MTB Cardiology notes

REINFARCTION: [NEW CP episode within few days of first episode] INITIAL management?
1. EKG [see NEW ST abnl]
2. CK-MB: (see inc levels) [nl CK-MB disappears 24-48hrs 2 days after 1st MI]

AFTER INITIAL management: Monitor in ICU: Continuous rhythm monitor

 First few days: risk: VTach, VFib

ST-elevation MI: STEMI

STEMI

INITIAL tx: STENTING placement: give

Allergy to aspirin give:
ASPRIN Prasugrel or Ticagrelor
Clopidogrel (alternative to Clopidogrel)
(oral or chew)

ANGIOPLASTY (PCI)
[Decrease Mortality]
Do within 90minutes (if
avail)

Complications of ANGIOPLASTY
(PCI):
-Ruptures coronary artery on
ballon inflation
-Restenosis/thrombosis
-Hematoma @entry site (femoral)

-tx: Paclitaxel, Sirolimus

(Drug-eluting stent) = Prevents risk of Restenosis of coronary art. After PCI. [inhibits local T-cell
response] (Heparin at procedure time, but not long-term. Warfarin is not for coronary disease.
It’s for Venous: DVT, PE]

Cardiology Notes 1
Don’t use Thrombolytics if got:
-Bleed in bowel (melena) or Brain (ANY type of CNS bleeding)
-Recent surgery (w/in last 2wks)
-Severe htn (>180/110)

-IF hospital has NO cath lab → give THROMBOLYTICS now

-IF contraindications for thrombolytic use → then transfer to facility performing PCI

REMEMBER:
Which is better for SURVIVAL & MORTALITY benefit?
= ANGIOPLASTY

What to do if cannot do Angioplasty/Delayed Angioplasty-cath lab for several hours?

= Thrombolytics immediately >>> delayed angioplasty (bc lab is not near)

-Can answer “THROMBOLYTICS” in any pt w/CP & STEMI within first 12 hours of CP onset
(thrombolytics: Mortality benefits extends to 12hours from CP onset)
= pt w/CP enters ER doors → give THROMBOLYTICS within 30mins

CASES and the THERAPY to use. Benefit depends on specific circumstance.

Aspirin: Best ONLY Clpidogrel/Prsugrel/Ticagrelor BB: Oxygen, nitrates
with STEMI -Undergoing ANGIOPLASTY- -Start any time during -no clear mortality
-BEST INITIAL med PCI or Stenting admission; Not benefit
-add to aspirin dependent on time;
NO Urgency for (BB:
metoprolol use)
Angioplasty: Heparin: BEST for NON-STEMI CCB: Statins: goal:
(AFTER aspirin given!) -AFTER thrombolytics/PCI- -pt cannot use BB -<100mg LDL
-Best for Survival & angioplasty to PREVENT -cocaine induced pain
Mortality benefit restenosis -prinzmetal or
(>>thrombolytics) -INITIAL med w/ST Depression vasospasm variant
and NON-STEMI angina
(Unstable angina)
GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor Paclitaxel, Sirolimus ACE-I:
[Abciximab, (Drug-eluting stent) = Prevents -Best Benefit if has
Tirofiban, risk of Restenosis of coronary <40% EF
Eptifibatide] BEST for art. After PCI
NON-STEMI and…
-Undergoing
ANGIOPLASTY PCI or
stenting
-Not useful for acute
STEMI
-Reduce MORTALITY
in ST depression
(Unstable angina)

Cardiology Notes 2
ST-depression
-ST-depression, CP. Aspirin given. What’s next?
=Heparin (LMWH) =URGENT
[=prevents clot growing/forming more in coronary arteries. It won’t dissolve already formed clots]

-NO ST-elevation = NO benefit of thrombolytic therapy!

-NG/Morphine/Oxy = NO CLEAR reduction in mortality!
-CCB & warfarin NO CLEAR mortality benefit in ACS.

-LMWH >>> unfractionated heparin [for MORTALITY Benefit]

NON-STEMI: after all meds given - HEPARIN and pt is NOT BETTER:

= do Angiogram & maybe Angioplasty-PCI
-Persistent pain
-S3 gallop or CHF developing
-Worse EKG or VTach
-Trops rise

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Acute MI complication QUESTIONS
-What’s most likely diagnosis? [common Q]
-HEART RATE = key clue

BRADYCARDIA
Sinus- Bradycardia [SA node fkd] = NO Cannon A Third-degree (complete) AV block: = Bardycardia,
waves Cannon A waves.
(moa: atrial systole against closed tricuspid)
(Tricuspid closed bc 3rd degree block…Atria &
ventricles contract out of coordination with each
other)
(‘cannon = bounding jugulovenous wave back into
neck’ see: RV infract & Third-degree AV block
link!)

Symptomatic Bradycardia
Tx: ATROPINE (FIRST); then Place PACEMAKER if atropine not effective

TACHYCARDIA:
RV infarct: link New INFERIOR wall
MI (II, III, aVF) + Clear lungs auscul;
Tachy,HoTN with NG use
-dx: RV4 (Right chest)***
Tamponade/free wall rupture
[several days post-MI….wall
scars/weakens-then rupture]
-“sudden pulse loss”; JVD; clear
lungs
VTach/VFib:
-Sudden death; Loss Pulse.
NEED EKG to answer Q
-tx:
Cardioversion/defibrillation

Cardiology Notes 3
(see Check ST-elevation)
[RCA supplies: RV/AV node/Inferior
wall
-Inferior wall MI has 40% chance
has RV infarction ]
emergency
-dx: Echocardiogram emergency
-tx: Pericardiocentesis emergency
on way to OR to repair it

-tx: High-volume Fluid replacement

(Treat RV infarct); AVOID NG-
worsens filling

Valve or Septum rupture: REINFARCTION/Extension of Aneurysm/Mural thrombus

-NEW murmur & Pulmonary infarction -dx: ECHO
congestion-Rales CLUE to 2nd MI different area of
heart: Aneurysm:
-MR: hear @Apex radiate to axilla -Recurrence of pain -No therapy needed
-New rales on exam
-Ventr. Septal rupture: hear @L -New Bump up in CK-MBs inc Mural Thrombi
lower sternal border; see Oxy sat -Sudden Pulm edema -tx: Heparin then warfarin
inc from RA to RV “ex: 72% SaO2 RA
to 85%SaO2 on RV” (step-up) -dx: EKG repeat
-tx: Angioplasty and sometimes
-dx: ECHO [best test] thrombolytics in addition to usual
(ASPIRIN, Metoprolol, Nitrates, ACE-
I, Satins)

-Intraaortic Balloon pump is temporary BRIDGE to surgery for valve replacement for 24-to-48hrs)

Detect Persistent Ischemia EVERYONE gets Stress test before discharge

Stress Test prior to discharge to

see if Angiogram needed

Angiogram: to see if need

Revascularization (Angioplasty-
PCI or Bypass Surgery)

Angioplasty-PCI or Bypass
surgery

-NO Stress test if pt clearly has symptoms…. – go Straight to ANGIOGRAM

-NO Angiogram if got reversible signs of myocardial ischemia is ABSENT (no point to vascularize
dead/infarcted myocardium)

Cardiology Notes 4
POST-INFARCTION take home meds:
-ASPIRIN
-BB (metoprolol)
-Statins
-ACE-I

-ACE-I = Best for ANTERIOR wall infract V2 –V4

-Clopidogrel or Prasugrel or Ticagrelor: for pt intolerance of aspirin or Post-stenting

-NEVER Dipyridamole for CAD: coronary artery dz

PROPHYLACTIC ANTIARRHYTHMIC MEDS:

-NO Amiodarone/flecainide; or ANY rhythm-controlling med to PREVENT VTach or VFib!
-Don’t get tricked by “Frequent PVCs and ectopy”…..
=Prophylactic Antiarrhythmic INCREASES mortality!!

QUESTIONS – HY
POSTINFARCT – SEX PROBLEMS
-Do not combine nitrates/NG with Sildenafil [pt taking 2 drugs…has HYPOTENSION. Likely
cause?...vasodilators]
-Erectile dysfunction postinfarction Most Commonly from: ANXIETY
-ED due to Meds? = Beta-Blockers (propranolol/metoprolol)

-Patient does not have to wait after an MI to have sex. If no symptoms, then can have sex immediately
[bc sex doesn’t last long enough to have excess inc myocardial oxy consumption]
-If Post-MI stress test nl, pt can do any form of Exercise program. Including sex
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
-sx: Dyspnea [insufficient oxy to tissues & fluid builds in lung]

-Systolic dysfunction: LOW EF & Dilated heart

-Diastolic dysfunction: Heart cannot “Relax/dilate” to receive blood; EF preserved or above normal
(contraction is ok)

-dt: HYPERTENSION → heart dilates overtime systolic dysfunction & low EF

-dt: MI → DILATED CM & dec EF (= systolic dysfunction; won’t pump) → Regurge → CHF

Main Clue: DYSPNEA; Dyspnea on exertion

Other additional clues:
-Orthopnea [worse when lying flat, relieved when sit up or standing; many pillows)
-limb edema
-Rales
-JVD
-PND (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea: sudden worsening at night, during sleep)
-S3 gallop (Identify sound on STEP 2: “ken-tuc-KY”

Cardiology Notes 5
WHAT’S THE MOST LIKELY DIAGNOSIS? For DYSPNEA
Sudden onset; Sudden, Slower, fever, Circumoral Pallor, gradual over
clear lungs wheezing, inc sputum, numbness/mouth; days to weeks
= Pulmonary expiratory phase unilateral caffeine use, h/o =Anemia
emboli = Asthma rales/rhonchi anxiety
=Pneumonia = Panic attack
Pulse paradoxus, Palpitations, Dull percussion Long smoking hx, Recent anesthetic use,
dec heart sounds, syncope at BASES barrel chest brown blood not
JVD =Arrhythmia of =Pleural effusion =COPD improved with
=Tamponade any kind oxygen, clear lungs
auscultate, cyanosis
=Methemoglobinemia
Burning building
or car, wood-
burning stove in
winter, suicide
attempt
=Carbon
monoxide poison

ALL OF THESE WILL LACK:

-Orthopnea/PND [cannot lay down – SOB; Wakes up at night gasp for air]
-S3 gallop
= CHF

Dx: ECHO (diagnoses CHF) (distinguish systolic vs diastolic dysfunction) [NOT: EKG, CXR, BNP)
To evaluate Ejection Fraction.

CHF clues. Best INITIAL test?
= transTHORACIC ECHO
Most ACCURATE test? Acute SOB with etiology of dyspnea
= MUGA (Multiple-gated is NOT Clear
acquisition scan) or Nuclear And you cannot wait for ECHO to
ventriculography be done.
-dx: BNP

BNP excludes CHF as cause of SOB

[TEE: Transesophageal Echocardiogram = more accurate then both to evaluate heart VALVE function &
diameter. TEE not for CHF eval.]

“Nuclear testing” = rarely needed (for precision) (ex: Chemo w/doxorubicin – trying to give max chemo
but not cause cardiomyopathy)
Nuclear Ventriculogram = precision of WALL MOTION problems

TESTS to determine/diagnose the Etiology/CAUSE of CHF

EKG: CXR: Holter monitor: Cardiac
-MI, Heart block -Dilated CM -Paroxysmal arrhythmias Catheterization:
-Valve diameters,

Cardiology Notes 6
 Septal defects
CBC: T4/TSH: thyroid funct. Endomyocardial biopsy Swan-Ganz right
-Anemia =Both high & low -Rarely done heart catheterization:
thyroid levels cause CHF -excludes infiltrative -Distinguish CHF from
disease: sarcoid/amyloid ARDS; not routine
-biopsy is “most accurate
test” for some infections

Cardiology Notes 7