: 39.040 ha
Mineral: Lateritic
Eksplorasi: P. Gee, T. Buli

(5) P. Gebe(PT Antam)

Konsesi: 1225 ha
(3) Soroako Mineral:saprolithic dan limonitic
Eksplorasi Antam
Cadangan: 94 jt ton, kadar 1,9% Ni

(2) P. Bahubulu (Antam)

Eksplorasi Antam

(1) Pomala (PT. Antam):

Konsesi: 7589 ha
Mineral: saprolitic
 Peta deposit mineral emas (Au)
(1) Rejang Lebong, Bengkulu (Belanda)
(2) Cikotok, Banten (Belanda)
(3) Pongkor, Bogor
- cadangan 6,3 juta ton
- PT Antam, 4.058 ha
(4) sambas, Kal Bar (Belanda)
(5) Kab. Barito Utara
- tradisional dan PT Indo Mura Kencana
(6) Batu Hijau, Sumbawa
- PT. Newmont Nusa Tenggara
- Cadangan: 14,7 jt ounces emas
(7) Latimojong, sul Ut
(8) Bolaang mongondow, sul ut
- PT Masmindo Dewi Area
(9) Timika, Papua
- PT Freeport
Peta deposit mineral Timah (dan Kaolinit)

Mineral: Cassiterite (SnO2), kaolin (china clay, Aluminium Silicate Al2SiO3)

Peta deposit mineral bauksit
Peta deposit mineral timah hitam (Pb) dan
grafit
 Mineral Utama di Indonesia (contoh)
Mineral Cassiterite (SnO2 : 3%)
Produksi PT Timah 45.000 ton
Harga pasaran 11.500 – 12.500 US$/ton

Mineral Ikutan
 1. Monazite
 2. Ilmenite
 3. Xenotime
 4. Zircon
Monazite (Ce, Nd, Pr, La)PO4 + Th3(PO4) 4

 Contains appr. 50 % Ce, 25% La, 15% Nd, 10%

other rare earths
 Thorium 6,81 %
 Rare earth 52 %

 Ilmenite (FeTiO2)
 Titanium oksida 23,46 %
Xenotime (YPO4)

 Kandungan Y2O3 28,21% (29.382 ton)

Zircon (ZrSiO4)

 Kandungan Zr oksida 44,55 %

PEMBENTUKAN MINERAL
BEBERAPA CONTOH
MINERAL
BIJIH DAN KONSENTRAT
Beberapa terminologi
 Recovery: persentase logam total yang terkandung dalam bijih yang
ter-recovery dalam konsentrat
 Recovery 90%  90% logam di bijih ter-recover dalam konsentrat dan 10%
hilang di dalam tailing

 Rasio konsentrasi: rasio berat dari umpan terhadap berat konsentrat

 Digunakan untuk mengukur efisiensi proses konsentrasi
 Sangat berhubungan dengan kadar (assay) konsentrat

 Kadar (assay) merujuk pada kandungan yang bernilai (layak jual) dari
produk akhir material.
 Ppm  gram/ton
 Bijih intan dalam karat per 100 ton  1 karat = 0.2 g

 Rasio pengayaan: rasio kadar konsentrat terhadap kadar umpan.

Recovery dan kadar
 Kadar konsentrat dan recovery, digunakan
secara simultan. Keduanya untuk mengukur
dan mengkaji apakah kinerja metalurgi,
ekonomis atau tidak.
 Jika kadar dan recovery tinggi maka pilihan
jadi mudah, tapi jika kadar tinggi tapi
recovery rendah maka pilihan menjadi lebih
sulit.