Table of content

NO DESCRIPTION PAGES
1 INTRODUCTION 2
2 INITIAL ASSESSMENT 3-5
3 WATER Demand 6-11
-Population Projection
-Water Demand
-Fire Demand
-Water Demand Fluctuation

4 PROPOSED WATER TREATMENT AND PLANT DESIGN 12-33

-Water Intake
-Rapid Mixing
-Flocculation Basin
-Sedimentation Basin
-Sand Filtration
-Disinfection unit

5 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 34-38

-Transmission Pipelines
-Distribution Pipelines
-Reticulation Pipelines
-Hydraulic Calculation of a reticulation system(Example)

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 39

7 REFERENCES 40
8 APPENDIX 41-4

1
 (1.0) Introduction:
Tanah Merah town is located in District of Tanah Merah with a total catchment of 64 km
square. It is the second largest town in State of Kelantan with rapid growth of development.
The town is situated on the west bank of Kelantan River with the railway line run across the
middle of the town.

Parts of the town area especially at the north and east where vast of the areas have been
developed for the housing project was the ex-paddy field with a lowland topography. With
the lack of the proper drainage system connecting the affected area and insufficient in
density, these areas have been flooded during the heavy rainstorm. The situation has been
even worst during the monsoon where the overflow from the Sungai Kelantan will backflow
into the lowland areas through the existing Sungai Kepat, Sungai Tualang Bah, Sungai Maka
and Sungai Alor Pechong which are lying at the side of Bandar Tanah Merah.

Future development is also expected increase imperviousness of the catchment. A part

from disturbing hydrology, under designed drainage will also causes flash flood. Worse still,
urbanization brings even more pollution issue to the area, which already has poor water
quality due to lack of control.

2
(2.0) Initial assessment
(i) Water Sources

The main source of water to supply water to the people in Tanah Merah is Sungai
Kelantan. The Kelantan River (named Sungai Kelantan in Malay language) is the major river
in Kelantan, Malaysia. It drains a catchment area of about 11900 km² in north-east Malaysia
including part of the Taman Negara National Park, and flows northwards into the South
China Sea.

The diagram shows how the water is distributed to the people in Tanah Merah
throughout Sungai Kelantan.

3
 (ii) Water Quality

Water Quality assessment was carried out through site and laboratory testing to
determine chemical parameters of water in Tanah Merah. From 25 sampling sites, sample
water was tested for 11 water quality parameters from the simplest pH measurement to
Total Coliform determination. It was found that water quality in Tanah Merah is generally
poor with high ammoniacal nitrogen, bio-chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease as well as
total coliform count due to the lack of proper sewage treatment system in the town.

Monitoring of river quality in Malaysia by the department of environmental(DOE) started

in 1978, initially to establish water quality baseline and subsequently to detect water quality
changes and identify pollution sources.

River water appraisal is based on water quality index (WQI)

• Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N)
• pH
• Suspended solids (SS)

Water quality indicator for stream/ river sampling

4
Water quality indicator for point-source pollution

Water quality monitoring and sampling

5
 (3.0)Water Demand
Population projection, in the field of demography, is an estimate of a future population.
This is the data collected from the Department of Statistic which shows the population of
people in Tanah Merah, Kelantan.

Year Population
1980 61,996
1990 94,611
2000 101,450
2010 121,319

A water treatment plant is generally designed and constructed to serve the needs of a
community for a number of years in the future. Design year or known as design period is the
year when the facility is expected to reach its full designed capacity and further expansion
may be necessary. Designed year normally not more than 50 years, it mostly between 20 to
30 years. Meantime, the period of design year very dependent on growth pattern of the
community and the service area, performance of treatment facility during early years when
it is oversized, cost of present and future construction and convenience of future expansion.

Arithmetic progression is the formula used to calculate the population which increases at
a constant rate while geometric progression is the formula used to calculate the population
by which assumed increase in proportion to the number of population present. Both of the
formulas are not suitable to use because the population in Tanah Merah not increases in
constant rate even in the increment of proportion to the number of population present.

Hence, the increment method is most suitable used for population projection. This
method is combination formula of arithmetic progression and geometric progression. This is
because Tanah Merah, Kelantan is steadily developing. Besides that, the population
increases between decades is proportion to the present.

Formula:

Pn = Pi + n (I+m) ,where,

Pn = number of population in year n

Pi = number of current population
n = number of year per decade
I = average population growth per decade
m = average increment growth per decade

6
Population estimation:

Year Population Increment per Increment Percentage of

decade,I Increase,m increment per
decade,k

1980 61,996 - -

1990 94,611 94,611-61,996 - (32,615/61,996)*100%

=32,615 =52.61%
2000 101,450 101,450-94,611 6839-32,615 (6839/94,611)*100%
=6839 =-25,776 =7.23%
2010 121,319 121,319-101,450 19869-6839 (19,869/101,450)*100%
=19,869 =13,030 =19.59%
Total 32,615+6839+19,869 - 52.61+7.23+19.59
=59,323 25,776+13,030 =79.43%
=-12,746
Average 59,323/3 -12,746/2 79.43/4
=19,974 =-6373 26.48%

Design year is assumed to be 30 years.

For year 2020:

Pn = Pi+ n (I+m)

P20 = 121,319 + 1(19,974-6373)

P20 = 134,720

For year 2030:

Pn = Pi+ n (I+m)

P30 = 121,319 + 2(19,974-6373)

P30 = 148,121

For year 2040:

Pn = Pi+ n (I+m)

P40 = 121,319 + 3(19,974-6373)

P40=161,522

7
Incremental increase method:

Year Population Increment per Increment Percentage of

decade,I Increase,m increment per
decade,k
1980 61,996 - -

1990 94,611 32,615 - 52.61%

2000 101,450 6839 -25,776 7.23%

2010 121,319 19,869 13,030 19.59%

2020 134,720 13,401 -6468 11.05%

2030 148,121 13,401 0 9.95%

2040 161,522 13,401 0 9.05%

indicates data obtained from Department of Statistic Malaysia

indicates required calculation

8
Calculation of water demand:

Housing and public People/ Unit Water demand Water

development of per person demand
development (L/capita/day) (L/day)

1. Terrace house 400 6 1600 3,840,000

2. Semi-Detached Housing 400 6 1800 4,320,000
3. Bungalow 150 6 2000 1,800,000
4. Apartment 100 6 2000 1,200,000
5. Mosque 3 300 300 2,700,000
7. Hotel 20 300 1500 9,000,000
8. Daily school 20 1000 500 10,000,000
9. Boarding School 5 1000 400 2,000,000
10. Kindergarten 5 500 400 1,000,000
11. Hospital 2 1200 2000 4,800,000
TOTAL 40,660,000

Trade development Unit Water demand Total Water

Development (L/day) Demand (L/day)

Shop lots 100 1000 10,000

(single storey)

Shop Lots ( two-storey) 100 2000 200,000

Shop Lots ( three-storey) 80 3000 240,000
Petrol Station 4 7000 28,000
Railway Station 1 2000 2000
Public Market 4 3000 12,000
Building/Office 15 1500 22,500
TOTAL 514,500

*The daily water demand for whole development is 41,174,500L/day

9
Water demand fluctuation:

Average annual demand are not sufficient for design of water systems due to water demand
fluctuations. Pumping records or flow measured at pumping station/water source can be
used for evaluation of variations in demand. Generally, monthly fluctuation is used to design
of dam and storage tank. Flow of water required during maximum daily demand can be
used to design water treatment plant, while flow required at peak hour demand can be
used for design of water distribution system.

Given:

Total Water Demand = 41,174,500 L/day

Maximum daily demand = 180% of annual average demand

= (180/100) × 41174500

= 74,114,100 L/day

= 74,114.1 m³/day

Maximum weekly demand = 148% of annual average demand

= (148/100) × 41174500

= 60,938,260 L/day

= 60,938.26 m³/day

Maximum monthly demand = 128% of annual average demand

= (128/100) ×41174500

= 52,703,360 L/day

=52,703.36 m³/day

Maximum hourly demand = 150% of max daily demand

= (150/100) ×41174500

= 61,761,750 L/day

= 61,761.75 m³/day

10
Fire Demand:

The development of the fire demand was undertaken to further the Understanding

of the basic mechanisms involved, as well as to support the development of standards

for and to seek ways of improving the performance of fire suppression systems. The

overall goals are to reduce economic losses and enhance life safety by improving the

protection of residential and industrial buildings as well as fire fighting and civilian

personnel from major fires.

The per capita fire demand is very less on an average basis but the rate at which the
water is required is very large. The rate of fire demand is sometimes traeted as a function of
population and is worked out from following empirical formulae:

Q (L/min)=3.86√P (1-0.01 √P)

Year Population,p(in 1000) Fire flow,

Q (L/min)=4637√P (1-0.01 √P)

2020 134,720 47,574

2030 148,121 49,566
2040 161,522 51,442

The table shows the calculation for fire flow within three decades.

11
(4.0)Proposed water treatment and plant design
Maximum daily demand = 180% of annual average demand

= (180/100) × 41174500

= 74,114,100 L/day

= 74,114.1 m³/day

WATER INTAKE WORK

Intake structure is to help in safely withdrawing water from the source over predetermined
pool levels such as river, lake or reservoir and then to discharge this water into the
withdrawal conduit through which it flows up to water treatment plant. Water intake works
are also intended to ensure the delivery of water into a conduit in specified amounts, of the
proper quality, and according to a water-consumption chart. Submerged and floating
intakes are used for small water supply projects. Large projects utilize tower-like intakes
that can be an integral part of the dam or a separate structure.
Function of Intakes

 The main function of intakes is to provide best quality of water from source.
 To protect pipes and pumps from damaging or clogging by wave action, floating
bodies and submerged marine.

The intakes consist of opening. Strainer or grating through which water enters
and conduit conveying the water usually by gravity to a well.
Factors Governing Location of Intake and Design Consideration
1. As far as possible, the site should be near the treatment plant so that the cost of
conveying water to the city is less.
2. The intake must be located in the purer zone of the source to draw best quality
water from the source, thereby reducing load on the treatment plant.
3. The intake must never be located at the downstream or in the vicinity of the point of
disposal of wastewater.
4. Sufficient factor of safety against external forces such as heavy currents, floating
materials, submerged bodies, ice pressure, etc.
5. The intake site should remain easily accessible during floods and should not get
flooded. Moreover, the flood waters should not be concentrated in the vicinity of
the intake.

12
 6. The intake must be located at a place from where it can draw water even during the
driest period of the year.

The water intake must consist of:

 An opening (frequently screened to exclude fish, floating debris, coarse sediment

and other objectionable suspended matter).
 A conduit which conveys the flow to a reservoir or directly pumped to the water
treatment plant.
 Normally an aeration unit process is located either at the intake structure or just
ahead of the treatment plant
 Aeration is used to remove gases and volatile organics that may cause taste and odor
problems in the water supply.
 The types of water collection are river water. Intake structure is usually located
upstream of river to ensure good water quality. If the possible should be designed to
withdraw water slightly below the surface to avoid both sediment in suspension at
lower levels and floating debris. Screens are desirable since large quantities of
suspended material might enter the structure. Water from river intake will be
pumped to water treatment plant. A river intake consists of a port provided with
grating and a sump or gravity well. The conduit is supported on pillars 1-2 m above
the bottom to prevent entry of silt and also it is kept 1m below the top surface to
avoid entry of floating particles. Velocity should be kept less than 0.15m/s to prevent
entry of small fish. River intake structure should be constructed above the point of
sewage disposal or industrial waste water disposal. River intake are likely to need
screens to exclude large floating matter. The bottom of the river intake must be
sufficiently stable.

The types of treatment required for different sources are given in the following table:

Source Treatment required

1. Ground water and spring water fairly free No treatment or

from contamination Chlorination

2. Ground water with chemicals, minerals Aeration, coagulation (if

and gases necessary), filtration and
disinfection

3. Lakes, surface water reservoirs with less Disinfection

amount of pollution

13
 4. Other surface waters such as rivers, canals Complete treatment
and impounded reservoirs with a
considerable amount of pollution

The types of river intake depend to the nature of the river stretch:

 Intake at the river side (for medium sized river)

 Intake on the top of river(for wide river)
 Pipe(for small quantity of water collection, easy and cheap method)

The project is about to propose water treatment plant for propose housing and public
development at Tanah Merah, Kelantan. The overall intent to build the treatment plant is to
enhance community life, character and vitality through mixed-use infill project sensitive to
the big-town character in Tanah Merah, to improve water quality and supply throughout the
town. The basic function of the intake structure is to help in safely withdrawing water from
the source over predetermined pool levels and then to discharge this water into the
withdrawal conduit (normally called intake conduit), through which it flows to water
treatment plant.

Intake Structure
Intake pump
A pump is a device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. It lifts water
from a lower to a higher level and delivers it at high pressure. Pumps are employed in water
supply projects at various stages for following purposes:
1. To lift raw water from wells.
2. To deliver treated water to the consumer at desired pressure.
3. To supply pressured water for fire hydrants.
4. To boost up pressure in water mains.
5. To fill elevated overhead water tanks.
6. To back-wash filters.
7. To pump chemical solutions, needed for water treatment.
The available raw waters must be treated and purified before they can be supplied to the
public for their domestic, industrial or any other uses. The extent of treatment required to
be given to the particular water depends upon the characteristics and quality of the
available water, and also upon the quality requirements for the intended use.

14
B. SCREENING
Intake Screening
Intake screens are designed to remove floating or suspended debris in a channel of flowing
water. They protect pumps and other downstream equipment from debris in surface water
intakes and other applications. Initially, wood chips, leaves, aquatic plants and floating
impurities are removed by the screening process. After screening, suspended materials will
be removed to allow water to flow through the chamber in which it will settle to the
bottom. The three most common types of screens are the Through Flow Screen, Dual Flow
Traveling Water Screen and the Center Flow Screen. The major user of intake screens is the
nuclear and fossil power generating facilities. These plants require approximately 500 to
1500 gallons of water per minute per megawatt of rated capacity. The second largest user
would be municipal water treatment plants.

Featured Intake Water Screens

Through Flow Traveling Water Screens

These submerged screens are perpendicular to the intake flow and collect and carry debris
upward to a trough. Screen widths range from 2 to 14 ft. (610 to 4267 mm) with vertical
centers from 8 to 100+ feet (2440 mm to 30 m). Screen mesh openings are sized according
to customer requirements and site conditions.

Dual Flow Traveling Water Screens

Essentially the Dual Flow Traveling Water Screens are Through Flow Screens turned 90
degress, putting the screen surfaces parallel to the intake flow. This doubles the effective
screening area and eliminates possible downstream debris carryover.

Center Flow Traveling Water Screens

The Center Flow Screens are similar to the Dual Flow traveling screens, but direct the flow
from inside to the outside of the screen. Side plates block the flow along the outer edges of
the channel and direct it inward to the screen with debris lifted to the top and flushed away
by water and gravity.

Screening unit can be operated continuously or intermittently and can be provided with
baskets in metallic or non-metallic construction with varying mesh sizes. The high pressure
spraying system is provided with efficient nozzles, which ensures efficient and effective
cleaning of the screens as it returns back to the water flow. The screening unit can also be
provided either in carbon steel construction for normal surface water application or in alloy
steel construction for abrasive/sea water application.

15
There are few types of screens:
1. Coarse screens or trash racks
2. Fine screens(wire-mesh screens)
3. Micro strainer
The types differ in function and in the size of holes in the screens. A coarse screen is used to
remove large debris from the water. The spaces between the bars are typically two or four
inches wide. The location of the coarse screen is outside the sluice gate at the intake. It
commonly located at inlet ports to prevent entrance of large objects such as small rocks and
fish. These coarse can be cleaning by manually and mechanical. Manually cleaning required
easy access for removal of debris while the mechanical cleaning may use difference cleaning
device.
The fine screens is commonly installed after the coarse screens. It is to remove materials
that too small to be deflected by the coarse screens such as small floating materials,
suspended solids and sediments. This fine screens also located in the channel at raw water
pump station. Fine screen can be cleaning by mechanical cleaning with water spray.
So, types of screens that are provided at the intake gate is coarse screen and the types of
screen provided before the pumps is fine screen.

Coarse careen fine screen

16
C. AERATION
 Aeration removes odour and tastes due to volatile gases like hydrogen sulphide and
due to algae and related organisms.
 Aeration also oxidize iron and manganese, increases dissolved oxygen content in
water, removes CO2 and reduces corrosion and removes methane and other
flammable gases.
 Principle of treatment underlines on the fact that volatile gases in water escape into
atmosphere from the air-water interface and atmospheric oxygen takes their place
in water, provided the water body can expose itself over a vast surface to the
atmosphere. This process continues until an equilibrium is reached depending on the
partial pressure of each specific gas in the atmosphere.
Types of Aerators
1. Gravity aerators
2. Fountain aerators
3. Diffused aerators
4. Mechanical aerators.
 Gravity Aerators (Cascades): In gravity aerators, water is allowed to fall by gravity
such that a large area of water is exposed to atmosphere, sometimes aided by
turbulence.
 Fountain Aerators: These are also known as spray aerators with special nozzles to
produce a fine spray. Each nozzle is 2.5 to 4 cm diameter discharging about 18 to 36
l/h. Nozzle spacing should be such that each m3 of water has aerator area of 0.03 to
0.09 m2 for one hour.
 Injection or Diffused Aerators: It consists of a tank with perforated pipes, tubes or
diffuser plates, fixed at the bottom to release fine air bubbles from compressor unit.
The tank depth is kept as 3 to 4 m and tank width is within 1.5 times its depth. If
depth is more, the diffusers must be placed at 3 to 4 m depth below water surface.
Time of aeration is 10 to 30 min and 0.2 to 0.4 litres of air is required for 1 litre of
water.
 Mechanical Aerators: Mixing paddles as in flocculation are used. Paddles may be
either submerged or at the surface.
Aeration as a water treatment practice is used for the following operations:
 Carbon dioxide reduction (decarbonation)
 Oxidation of iron and manganese found in many well waters (oxidation tower)
 Ammonia and hydrogen sulphide reduction (stripping)

17
In our water treatment plant, we will use multiple platform aerators for the aeration
process because it is more cost effective and it is considered as good in increasing DO level
in water, it consists of a series of trays equipped with slanted bottoms. Water is distributed
at the top, cascades from each tray and collected in a basin at the base. The efficiency of the
aeration process depends almost entirely on the amount of surface contact between the air
and water. This contact is controlled primarily by the size of the water droplet or air bubble.
The goal of an aerator is to increase the surface area of water coming in contact with air so
that more air can react with the water. As air or water is broken up into smaller
drops/bubbles or into thin sheets, the same volume of either substances has a larger surface
area.

18
D. COAGULATION

Coagulation in Water Treatment

 Salts of Al(III) and Fe(III) are commonly used as coagulants in water and wastewater
treatment.
 When a salt of Al(III) and Fe(III) is added to water, it dissociates to yield trivalent
ions, which hydrate to form aquometal complexes Al(H2O)63+ and Fe(H2O)63+. These
complexes then pass through a series of hydrolytic reactions in which H2O molecules
in the hydration shell are replaced by OH- ions to form a variety of soluble species
such as Al(OH)2+ and Al(OH)2+. These products are quite effective as coagulants as
they adsorb very strongly onto the surface of most negative colloids.

Destabilization using Al(III) and Fe(III) Salts

 Al(III) and Fe(III) accomplish destabilization by two mechanisms:
(1) Adsorption and charge neutralization.
(2) Enmeshment in a sweep floc.
 Interrelations between pH, coagulant dosage, and colloid concentration determine
mechanism responsible for coagulation.
 Charge on hydrolysis products and precipitation of metal hydroxides are both
controlled by ph. The hydrolysis products possess a positive charge at pH values
below iso-electric point of the metal hydroxide. Negatively charged species which
predominate above iso-electric point, are ineffective for the destabilization of
negatively charged colloids.
 Precipitation of amorphous metal hydroxide is necessary for sweep-floc coagulation.
 The solubility of Al(OH)3(s) and Fe(OH)3(s) is minimal at a particular pH and increases
as the pH increases or decreases from that value. Thus, pH must be controlled to
establish optimum conditions for coagulation.

Alum and Ferric Chloride reacts with natural alkalinity in water as follows:
Al2(SO4)3.14H2O + 6 HCO3- 2 Al(OH)3(s) + 6CO2 +14 H2O + 3 SO42-
FeCl3 + 3 HCO3- Fe(OH)3(S) +3 CO2 + 3 Cl-

In our plant, we choose to use coagulant type Poly Aluminium Chloride. This is because this
coagulant is most common used. This coagulant also often used in conjunction with cationic
polymer. When alum is added to water, it reacts with the water and results in positively
charged ions.

19
E. RAPID MIXING

Rapid or flash mixing is the process by which a coagulant is rapidly ang uniformly dispersed
through the mass of water. Generally, rapid mixing is the most important physical operation
affecting coagulant dose efficiency and this process usually occurs in a small basin
immediately preceeding or at the head of the coagulation basin.
Type of rapid mixing :
We use mechanical mixers because the agitation of mechanical mixers have independent
flow rate and adjustable. Also, mechanical mixers have high flexibility in operation and
faster to mix those chemical. Besides that, a mechanical mixer utilizes use an impeller or
propeller to create turbulence in the mixing chamber.
Purpose of rapid mixing :
The main purpose of rapid mixing process is after we do coagulation, it requires initial rapid
dispersion of chemical throughout water and quick formation precipitates under extremely
violent agitation. Furthermore, it also use for affecting the coagulant dose efficiency. In
conclusion, it provides a complete and uniform dispersion of coagulant chemical added to
the water.

20
The daily water demand for the whole development is 1,174,500 L/day.
Maximum daily water demand = 180% x Annual average demand
180
𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = x 41,174,500 L/day
100
74114100 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 =
1000 𝑚³

𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 74114.1 𝑚³/day

 Detention time,t = 20minutes

 G = 950𝑠 −1
 Number of basin = 4
 μ = 1.518x10−3 Ns/𝑚2 at 5°

Calculate flow for each basin :

1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑟
74114.1 𝑚3 ⁄𝑑𝑎𝑦 × 24 ℎ𝑟 × 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Q’ =
4

Q’ = 51.468𝑚³/min
Calculate volume required for each basin :

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑞 = Q’ × 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 51.468𝑚³/min × 20min

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 1029.36𝑚3

Based on the assumed basin geometry information given :

 Length : Width = 1 : 1
 L = W , D = W (square size)

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑞 = L × W × D = W × W × W = W³
W³ = 1029.36
3
W = √1029.36 = 10.10 ≈ 10m

21
Calculate actual detention time provided, 𝑽𝒂𝒄𝒕 (for each basin) :

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡 = L × W × D = = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000𝑚3
Calculate actual detention time provided, 𝒕𝒂𝒄𝒕 (for each basin):

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡 1000𝑚³
𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = 19.4min
Q’ 51.468𝑚³/min

Calculate mixer power :

 Given : G = 950𝑠 −1 , μ = 1.518x10−3 Ns/𝑚2

P = 𝐺 2 μ∀

P = (950)2 (1.518x10−3 )(1000)

P = 1369995 W = 1369.995 Kw

Efficiency of mixers = 90%

1369.995 𝑘𝑊
Efficiency power = = 1522.22 k W
0.9
Impeller type : turbine , 4 flat blades , w/d = 0.16 , 𝑁𝑝 = 2.6
1
Diameter of the impeller is 2 of the diameter of basin

1 1
Impeller diameter, d = xW= x 10m = 5m
2 2

Assume turbulent flow cndtion and calculate rotation speed required:

1
𝑃 𝑔
Ƞ=( x )3
𝑁𝑝𝑑5 𝛾

1
1369995 9.81
Ƞ=( x ) 3
(2.6)(5)5 9.81𝑥103

Ƞ = 0.55rps or 33rpm

22
Check the Reynold’s number :
𝛾
𝑁𝑅 = Ƞ𝑑 2 ( )
μg

9.81𝑋103
𝑁𝑅 = (0.55)(52 )( )
(1.518𝑋10−3 )(9.81)

𝑁𝑅 = 9.06𝑥106 > 10,000

Therefore, turbulent condition exists.

23
F. FLOCCULATION

Flocculation is stimulation by mechanical means to agglomerate destabilized particles into

compact, fast settleable particles (or flocs). Flocculation or gentle agitation results from
velocity differences or gradients in the coagulated water, which causes the fine moving,
destabilized particles to come into contact and become large, readily settle able flocs.
Flocculation, in the field of chemistry, is a process where in colloids come out of suspension
in the form of floc or flake ; either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying agent.
The action differs from precipitation in that, prior to flocculation, colloids are merely
suspended in a liquid and not actually dissolved in a solution. In the flocculated system,
there is no formation of a cake, since all the flocs are in the suspension
It is a common practice to provide an initial rapid (or) flash mix for the dispersal of the
coagulant or other chemicals into the water. Slow mixing is then done, during which the
growth of the floc takes place.

Perikinetic and Orthokinetic Flocculation

The flocculation process can be broadly classified into two types, perikinetic and
orthokinetic.
Perikinetic flocculation refers to flocculation (contact or collisions of colloidal particles) due
to Brownian motion of colloidal particles. The random motion of colloidal particles results
from their rapid and random bombardment by the molecules of the fluid.
Orthogenetic flocculation refers to contacts or collisions of colloidal particles resulting from
bulk fluid motion, such as stirring. In systems of stirring, the velocity of the fluid varies both
spatially (from point to point) and temporally (from time to time). The spatial changes in
velocity are identified by a velocity gradient, G. G is estimated as G = (P/hV)1/2, where P =
Power, V = channel volume, and h = Absolute viscosity.

24
Mechanism of Flocculation
Gravitational flocculation: Baffle type mixing basins are examples of gravitational
flocculation. Water flows by gravity and baffles are provided in the basins which induce the
required velocity gradients for achieving floc formation.
Mechanical flocculation: Mechanical flocculators consists of revolving paddles with
horizontal or vertical shafts or paddles suspended from horizontal oscillating beams, moving
up and down.

We are using baffle type mixing basins for flocculation process in our water treatment plant.
Baffle type mixing basins will induce the velocity gradients formation. This is much simple to
construct compared to mechanical flocculation and have less change of short circuiting.
Most importantly, it is most cost effective compare to other flocculators.
The purpose of flocculation process is used to promote the growth of the floc under slow
mixing condition. It alsoprovide for an increase in the number of contact bet ween
coagulated particles in water by gentle and prolonged agitation. This mechanical
flocculation also prevents water from rotating continuously in the same direction around
the shaft and low of had loss.

25
Design Parameters :

 Design flow, 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 74,114.1 mᶟ/day

 Detention time, t = 30min
 No. of trains = 4
 Each basin has 3 stages

Calculate flow for each basin :

1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑟
74114.1 𝑚3 ⁄𝑑𝑎𝑦 × 24 ℎ𝑟 × 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Q’ =
4
Q’ = 51.468𝑚³/min

Calculate volume required for each stages :

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑞 = Q’ × 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 51.468𝑚³/min × 30min

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 1544.04𝑚3

Calculate volume required for each stages :

1544.04𝑚3
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 514.68 𝑚³/stages
3 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠

Assume the basins with a ratio of length : width : depth = 1 : 1 : 1

𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = L × W × D = L × L × L = L³

L³ = 514.68 𝑚³/stages
L = 3√514.68 = 8.01m
Calculate actual volume required for each basin :

𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = L × W × D = 8.01 × 8.01 × 8.01 = 513.92m³

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 3 stages × 513.92m³ = 1541.77m³

26
Calculate actual detention time provided for each basin :
𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡 1541.77m³
𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = 29.96min
𝑄′ 51.468𝑚³/min

 Given : 𝐺1 = 90𝑠 −1 , 𝐺2 = 60𝑠 −1 , μ = 1.518x10−3 Ns/𝑚2 at 5°

At first tank,
P = 𝐺 2 μ∀

P = (90)2 (1.518x10−3)(1541.77)

P = 18957.30 W = 18.96 Kw

Calculate the wire power required for the first stage :

 Gearbox = 90%
 Motor = 70%

𝑃𝑎 18.96
𝑃𝑒 = x (100%)2 = x (100%)2 = 30.10 Kw
𝐸𝑔 𝐸𝑚 90 𝑋 70
At second tank,
P = 𝐺 2 μ∀

P = (60)2 (1.518x10−3)(1541.77)

P = 8425.46 W = 8.4 Kw

Calculate the wire power required for the second stage :

𝑃𝑎 8.4
𝑃𝑒 = 𝐸 x (100%)2 = x (100%)2 = 13.33 Kw
𝑔 𝐸𝑚 90 𝑋 70

27
G. SEDIMENTATION

Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended

solids from water. Solid particles entrained by the turbulence of moving water may be
removed naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes and oceans. Settling basins
are ponds constructed for the purpose of removing entrained solids by sedimentation.
Clarrifiers are tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being
deposited by sedimentation.

Qpeak =74114.1m³/day

Detention time ,t = 4 hours

No. of proposed unit = 4

Surface loading rate = 30m³/m².day

Weir loading rate = 250m³/m².day

Geometry information:

 The length to width ratio is 4:1

 The depth is in range of 3 to 5 metres

L = 4W
𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 74114.1
=
𝐿×𝑊 4𝑊×𝑊

Solve for W,
74114.1
30m³/m².day = 4𝑊×𝑊

28
 74114.1
4W² =
30

W = 24.85m

Dimension:

 Length, L = 4(24.85) = 99.4m

 Width, W = 24.85m

Calculate depth of basin:

 Detention time,t = 4 hours

 Flow, Q =74114.1m³/day

𝑉 (𝐿×𝑊×𝐷)
Q= =
𝑡 𝑡

99.4×24.85×𝐷
=
0.1667

= 14817.6D m³/day

Solve for D:

14817.6D = 74114.1

D = 5.0m

Actual volume, V = L × W × D = 99.4 × 24.85 × 5

= 12350.45m³
𝑉 12350.45
Actual detention time,t = = = 0.166 day = 4.0hr
𝑄 74114.1

Weir loading rates, Uw = 250m³/m.day

Calculate total length of the weir,

𝑄 74114.1
Lw = = = 296m
𝑈𝑤 250

29
Parameter of tank,
𝑄 74114.1
Horizontal velocity = =
𝐴 24.85×5

=596.5m/day
0.2𝑄 0.2×74114.1
Length of overflow weir, L = = = 98.8 m
𝐷×𝑢 5×30

30
H. FILTRATION

Raw water contains undesirable sediments,colour,algae(which can produce a taste and

smell)and other harmful organisms.The Water Filtration Plant(WFP)is designed to remove
this undesirable matter,and produce water fit and safe for drinking.

After the process of sedimentation, the water is in half clean condition and need to filter to
ensure all the solids and particles are being filtered out.

Depth size:
Top layer: maximum 30in
Medium layer: 24-30in
Bottom layer: 8-16in

Sand or gravel size:

Top layer: 0.9-101mm
Medium layer: 0.45-0.55mm
Bottom layer: fine gravel
Last layer: fine layer to coarse layer

31
Qpeak : 74114.1m³/day

Filtration rate: 5m³/m².day

𝑄
The total filter area required, A =
𝑉

Q = Av
74114.1/24 = A(5)
A = 617.62m²

Select 4 filters,

The surface area for each filter is,

617.62
Surface area = = 154.4m²
4
Assume,equal size of the filter:
L = W = √154.4 = 12.43m

Size of filter = 12.43×12.43

𝑄
The normal filtration rate, v =
𝐴

1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
74114.1× 24ℎ𝑟
V= = 5.0m³/m².day
4×12.43×12.43

32
I. DISINFECTION

Water disifection means the removal,deactivation or killing of pathogenic

microorganisms.Microorganisms are destroyed or deactived,resulting in termination of
growth and reproduction.When microorganism are not remowed from drinking
water,drinking water usage will cause people to fall ill.

Sterilization is a process related to disinfection.However,during the strelization process all

present microorganisms are killed,both harmful and harmless microorganisms.

Disinfection can be attained by means of physical or chemical disinfection.The agents also

remove organic contaminants from water,which serve as nutrients or shelters for
microorganisms.Disinfection should not only kill microorganisms.Disinfections must also
have a residual effect,which means that they remain active in the water after disinfection.A
disinfectant should prevent pathogenic microorganisms from growing in the plumbing after
disinfection,causing the water to be recontaminated.

For chemical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used:

 Chlorine(Cl2)
 Chlorine dioxide(Clo2)
 Bromine chloride(BrCl)
 Kaliumpermanganate(KMnO4)

For physical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used:

 Ultraviolet light (UV)

 Electronic radiation
 Gamma rays
 Sounds
 Heat

Fluoridation

Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce
tooth decay. Fluoridated water has fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing
cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridation does not affect the
appearance, taste, or smell of drinking water. It is normally accomplished by adding one of
three compounds to the water: sodium fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or sodium fluorosilicate.

33
(5.0)Water distribution system
PROPOSE OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Water distribution sytem are designed for that purpose and satisfying the water
requirements of domestic, commercial, industrial and fighting purposes. The system should
be capable of meeting the demands at all times and satisfactory. Distribution system is used
to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from its source the point of usage.
Water quality should not get deteriorated in distribution pipes.

There are three methods/types of distribution system :

1. Gravity System

2. Direct pumping System

3. Combination of Gravity and Pumping System

The method that we proposed and suitable to use at Tanah Merah, Kelantan is the
Combination of Gravity and Pumping System.

Combination of Gravity and Pumping System:

1. The gravity and pumping system are utilized simultaneously when being operation.

2. The treated water at treatment plant is pumped and will kept in the balancing
reservoir .

3. Water will flow by gravity to the service area.

4. Systems is fairly reliable that means any failure of pumping mechanism , water still
can be supplied for some period of time from the service reservoir or sources.

5. Most economical pump is used at a constant rate thus will reduce wear and tear of
pump.

6. During period of low demand , excess water stored in an elevated reservoir.

7. During period of peak demand , water will supplies by pumping and come from
elevated reservoir simultaneously.

34
Advantages and Disadvantages of Gravity and Pumping

SYSTEM ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Gravity and pumping Low cost option under Problems associated with
combination certain operation and
Topographical conditions maintenance of pumping
system

Layout of Gravity and Pumping System

GENERAL CONSIDERATION FOR PLANNING OF DISTRIBUTION LAYOUT

The consideration must be made to plan of distribution layout is the service reservoir shall
be as close and central as possible to the water demand area . The pipeline shall be as short
as possible , thus providing the least capital and operating costs. Pipelines shall preferably
be laid adjacent to roads provide easy access for maintenance. The reticulation pipes shall
be laid as to form a network system. The dead ends shall be discouraged and very not
suitable. No locality can adopt only one of layout of pipe system , combination of two or
more system are be adopted to suit the local conditions of the locality. Water is pumped
through the system from the water treatment plant to overhead storage tank which
located at the higher area such as mountain area near the town. Pumping stations are used
to increase pressure and to maintain adequate supply flows. Ours Department’s goal to
operate and maintain the water distribution system in such a manner as to efficiently and
effectively deliver potable water in sufficient quantities and pressure to meet the
demands of our customers and fire fighting.

35
There are three types of pipes network which is;

1. Dead end system

2. Grid system
3. Circle or ring system
4. Radial system
LAYOUT DISTRIBUTION PIPES

The layout distribution pipes that we proposed and suggested for area Tanah Merah
Kelantan is Ring System.

The supply main is laid all along the peripheral roads and sub main branch out from the
main. This system also follows the grid system with the flow pattern similar in character to
that of dead end system . So,determination of the size of pipes is easy. Water can be
supplied to any point from at least two directions . By proposed this ring system of water
distribution we can ensure that all the consumers in area Tanah Merah will get t the
portable water continuously although there is has any failure or leaking problem at one of
the distribution pipes.

ADVANTAGES OF RING SYSTEM

1. Effective during maintenance work
2. No stagnant water
3. Suitable for areas that requires high water demands
4. Give a greater security of supply.
5. Effective during fire or emergency

DISADVANTAGES OF RING SYSTEM

1. High cost-required larged number of valves and more length of pipes.

36
Hydraulic Calculation of the reticulation system:
This is the example of hydraulic calculation that we take at certain area in Tanah
Merah,Kelantan.

110 lps

35 lps

L= 800m, D= 10in

A B

L= 700m, D = 10in L= 700m, D = 8in

D C

L= 700m, D= 8 in

40 lps 35 lps

Pipe L (m) D (mm) 𝑫𝟒.𝟖𝟕 𝟏 r

( )𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝒄
AB 800 254.5 5.2E+11 2.0E-04 3.76E-03
BC 700 202.7 1.7E+11 2.0E-04 9.97E-03
CD 700 202.7 1.7E+11 2.0E-04 9.97E-03
AD 700 254.5 5.2E+11 2.0E-04 3.29E-03

Iteration 1

Pipe r Q1 Qsign hLa,1= 𝒓𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓 hL/Q

AB 3.76E-03 50 + 5.23 0.1046
BC 9.97E-03 15 + 1.49 0.0997
CD 9.97E-03 20 - -2.55 0.1273
AD 3.29E-03 60 - -6.41 0.1069
Σ -2.33 0.4385
ΔQ 2.75
Iteration 2

37
Pipe r Q2 Qsign hLa,1= 𝒓𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓 hL/Q
AB 3.76E-03 52.75 + 5.78 0.1095
BC 9.97E-03 17.75 + 2.04 0.1150
CD 9.91E-03 17.25 - -1.94 0.1122
AD 3.29E-03 57.25 - -5.88 0.1027
Σ 0.00 0.4394
ΔQ 0.00

38
(6.0)Summary and conclusion

Based on these design project, we can learn that how important and essential of water in
our daily requirement. Before, we only know the water comes from pipe, now we learn that
water is come from a source that pass through of many processes before reach our house. A

After this design project, we able to identify water sources, water quality, water
consumption and forecast of water demand. Besides that, we also able identify the
technology of water treatment plant processes and lastly design a water treatment unit.

Water is an essential natural resource for human existence. It is needed in every

individual and natural process. Hence, it is necessary to adopt a new approach to design
urban water supply networks. The design procedure of the water treatment plant system
requires engineering skills and proper comprehension regarding the problems that may be
faced. Excess water design will lead to water wastage, while too little also may cause water
shortages in the future. Therefore, we must consider in many sections before we design a
water treatment plant.

The objective of designing a water treatment is to produce water that is biologically and
chemically safe for human consumption, to supply water that aesthetically acceptable, free
from apparent turbidity, objectionable taste and odour. This involves the process of
screening, aeration, coagulation, rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and
disinfection.

To achieve a sustainable water supply network, new sources of water need to be

developed, while reducing environmental pollution. The safety and realibilty of the network
must be enhanced. The price of water is increasing, so less water must be wasted and
actions must be taken to prevent pipeline leakage. Shutting down the supply service to fix
leaks is less and less tolerated by customers. A sustainable water supply network must
monitor the freshwater consumption rate and waste water generation rate.

39
References:

40
Appendix:

41
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