INDICE

Tema 01: Present continuous and present simple ...................................................................... 2

Tema 02: Past Tenses............................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Past Simple: ................................................................................................................... 3
FORMING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE ......................................................................... 4
2.2. FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS ............................................................ 5
FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS ........................................................................... 6
2.3. FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST PERFECT: ................................................................... 7
FORMING THE PAST PERFECT ................................................................................... 8
PAST PERFECT + JUST .................................................................................................. 8
2.4. FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ......................................... 9
FORMING THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS........................................................ 9
Tema 04: Future Forms: Going to, present Continous, Will/Shall ........................................ 10
Tema 05:Present Perfect and Past Simple ............................................................................. 14
Tema 06:Present Perfect Continous ...................................................................................... 18
Tema 07:Comparatives and Superlatives .............................................................................. 20
Tema 08:Must,Have to, Should (Obligation) ......................................................................... 24
Tema 09:Must,may, might ,cant (Deduction) ....................................................................... 25
Tema 10:Can, could , be able to (ability) ............................................................................... 26
Tema 11:First Conditional and Future ................................................................................... 28
Tema 12:Second Conditional ................................................................................................. 30
Tema 13:Third Conditional ..................................................................................................... 32
Tema 14:Usually and Used to................................................................................................. 34
Tema 15:Passive , Something, Anything, Nothing................................................................. 36
Tema 16:Quantifiers, Too, not enough .................................................................................. 40
Tema 17:Articles: a/an, the No article ................................................................................... 43
Tema 18:Gerunds and infinitives ........................................................................................... 45
Tema 19:Reported Speech: Statements, questions and commands .................................... 47
Tema 20:Passive:Be+ past participle ..................................................................................... 47
Tema 21:Relative Clauses: defining and non- defining question tags .................................. 47
Tema 22:Indirect Questions ................................................................................................... 47
Tema 23:Phrasal Verbs ........................................................................................................... 47
 Tema 01: Present continuous and present simple

Present continuous: To talk about things happening at the moment, use the present
continuous.

 Jim is watching television at the moment

Present simple: To talk about habits and routines use the present simple

Things we do often, every day, every week, etc.

Things that always happen.
 I arrive at school at 8.30.
 The first lesson starts at 8.45.
 The lesson finishes at 9.30

CAREFUL!

Joe lives in New York. New York is his home. He lives there all the time.

We are living near the station at the moment. We want to move to another house soon.
 Tema 02: Past Tenses
There are four past tense forms in English:

Tense Form

Past simple: I worked

Past continuous: I was working

Past perfect: I had worked

Past perfect
I had been working
continuous:

2.1. Past Simple: You always use the simple past when you say when something
happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions.

 frequency: often, sometimes, always

I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
 a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
 an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in
caves a long time ago.
 She played the piano when she was a child.
 FORMING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

PATTERNS OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS

Affirmative

Subject + verb + ed

I skipped.

Negative

Subject + did not + infinitive without to

They didn't go.

Interrogative

Did + subject + infinitive without to

Did She arrive?

Interrogative negative

Did not + subject + infinitive without to

Didn't You play?

EXAMPLES
 They weren't in Rio last summer.
 We didn't have any money.
 We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
 We didn't do our exercises this morning.
 Were they in Iceland last January?
 Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
 Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
 I was in Japan last year
 She had a headache yesterday.
 We did our homework last night.
 He went to a club last night.
 Did he go to the cinema last night?
 He didn't go to bed early last night.
 We gave her a doll for her birthday.
 They didn't give John their new address.
 Did Barry give you my passport?
 My parents came to visit me last July.
 We didn't come because it was raining.
 Did he come to your party last week?

2.2. FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past
and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or
incomplete action in the past.

It is used:

 Often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was
shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other
animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly.
She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her
through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."
 to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g.
"I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."
 to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've
decided to get my homework done instead."
 with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit
for me tonight."
FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS
The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be"
(was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.

Subject was/were base + ing

They were watching

Affirmative

She was reading

Negative

She wasn't reading

Interrogative

Was she reading?

Interrogative negative

Wasn't she reading?

EXAMPLES
 They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
 Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
 When we arrived he was having a bath.
 When the fire started I was watching television.
2.3. FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST PERFECT:

The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one
event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first -
the tense makes it clear which one happened first.

In these examples, Event A is the event that happened first and Event B is the second or more
recent event:

Event A Event B

John had gone out when I arrived in the office.

Event A Event B

I had saved my before the computer crashed.

document

Event B Event A

When they arrived we had already started cooking.

Event B Event A

He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

FORMING THE PAST PERFECT
The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have
(had) + the past participle of the main verb.

Subject had past

participle

Affirmative

She had given

Negative

She hadn't asked.

Interrogative

Had they arrived?

Interrogative Negative

Hadn't you finished?

PAST PERFECT + JUST

'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than
before now, e.g.

 The train had just left when I arrived at the station.

 She had just left the room when the police arrived.
 I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.
2.4. FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The past perfect continuous corresponds to the present perfect continuous, but with reference
to a time earlier than 'before now'. As with the present perfect continuous, we are more
interested in the process.

This form is also used in reported speech. It is the equivalent of the past continuous and the
present perfect continuous in direct speech:

 Jane said, "I have been gardening all afternoon." = Jane said she had been
gardening all afternoon.
 When the police questioned him, John said, "I was working late in the office that night."
= When the police questioned him, John told them he had been working late in the
office that night.

FORMING THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The past perfect continuous is composed of two elements - the past perfect of the verb to be
(=had been) + the present participle (base+ing).

Subject had been verb +

ing

I had been walking

Affirmative

She had been trying

Negative

She hadn't been sleeping

Interrogative

Had you been eating?

EXAMPLES
 Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?
 We had been trying to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key.
 It had been raining hard for several hours and the streets were very wet.
 Her friends had been thinking of calling the police when she walked in.
 Had I been buying

wwTema 04: Future Forms: Going to, present Continous, Will/Shall

Will
NUNCA uses will para referirte a algún tipo de plan. Will se usa más para acciones y decisiones
espontáneas, además de peticiones, promesas, posibilidades y probabilidades del futuro. A
continuación, explico cada uno de estos usos:
a) Peticionesw
¿Además de “Can you…, please?”, se utiliza Will en lugar de Can para pedir algo.
 Will you help me, please?
¿Me ayudas, por favor?
 Will you come with me, please?
¿Vienes conmigo, por favor? / ¿Me acompañas, por favor?

b) Decisiones espontáneas,
Cuando se transmite una idea que no se ha decidido anteriormente y que sólo se le ocurre a quien habla
en el momento, se utiliza will, o más comúnmente, la forma contraída: ‘ll.
Piensa en cuando suena el teléfono:

 Lo cojo yo.
I’ll get it.
cuando alguien te pide un favor:

 Ningún problema; lo hago / lo haré más tarde.

No problem; I’ll do it later.
En las situaciones a & b se utiliza mucho el presente en español pero will (o; ‘ll) en inglés.

c) Frases condicionales (1st conditional).

Como en español, se utiliza el presente simple después de si/if, cuando/when, en cuanto / as soon as,
etc. y el futuro simple en la otra parte de la frase, por ejemplo:
 Si llueve, no saldremos.
If it rains, we won’t go out.
  Lo haré cuando tenga tiempo.
I’ll do it when I have time.
 En cuanto reciba el paquete, te diré algo.
As soon as I get the parcel, I’ll let you know.
d) Posibilidades,
Utilizar will con maybe o perhaps (quizás, tal vez, a lo mejor, igual) es una manera de expresar
posibilidad en el futuro, por ejemplo:
 Quizá iré al cine esta noche.
Maybe I’ll go to the cinema tonight.
 Igual te llamarán mañana.
Perhaps they’ll call you tomorrow.

e) Predicciones y probabilidades
Se utiliza will para hacer predicciones en inglés, muchas veces junto con el verbo think, por
ejemplo:
 Who do you think will win?
¿Quién crees que ganará?
 I think the economy will improve next year.
Creo que la economía mejorará el año que viene.
 I don’t think they’ll come.
No creo que vengan / Creo que no vendrán.
FíJATE que también se utiliza will con don’t think aunque en español se utilice el presente del
subjuntivo

f) Promesas, por ejemplo:

 I promise (you) I’ll help them.
Te prometo que los ayudaré.
 We promise (you) we’ll visit you next year.
Os prometemos que os vistaremos el año que viene.
No obstante cuando se trata de algún tipo de plan, algo ya pensado y/o decidido antes de hablar, no
se utiliza will sino am/are/is going to + infinitivo o el present continuous.

am/are/is going to + infinitive

Se usa going to para planes e intenciones del futuro. Se trata de planes que ya tienes en la cabeza
aunque los datos precisos de cuándo y dónde no se hayan concretado, por ejemplo:
 I’m going to watch a dvd this evening.
Voy a ver un dvd esta tarde (noche).
No se ha fijado la hora exacta en la que voy a verla, será cuando me apetezca o cuando me
venga bien.
 David’s going to paint the living room this weekend.
David va a pintar la sala este fin de semana.
No se ha fijado la hora exacta en la que empezará.

Un buen ejemplo de cuándo usar going to es en esta época del año cuando se hacen los propósitos de
Año Nuevo. Los propósitos son cosas en las que has pensado y cosas que tienes la intención de
hacer, mejorar o cumplir. Por ejemplo:
 This year I’m going to improve my English. I’m going to read interesting blogs about
the English language and I’m going to read a newspaper article and watch a news
report every day.
Este año voy a mejorar mi inglés. Voy a leer blogs interesantes sobre el idioma inglés y voy
a leer un artículo de prensa y ver un reportaje de noticias cada día.
Además, se puede utilizar going to en lugar de will para hacer predicciones si tienes más seguridad
del resultado o si existe algún tipo de evidencia para reforzar lo que se dice, por ejemplo:
 I think it will rain later.
Creo que lloverá más tarde.
Es mi opinión, es una sensación que tengo.
 I think it’s going to rain later.
Creo que va a llover más tarde.
Basado en evidencia: hay muchas nubes oscuras, el viento va en aumento.
 Present Continuous
Si se refiere a un plan 100% organizado, a un compromiso y se saben el cuándo y el dónde, por
ejemplo, algo que se ha apuntado en la agenda, se usa el present continuous, por ejemplo:
 I’m flying to London next week.
Vuelo a Londres la semana que viene.
Tengo los billetes por lo tanto sé con qué compañía, en qué día, a qué hora y de dónde
vuelo.
 I’m having dinner with my parents on Friday.
Ceno / Voy a cenar con mis padres el viernes.
He reservado el restaurante así que sé la hora y dónde.

Ésta es la forma que se utiliza habitualmente para preguntar sobre los planes de alguien, por
ejemplo:

 What are you doing tonight?

¿Qué haces esta noche?
 Are you playing football on Saturday?
¿Juegas al fútbol el sábado?

El verbo “to be”

Hay que mencionar una excepción importante a estas reglas: el verbo to be.
Cuando se dice, por ejemplo, I’m being, he’s being, we’re being, etc se refiere exclusivamente al
presente – estoy siendo, está siendo, estamos siendo, etc.
Para usar to be en el futuro, utiliza o bien will be o bien going to be y aunque deberías tener en cuenta
las normas expuestas arriba, no es tan importante con este verbo y se suele utilizar will y going
to independientemente de la situación.

Ahora te toca a ti un poco de práctica. ¿Cómo se traducen las siguientes frases? Respuestas abajo.

 Creo que los veré la semana que viene.

I think I Will see you next week

Los veré la semana que viene. (acabo de decidirlo)

  I Will see you next week

 Voy a verlos la semana que viene. (ya decidido, aunque no sé cuándo ni dónde)
I’m going to see you next week
 4. Los veo la semana que viene. (Seguro: tengo el día, la hora y el lugar confirmados)
I’m seeing you next week
 5. ¿Me ves después de la clase, por favor?
Will you see me after class, please?

Adicionales:

1. Tony is meeting a friend tomorrow.(meet)

Rule: Es algo que pasará y se afirmó
2. I think it will snow soon.(snow)
Rule: Will con think
3. Perhaps I will visit New York one day.(visit)
Rule: Perhaps con Will
4. What time are you leaving tomorrow?(leave/you)
Rule: Desea saber la hora exacta
5. Who will win the next World Cup? (win)
Rule: Predicción o Probabilidad
6. I'm sure you will not fail the exam next week. (not fail)
Rule: PREDICCI´N
7. I am visiting my parents at the week-end. (visit)
Rule: Ya tengo planeado visitarlos
8. Don't touch that dog. It will bite you. (bite)
Rule: REPENTINAMENTE
9. They are coming for a meal tonight.(come)
Rule: Algo que pasará y lo sé
10. Look at those clouds, it is going to rain .(rain)
Rule: Las nubes aseveran que lloverá

Tema 05:Present Perfect and Past Simple

Se utiliza el pasado simple para acciones que han terminado en el pasado, incluso si han ocurrido en
un pasado reciente. Con el presente perfecto la acción está relacionada con el presente.

Ejemplos:

El pasado simple:
Did you eat breakfast this morning? (Significa: La mañana ya ha terminado.)
I had three exams this week. (Significa: Como en el ejemplo anterior, el uso del pasado simple significa
que esta semana acaba de terminar.)

El presente perfecto:
 Have you eaten breakfast yet this morning? (Significa: La mañana aún no ha terminado.)
I have had three exams already this week. (Significa: Como antes, el uso del presente perfecto implica
que esta semana aún no ha terminado.)

Recuerda también que usamos el presente perfecto para acciones en un tiempo en el pasado no
específico. Si quieres limitar el tiempo de las acciones en un período, podemos usar expresiones de
tiempo como “last year”.

Ejemplos:

El pasado simple:
I went to Cuba last year. (Fui a Cuba el año pasado.)
They saw a movie yesterday. (Vieron una película ayer.)

El presente perfecto:
I have been to Cuba in the last year. (He estado en Cuba este último año.)
They have seen a movie. (Ellos han visto una pelicula.)
They have seen a movie yesterday.

Nota: Fíjate en la diferencia entre los dos primeros ejemplos. En ambos, se usa la expresión de
tiempo “last year”, pero en el segundo ejemplo añadimos la preposición “in”. En este caso, “last
year” significa dentro de un período de tiempo en que la acción ocurrió, no es un tiempo específico.
Sin la preposición “in”, “last year” implica un tiempo específico.

Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs

Example: Example:

I spoke I / you / we / they have spoken

he / she / it has spoken

regular verbs: infinitive + ed regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed

Example: Example:

I worked I / you / we / they have worked

he / she / it has worked

 Exceptions

Exceptions when adding 'ed':

 when the final letter is e, only add d

Example:
love - loved

 after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled

Example:
admit - admitted

 final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)

Example:
travel - travelled

 after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel)

Example:
worry - worried
but: play - played
Use:

In British English, the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect is quite strict. As soon as a time
expression in the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no signal words, you
must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is
important.

Note that the following explanations and exercises refer to British English only. In American
English, you can normally use Simple Past instead of Present Perfect. We cannot accept this in
our exercises, however, as this would lead to confusions amongst those who have to learn the
differences.

Certain time in the past or just / already / yet?

Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was
just a few seconds ago) or that an action has just / already / not yet happened?
 Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

certain time in the past just / already / not yet

Example: Example:

I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago. I have just phoned Mary.

Certain event in the past or how often so far?

Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how
often an action has happened till now?

Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

certain event in the past whether / how often till now

Example: Example:
He went to Canada last summer. Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to
Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result?

Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to
emphasise the result (a past action's consequence in the present)?

Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

Emphasis on action Emphasis on result

Example: Example:

I bought a new bike. (just telling I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually
what I did in the past.) want to express that I have a new bike now.)

Signal Words

Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

 yesterday  just
 ... ago  already
 in 1990  up to now
 the other day  until now / till now
 last ...  ever
  (not) yet
 so far
 lately / recently

Tema 06:Present Perfect Continous

FORM
[has/have + been + present participle]

Examples:

 You have been waiting here for two hours.

 Have you been waiting here for two hours?
 You have not been waiting here for two hours.

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the
past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and
"since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect
Continuous.

Examples:

 They have been talking for the last hour.

 She has been working at that company for three years.
 What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
 James has been teaching at the university since June.
 We have been waiting here for over two hours!
 Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two
weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often
use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.

Examples:

 Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

 She has been watching too much television lately.
 Have you been exercising lately?
 Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
 Lisa has not been practicing her English.
 What have you been doing?

IMPORTANT

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or
"recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as
"Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or
unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you
smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can
see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone
by using this tense incorrectly.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any

continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed
Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect
Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect.

Examples:

 Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
 Sam has had his car for two years. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You have only been waiting here for one hour.

 Have you only been waiting here for one hour?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:

 Recently, John has been doing the work. Active

 Recently, the work has been being done by John. Passive

NOTE: Present Perfect Continuous is less commonly used in its passive form.

Eg:

 They have [They’ve] been talking for three hours. (Han estado hablando durante tres
horas.)
 She has [She’s] been studying English since she was 16. (Ha estado estudiando inglés
desde que tenía 16 años.)
 I have [I’ve] been waiting for you for over an hour! (¡Te llevo esperando durante más de una
hora!)
 They haven’t been talking for more than a few minutes. (No han estado hablando más de unos
minutos.)
 She hasn’t been studying English for very long. (No ha estado estudiando inglés durante
mucho tiempo.)
 Don’t worry, I haven’t been waiting long. (No te preocupes, no llevo esperando mucho tiempo.)
 I can’t believe it is still raining. It’s been raining for a week now! (No puedo creer que
todavía esté lloviendo. Lleva lloviendo desde hace una semana!)
 John has been working at the bank since 2003. (John lleva trabajando en el banco desde
2003.)
 We’ve been planning our vacation for over a month. (Llevamos planeando nuestras
vacaciones desde hace más de un mes.)
 Amanda and Tom have been dating since last June. (Amanda y Tom han estado saliendo
desde el junio pasado.)
 He hasn’t been studying enough. (No ha estado estudiando bastante.)
 Have you been feeling ok lately? (¿Te has sentido bien últimamente?)
 I’ve been working too much. (He estado trabajando demasiado.)

Tema 07:Comparatives and Superlatives

LOS ADJETIVOS EN GRADO COMPARATIVO
El comparativo se usa en inglés para comparar diferencias entre los dos objetos a los que modifica
(larger, smaller, faster, higher). Se emplea en oraciones donde comparamos dos nombres, de la manera
siguiente:

Nombre (sujeto) + verbo + adjetivo en grado comparativo + than + nombre (objeto).

El segundo término de la comparación puede omitirse si se entiende a partir del contexto. (ver el último
ejemplo).

EJEMPLOS
 My house is larger than hers.
 This box is smaller than the one I lost.
 Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog.
 The rock flew higher than the roof.
 Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" se sobreentiende)

LOS ADJETIVOS EN GRADO SUPERLATIVO

El superlativo se emplea para describir un objeto que se encuentra en el extremo superior o inferior de
una cualidad (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). Se utiliza en oraciones en las que
comparamos un sujeto con un grupo de objetos, como aquí:

Nombre (sujeto) + verbo + the + adjetivo en grado superlativo + nombre (objeto).

El grupo con el que se efectúa la comparación puede omitirse si se entiende a partir del contexto (ver el
último ejemplo).

EJEMPLOS
 My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.
 This is the smallest box I've ever seen.
 Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.
 We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the rocks" está
sobreentendido)
FORMACIÓN DE COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS REGULARES
En inglés, es simple formar el comparativo y el superlativo de la mayoría de los adjetivos. La forma
dependerá del número de sílabas del adjetivo.

ADJETIVOS DE UNA SÍLABA

Añadir -er para el comparativo y -est para el superlativo. Si el adjetivo termina en consonante + vocal +
consonante, la última consonante debe repetirse antes de añadir la terminación.

Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

tall taller tallest

fat fatter fattest

big bigger biggest

sad sadder saddest

ADJETIVOS DE DOS SÍLABAS

Los adjetivos de dos sílabas pueden formar el comparativo añadiendo -er, como los adjetivos de una
sílaba, o bien colocando more delante del adjetivo, como ocurre con los de tres sílabas. Igualmente, estos
adjetivos pueden formar el superlativo añadiendo la terminación -est o bien poniendo most delante el
adjetivo. En muchos casos se utilizan las dos formas, aunque uno de los usos será más habitual que el
otro. Si no estamos seguros de que un adjetivo pueda tomar las terminaciones de comparativo o
superlativo, es mejor utilizar more y most. Cuando un adjetivo de dos sílabas termina en y, hay que
cambiarla por i antes de añadir la terminación.
 Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

happy happier happiest

simple simpler simplest

busy busier busiest

tilted more tilted most tilted

tangled more tangled most tangled

ADJETIVOS DE TRES SÍLABAS O MÁS

Los adjetivos de tres sílabas o más forman el comparativo colocando more antes del adjetivo y el
superlativo colocando most.

Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

important more important most important

expensive more expensive most expensive

COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS IRREGULARES

Algunos adjetivos muy corrientes tienen formas irregulares en los grados comparativo y superlativo.

Adjetivos Comparativos Superlativos

good better best

bad worse worst

little less least

 Adjetivos Comparativos Superlativos

much more most

far further / farther furthest / farthest

EJEMPLOS:

 Today is the worst day I've had in a long time.

 You play tennis better than I do.
 This is the least expensive sweater in the store.
 This sweater is less expensive than that one.
 I ran pretty far yesterday, but I ran even farther today.

Tema 08:Must,Have to, Should (Obligation)

We can use have to + infinitive, must + infinitive and should +

infinitive to express obligation (something you have to do).

Present Positive Negative

have to / strong obligation (possibly no obligation
don't have to from outside)
 I don't have to work on
 Children have to go to Sundays.
school.

(sometimes 'have got to')

 You don't have to eat
anything you don't like.

must / strong obligation (possibly negative obligation

mustn't based on the speaker's
opinion)  You mustn't smoke
here.
 I must study today.
 should / mild negative obligation or
mild obligation or advice
shouldn't advice
 You should save some
 You shouldn't smoke so
money.
much.

Be careful about the difference between mustn't and don't have to!
Mustn't means it's not allowed, or it's a bad idea:

 You mustn't eat so much chocolate, you'll be sick

Don't have to means you don't need to do something, but it's fine if you want
to do it:

 I don't have to get up early at the weekend(of course, if I want to get up

early, that's fine, but I can stay in bed if I want).

Past Positive Negative

had to / didn't obligation in the past
no obligation in the past
have to
 I had to wear a school
 We didn't have to go to
uniform when I was a
school on Saturdays.
child.

must* changes to 'had to' -

should have + a past action which didn't a past action which didn't
pp / shouldn't happen: the advice / regret is happen: the advice / regret is
have + pp too late too late

 You should have gone  You shouldn't have

to bed earlier, now you taken that job., it was a
have missed the train. bad idea.

* Remember 'must have done' is a modal verb of deduction or speculation,

not obligation in the past. For example: Julie must have left. Her coat's not here.

Tema 09:Must,may, might ,cant (Deduction)

We use modal verbs to say how sure we are about something.

1 must:
We use must when we feel sure that something is true because there’s very strong evidence.

 He must live near here because he comes to work on foot.

We don’t know where he lives but we’re sure it’s not far away.
 Come inside and get warm – you must be freezing out there.
 Are you a zookeeper? That must be very interesting.

Notice that must is followed by an infinitive without ‘to’.

2 might, may, could:

We use might, may or could to say that we think something is possible but we’re not
sure.

 Did you hear that? I think there might be a burglar downstairs.

She’s not sure there’s a burglar but she thinks it’s possible.
 We’ll try to get there early but we may arrive late if there’s a lot of
traffic.
 Don’t put it up there. It could fall off and hit someone.

Might, may and could are also followed by an infinitive without ‘to’.

3 can’t:

We use can’t when we feel sure something is not true.

 It can’t be a burglar. All the doors and windows are locked.

He doesn’t know it’s not a burglar but he feels sure it’s not.
 It can’t be far away now. We’ve been driving for hours. Where’s the
map?
 Really? He has to work on Christmas Day? He can’t feel very happy
about that.

Like the other verbs, can’t is followed by an infinitive without ‘to’.

Remember that all of these modal verbs – must, might, may, could and can’t have
other uses. These are covered in another section.

Tema 10:Can, could , be able to (ability)

When we talk about ability, we mean two things.

First, we mean general ability. This is something that once you have learned
you can do any time you want, like being able to read or swim or speak a
language, for example.
The other kind of ability is specific ability. This mean something that you can
or can't do in one particular situation. For example, being able to lift something
heavy, or find somewhere you are looking for.

Present:
can / can't (for both general and specific ability)

 I can play the piano.

 She can speak English.
 He can't drive – he's too tired.
 We can't come now.

Past:
could / couldn't (for general ability)

 I could read when I was four.

 She could speak French when she was a child, but now she has forgotten it.
 He couldn't dance at all until he took lessons.
 My grandfather couldn't swim.

was able to / couldn't (for specific ability)

 When the computer crashed yesterday, I was able to fix it.(not 'I could fix it')
 She was able to pass the exam, even though she hadn't studied much.(not 'she could
pass')
 He called us because he couldn't find the house.
 I couldn't open the window.

could + have + past participle (an ability someone had in the past, but
didn't use)

 I could have played the piano well but I didn't practise enough.
 We could have come earlier.
 She could have studied law, but she preferred to become a secretary.

Future:
will / won't be able to (general ability)

 At the end of the course, you will be able to make your own website.
 He won't be able to speak Japanese in a week! It will take months.

can / can't (specific ability)

 I can help you tomorrow

 I can't come to the party
 Tema 11:First Conditional and Future

Lección sobre el primer (1) condicional en inglés con explicación /first

conditional

Uso
Utilizamos el 1er condicional para hablar de una posibilidad real en el futuro;
es decir, de una acción que es posible que ocurra en el futuro siempre y cuando
se cumpla la condición.

Ejemplo con explicación:

Pensemos en que una amiga me pedio el favor de ayudarla a estudiar para un
examen que se realizará mañana; yo no sé si pueda ayudarla porque no sé si
tengo que trabajar mañana, entonces yo le digo:

If I have time tomorrow, I will help you. (Si tengo tiempo mañana, te ayudaré)

Estructura:
Este condicional tiene dos partes: “la condición” y “el resultado”. Observa
los siguientes ejemplos:

-If you come to the party, you will meet my sister. (Si vienes a la fiesta, conocerás a mi
hermana)

-If she gets home late, I will be very angry. (Si ella llega a la casa tarde, estaré
muy enejado)

La condición:

 If you come to the party, (Si vienes a la fiesta,)

 If she gets home late, (Si ella llega a la casa tarde,)

El tiempo verbal que utilizamos para la oración condicional es el presente

simple -“you come” y “she gets”

El resultado:

 You will meet my sister. (Conocerás a mi hermana)

 I will be very angry. (Estaré muy enfadado)

Estas frases utilizan el futuro con WILL acompañando de la FORMA BASE

DEL VERBO -“will meet” y “will be”-. (Puedes ir a la lección sobre el futuro
con WILL)
Recuerda:
Podemos cambiar el orden de la oración sin alterar el significado:

I will help you if I have time. (Te ayudaré si tengo tiempo)

Podemos usar los verbos modales CAN o MAY en lugar de WILL; ejemplos:

-If I don’t have to work on Saturday, we can go to the cinema. (Si no tengo que trabajar
el sábado, podemos ver una película)

-If she studies hard for the exam, she may get a good grade. (Si ella estudia dura para el
examen, puede que obtenga una buena calificación)

Future Time Clauses

Future time clauses are dependent clauses that must be joined to independent
(main) clauses. It is customary to use the future in the independent clause and
the present tense in the dependent (time) clause. Do not use the future in the
time clause. Study the examples below. In each case, the independent (main)
clause is in bold type.

 When the movie ends, I'm going to bed. (correct)

When the movie will end, I'm going to bed. (incorrect)

 I'll feel more relaxed after I finish my project. (correct)

I'll feel more relaxed after I will finish my project. (incorrect)

Future time clauses begin with time words such as when, as soon as, after,
before, until, and while. Below are a few example sentences. As you saw
earlier, a comma separates the time clause from the main (independent) clause
when the time clause comes first.

 When I finish the dishes, I'll help you with your homework.
I'll help you with your homework when I finish the dishes.

 As soon as I finish the dishes, I'll help you with your homework.
I'll help you with your homework as soon as I finish the dishes.
 After I finish the dishes, I'll help you with your homework.
I'll help you with your homework after I finish the dishes.

 Before I go home, I'll finish this report.

I'll finish this report before I go home.
  Until I finish this report, I won't go home.
I won't go home until I finish this report.

 While I am waiting for the bus, I'll drink my coffee.

I'll drink my coffee while I am waiting for the bus.

 While I wait for the bus, I'll drink my coffee.

While I wait for the bus, I'll drink my coffee.

Tema 12:Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the
infinitive:

 if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in
formal writing).

It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going
to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

 If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the
lottery)
 If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
 She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
 She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this
won't happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is

impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:

 If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so
it's impossible for me to call him).
 If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

How is this different from the first conditional?

This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because
this is a lot more unlikely.

For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house
with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have
this much money, it's just a dream, not very real)

But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's
much more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes)

Eg.

 If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

Si ganara la lotería, viajaría por todo el mundo.
 If I were in Brazil, I would go to Rio de Janeiro.
Si yo estuviese en Brasil, iría a Río de Janeiro.
 If I were you, I would buy that car.
Si yo fuese tú, compraría ese auto.
 If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this.
Si él estuviese en mi lugar, no haría esto.
 If I had more money, I would buy a nice apartment.
Si yo tuviese más dinero, me compraría un lindo apartamento.
 If she had more time, she would travel more often.
Si ella tuviera más tiempo, viajaría más a menudo.
 If it were not raining, we could go out.
Si no estuviese lloviendo, podríamos salir.
 If we didn't have to work today, we could have a picnic.
Si no tuviésemos que trabajar hoy, podríamos tener un picnic.

 If they won the lottery, they wouldn't work any more.

Si ellos ganaran la lotería, no trabajarían más.
 If I saw her, I would ask her out.
Si la viera, la invitaría a salir.
 If you went to Brazil, you wouldn't want to come back.
Si fueras a Brazil, no querrías regresar.
 If they spoke Spanish, we would understand them.
Si ellos hablasen español, los entenderíamos.
 If he didn't live by the river, he couldn't go fishing.
 Si el no viviera cerca del río, no podría ir a pescar.
 If I didn't want to go, I would tell you.
Si no quisiera ir, te lo diría.
 If they worked for that company, they might have better salaries.
Si ellos trabajaran para esa compañía, podrían tener mejores sueldos.
 If she wrote a book, it would be a best-seller.
Si ella escribiese un libro, sería un best-seller.

Tema 13:Third Conditional

We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then
'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence:

 if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and
to imagine the result of this situation.

 If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we
know she didn't study and so she didn't pass)
 If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a
lot, and so I did feel sick).
 If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane
 She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
 She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university
 He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house
at nine

 if condition result

Past Perfect would have + past participle

If I had seen Mary, I would have told her.

If Tara had been free yesterday, I would have invited her.

If they had not passed their their teacher would have been
exam, sad.
 if condition result

Past Perfect would have + past participle

If it had rained yesterday, would you have stayed at home?

If it had rained yesterday, what would you have done?

result if condition

would have + past participle Past Perfect

I would have told Mary if I had seen her.

I would have invited Tara if she had been free yesterday.

Their teacher would have been sad if they had not passed their exam.

Would you have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday?

What would you have done if it had rained yesterday?

Tema 14:Usually and Used to

Uso de “Usually” en frases afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas

 Afirmativa: I usually read at leat 3 hours a day (Suelo leer, al menos, 3 horas al día).

 Negativa: She doesn’t usually go out during the week (Ella no suele “salir” durante la
semana)

 Interrogativa: Does he usually do exercise? (¿Él suele hacer ejercicio?)

Used to (Soler)

Usamos el verbo modal “used to” para indicar algo que ocurría o sucedía en el pasado de
manera habitual. También, se utiliza para algo que antes era verdad pero ya no lo es. Como con los
otros verbos modales, “used to” está seguido por la forma base del verbo (el infinitivo sin “to”).

Structure (Estructura)

1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)

Sujeto + “used to” + verbo…

Ejemplos:
We used to go to the beach every summer when I was young. (Cuando era joven solíamos ir a la
playa cada verano.)

He used to smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, but he quit last year. (Solía fumar un paquete de
cigarrillos al día, pero lo dejó el año pasado.)

I used to like mushrooms, but not anymore. (Antes me gustaba las setas, pero ya no.)
There used to be a great restaurant here, but it closed a few years ago. (Había un buen restaurante
aquí, pero cerró hace unos años.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

Sujeto + “didn’t” + “use to” + verbo…
Ejemplos:
I didn’t use to like mushrooms, but now I do. (Antes no me gustaban las setas, pero ahora sí.)
Food didn’t use to be so expensive. (La comida no solía ser tan cara.)
We didn’t use to go away on holiday very often when I was young. (No solíamos ir de vacaciones a
menudo cuando era joven.)

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

Did + sujeto + “use to” + verbo…?

Ejemplos:
Didn’t he use to smoke a lot? (Él fumaba mucho antes, ¿no?)

Did you use to live here? (¿Vivías aquí antes?)

Did they use to go to the beach in the summers? (¿Solían ir a la playa durante los veranos?)
Nota: No utilizamos “used to” para acciones habituales en el presente. En vez de este verbo modal,
se usa un adverbio como “usually” o “normally” por ejemplo.

Ejemplos:
We usually go to the beach every summer. (Solemos ir a la playa cada verano.)

He normally smokes a pack of cigarettes every day. (Normalmente él fuma un paquete de cigarrillos
cada día.)

They usually play football on the weekends. (Suelen jugar a fútbol los fines de semana.)
Nota: También se puede utilizar el verbo modal “would” para eventos o acciones repetidas en el
pasado. Pero ten en cuenta que sólo se puede usar con acciones, no con estados o hábitos. Tampoco
se puede utilizar “would” en el negativo. Para información de los otros usos de “would” ver las
lecciones de frases condicionales y los verbos modales.

Ejemplos:
When I was young, we would go to the beach every summer. (Cuando era joven solíamos ir a la
playa cada verano.)

At the university, they would play football every weekend. (En la universidad, ellos solían jugar a
fútbol cada fin de semana.)

He would smoke a lot.

When I was young we wouldn’t go to the beach every summer.

To be used to (Estar acostumbrado a)

Cuando se utiliza “used to” como adjetivo significa “estar acostumbrado a”. Se usa para cosas
que son familiares, normales o comunes y se puede usar en cualquier tiempo verbal. Cuando “to be
used to” está seguido por un verbo, el verbo tiene que estar en gerundio (“-ing”).
 Ejemplos:
She’s used to living alone. (Ella está acostumbrada a vivir sola.)
We weren’t used to traveling a lot. (No estábamos acostumbrados a viajar mucho.)
I’m not used to this cold weather. (No estoy acostumbrado a este frío.)

Nota: Cuando utilizamos el verbo “get” en vez de “be” indica el proceso de familiarizarse con algo.
Ver la lección del verbo to get para más información sobre este verbo.

Ejemplos:
They divorced over 2 years ago. She has gotten used to living alone. (Se divorciaron hace más de
2 años. Ella se ha acostumbrado a vivir sola.)

With this new job I am getting used to traveling a lot. (Con este nuevo trabajo me estoy
acostumbrando a viajar mucho.)

You need to get used to this cold weather if you are going to live here.(Necesitas acostumbrarte
a este frío si vas a vivir aquí.)

Tema 15:Passive
Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not
known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not
know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the

following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame
anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
 the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
 the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence
(or is dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

writes a letter.
Simple Present Active: Rita

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

is writing a letter.
Present Progressive Active: Rita

Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.

Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.

Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.

Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.

 Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.

Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one
of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object.
Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the
focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

wrote a letter to me.

Active: Rita

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant.
That’s why it is usually dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes
the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object
(transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal

passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the
passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you
need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal
Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages
(e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs
of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live
longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more

common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer
than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the
sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the
sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary
verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect
object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

Tema 16:Something, Anything, Nothing

Something means a thing that is unknown. It is often used in positive sentences.

Anything means a thing of any kind. Use it in questions and negative sentences. It can also be
used to to mean I don't mind.

Nothing means no single thing. Used as subjects of a sentence or question.

Everything means all the things. Use in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences when
we want to be inclusive.

Eg.

1. I don’t need anything to eat

2. There’s something in this room making a noise. What is it?
3. There’s nothing wrong with you, you’re perfectly healthy.
4. Do u have everything u need for the trip?
5. If u need anything, just call me.
6. That mess has nothing to do with me.
7. There’s something important I need to tell you, please could we talk privately.
 8. Everything must go in our once a year sale!
9. The doctors did everything they could , but it wasn’t enough
10. There’s isn’t anything left, the burglars took it all.
11. There’s nothing you can say me to forgive you. I never want to speak to you
again.
12. Something just crawled over my foot!

Tema 17:Quantifiers, Too, not enough

Too

1.1.- It's too hot today.

(Está muy caliente hoy)
1.2.- He drives too fast.
(El maneja muy rápido)

1.3.- The red dress was too expensive.

(El vestido rojo estaba muy caro)

1.4.- I worked too hard to get results.

(Trabajé muy duro para obtener resultados)

Not enough

2.1.- There is not enough food for everyone.

(No hay suficiente comida para todos)

2.2.- She doesn't have enough money to buy the tablet.

(Ella no tiene suficiente dinero para comprar la tableta)

2.3.- Jimmy was not old enough for that game.

(Jimmy no era lo suficientemente grande para ese juego)

2.4.- We didn't have enough time to go shopping.

(Nosotros no tuvimos suficiente tiempo para ir de compras)

Too much

3.1.- There's too much noise coming from that house.

(Hay mucho ruido viniendo de esa casa)

3.2.- My sister spends too much money buying online.

(Mi hermana gasta mucho dinero comprando en línea)
3.3.- Howard downloaded too much music to his MP3 player.
(Howard descargó mucha música a su reproductor de MP3)

3.4.- There was too much information about this topic.

(Había mucha información acerca de este tema)

Too many

4.1.- There are too many people in the bank.

(Hay muchas personas en el banco)

4.2.- John has too many credit cards.

(Juan tiene muchas tarjetas de crédito)

4.3.- There were too many apples in the fridge.

(Habían muchas manzanas en el refrigerador)

4.4.- I installed too many apps in my smartphone.

(Instalé muchas aplicaciones en mi teléfono inteligente)

En los siguientes ejemplos pueden encontrarse las opciones correctas subrayadas

en negritas según la gramática vista en la sección anterior:

1.- I need a bigger hard drive, there is too much / not enough space available for
my videos.

2.- I like my new pet, it is too / too much cute.

3.- The public internet is slow because there are too / too many people connected.

4.- This will be a busy weekend. I have too much / too many homework to do.

Tema 18:Articles: a/an, the No article

The Definite Article – THE

We use THE with:
1. A singular or plural noun when it is clear/obvious which person or thing we are talking
about.

 There is a lamp in my bedroom. (we mention the lamp for the first time)
 The lamp is next to the desk.

2. Anything which we identify immediately.

  We watched the new Brad Pitt movie last night.

3. Musical instruments (the violin, the guitar, the drums, the flute, the piccolo).

 She plays the piano.

4. Something that is unique or there is only one.

 the sun
 the moon
 the internet.

5. Names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges and deserts (always in capitals).

 The Mississippi River

 The Black Sea
 The Andes
 The Sahara Desert

6. Directions (cardinal points).

 the west
 the south-east
 the north-west.

No Article
We use no article with:

1. When we refer to general ideas, plurals or uncountable nouns we do not use THE.

 Religion is an important issue. (NOT The religion is an important issue)

 Mexican food is spicy. (NOT The Mexican food is spicy).

2. Names of people, books and plays (unless it is part of the title).

 I have read Romeo and Juliet.

3. Towns, cities, states and countries.

 Cape Town
 Montana
 Vietnam

(Exceptions – The USA, The UK, The Netherlands, The Czech Republic, The Philippines).
4. Lakes, single islands, continents or mountains.

 Lake Victoria
 Jamaica
 Asia
 Mt Fuji
5. Planets

 Mars
 Jupiter
 Saturn

6. Sports or games

 soccer
 tennis
 skiing
 monopoly

7. Meals

 breakfast
 lunch
 dinner
 supper

Tema 19:Gerunds and infinitives

Infinitive

Use
Certain words are followed by an infinite verb with or without ‘to’.

Use and Word Lists Example

as the subject of a clause To know you is to love you.

after certain expressions (without ‘to’) Why not go to the cinema?

after certain verbs (without ‘to’) I can swim.

after certain verbs (with ‘to’) He wants to swim.

after certain verbs with interrogatives They don’t know how to swim.
(infinitive constructions)
 after certain verbs with objects (without ‘to’) He made her swim.

after certain verbs with objects (with ‘to’) They wanted him to swim.

after certain adjectives and their It’s easier to swim downstream.

comparisons

after nouns deriving from the verbs We made a promise to swim. (derived from the
mentioned above verb ‘to promise’)

Gerund
Form
ing form of the verb
Exceptions in Spelling
See → Present Progressive – Exceptions

Use
Certain words are followed by an Ing-Form.

Use and Word Lists Example

as the subject of a clause Cycling is good for your health.

after certain adjectives He’s afraid of going by plane.

after certain prepositions Before going to bed he turned off the lights.

after certain verbs I enjoy cooking.

after certain verbs with prepositions I am looking forward to seeing you again.

after certain nouns We had problems finding our way back home.
Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing-Form

Use and Word Lists Example

same meaning I started to read. / I started reading.

same meaning but different use She forbids us to talk. / She forbids talking.

different meaning He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking.

infinitive or present participle I saw him go up the stairs. / I saw him going up the stairs

Tema 20:Reported Speech: Statements, questions and commands

Tema 21:Passive:Be+ past participle
Tema 22:Relative Clauses: defining and non- defining question tags
Tema 23:Indirect Questions
Tema 24:Phrasal Verbs