Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 2014, 25(2), 203–210

Factors Determining Employment Outsourcing in Public and Private Sectors

Ligita Gaspareniene, Rita Remeikiene, Grazina Startiene

Kaunas University of Technology
Laisves st. 55, LT-44309, Kaunas, Lithuania
E-mail: ligita.vasiliauskiene@ktu.lt, rita.remeikiene@ktu.lt, grazina.startiene@ktu.lt

KWWSG[GRLRUJMHH

Outsourcing is one of business kinds that influences development and organization of business processes. It earned
scientific attention more than 20 years ago, and at present is increasingly establishing itself in public sector as a measure
to reduce operation costs and provide qualitative services. This article presents the analysis of the field that has earned
little scientific attention - the factors of employment outsourcing. That is why the aim of the article is to establish the
factors determining the choice of employment outsourcing in both public and private sectors. With reference to the results
of expert evaluation, the main differences and similarities buying employment services from outside in public and private
sectors have been identified. In private sector, the factor that has a positive impact on employment outsourcing is absence
of personnel department while in public sector, competences of the companies that provide employment services and
available database resources are considered to be the most influential factors. The experts from both sectors were
unanimous appointing it is the factors having the impact while choosing an outsourcing service provider. Employment
outsourcing in public sector is negatively influenced by reluctance to dismiss long-term employees as well as poor quality
of the service and increased costs. The latter factors also determine the actions in private sector to refuse a current
outsourcing supplier and switch to another.
.H\ZRUGVoutsourcing, employment outsourcing, public and private sectors.

Introduction  6FLHQWLILFOLWHUDWXUHIRFXVHVRQWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKH
LPSDFW RI RXWVRXUFLQJ IDFWRUV LQ SULYDWH VHFWRU $PLWL 
Relevance of the topic 5HFHQWO\ JOREDOL]DWLRQ :HL  -DLQ  1DWDUDMDQ  *HZDOG  2N
LQFUHDVLQJ FRPSHWLWLRQ DQG PDUNHW SUHVVXUH SRVH QHZ  *RQ]DOH] et al  $XEHUW et al  -DLQ 
FKDOOHQJHV IRU PDQDJHUV DQG FRPSDQLHV *UHEOLNDLWH  1DWDUDMDQ  $GGLVRQ et al  (H et al., 
.ULVFLXQDV  'XULQJ WKH SHULRG RI UHFHVVLRQ DQG &RVWD  /DFLW\ et al.,  6XVRPULWK et al., 
VDYLQJ RSHUDWLRQ FRVW UHGXFWLRQ LV EHFRPLQJ WKH KLJKHVW 6KLK &KLDQJDQGHWF
SULRULW\ IRU PDQDJHUV 3XEOLF RSLQLRQ DERXW SXEOLF 7KH SUREOHPV RI RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ SXEOLF VHFWRU KDYH
FRPSDQLHV VD\V WKDW WKH\ DUH WRR ELJ LQHIILFLHQW DQG QRW EHHQ UHVHDUFKHG E\ WKH IROORZLQJ VFLHQWLVWV Abdul et al.,
DEOH WR UHDFW WR HQYLURQPHQWDO FKDQJHV $FFRUGLQJ WR  DQDO\]HG RXWVRXUFLQJ DQG TXDOLW\ SHUIRUPDQFH LQ
%DUWRQVXFKDWWLWXGHLVVXSSRUWHGE\3XEOLF&KRLFH 0DOD\VLDெV SXEOLF ZRUN GHSDUWPHQW 0RVFKXULV 
7KHRU\$VLWLVVWDWHGE\WKHVXSSRUWHUVRIWKLVWKHRU\LQ .RQG\OLV  DQDO\]HG RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ SXEOLF KRVSLWDOV
RUGHU WR PLQLPL]H VWDWH PRQRSRO\ WKH VL]H RI SXEOLF DQG KHDOWK VHFWRU 1LNROLF  0DLNLVK 
FRPSDQLHV KDV WR EH UHGXFHG E\ SULYDWL]LQJ WKHP DQG $QWXFKHYLFLHQH et al  %DUWRQ  VWXGLHG SXEOLF
RXWVRXUFLQJIURPSULYDWHEXVLQHVVVHFWRUVKRXOGEHDSSOLHG VHFWRUDFFRXQWDELOLW\XVLQJRXWVRXUFLQJ5DMDE]DGHKet al.,
IRU WKH UHVW SDUW RI SXEOLF VHUYLFHV *RYHUQPHQW  FUHDWHG D JHQHULF PRGHO IRU RXWVRXUFLQJ SURFHVV LQ
RXWVRXUFLQJ VKRXOG LQFXU FRVW VDYLQJ IRU JRYHUQPHQWV SXEOLF VHFWRU (OLQGHU  -RUGDKO  UHVHDUFKHG WKH
$ORQVRet al HIILFLHQF\ RI SXEOLF VHFWRU RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ SUHVFKRROV DQG
$OWKRXJKSXEOLFVHFWRUGRPLQDWHVSURYLGLQJWKHPDMRU SULPDU\ VFKRROV 6KRXS et al  H[DPLQHG WKUHH
FRPPXQLW\ VHUYLFHV LW GRHV QRW SUHYHQW SULYDWH VHUYLFH RXWVRXUFLQJ FRQWUDFWV DQG WKHLU LPSOLFDWLRQ IRU 7XUNH\
SURYLGHUVIURPSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKHVHPDUNHWV,QWKLVFDVH FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHVHFWRUPXVHXPVDQGDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHV
JRYHUQPHQWVVHHNWRLQIOXHQFHWKHYROXPHVRIFRQVXPSWLRQ DQG VR IRUWK $V LW FDQ EH VHHQ IURP SUHYLRXV VWXGLHV
E\ IUHH VHUYLFH SURYLVLRQ DQG HQVXUH D PLQLPDO OHYHO RI HPSOR\PHQWRXWVRXUFLQJKDVEHHQKDUGO\UHVHDUFKHGDSDUW
FRQVXPSWLRQRID SDUWLFXODUVHUYLFH HJ PLQLPDO OHYHORI IURP :HEVWHU +DUGLQJ  VR LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR
HGXFDWLRQ PLQLPDO OHYHO RI ODERXU RIIHUV DQG VR IRUWK
0RVW RI DFWLYLWLHV WKDW DUH ILQDQFHG IURP VWDWH IXQGV DUH
SHUIRUPHG E\ SXEOLF VHFWRU LWVHOI DQG WKH PDMRULW\ RI
SXEOLF VHUYLFHV DUH SURWHFWHG IURP FRPSHWLWLYH PDUNHW
IRUFHV +RZHYHU WKHUH DUH H[DPSOHV $XVWUDOLDQ
HVWDEOLVKZKDWIDFWRUVDUHWKHPDLQDQGKRZWKH\LQIOXHQFH
SULYDWH DQG SXEOLF VHFWRUV REWDLQLQJ SHUVRQQHO VHDUFK DQG
VHOHFWLRQWUDLQLQJUHIUHVKHUFRXUVHZRUNVKRSZRUNVDIHW\
DQGRWKHUVHUYLFHVIURPRXWVLGH
The aim of the article LV WR HVWDEOLVK WKH IDFWRUV
H[SHULHQFH :HEVWHU +DUGLQJ  ZKHQ DQ DFWLYLW\ GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH FKRLFH RI HPSOR\PHQW RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ
ILQDQFHG IURP VWDWH IXQGV LV SHUIRUPHG E\ SULYDWH SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH VHFWRUV 7R IXOILOO WKH DLP RI WKH
LQVWLWXWLRQV RSHQHG WR H[WHUQDO FRPSHWLWLRQ 2QH RI VXFK UHVHDUFK WKH IROORZLQJ REMHFWLYHV KDYH EHHQ UDLVHG  WR
H[DPSOHVLVHPSOR\PHQWRXWVRXUFLQJ DQDO\]H WKH IDFWRUV GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH FKRLFH UHMHFWLRQ RI


 Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, ±

RXWVRXUFLQJLQSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHVHFWRUVWRSUHVHQWWKH RIVFLHQWLILFDWWHQWLRQWRWKHQHFHVVLW\RIRXWVRXUFLQJ

PHWKRGRORJ\ RI WKH UHVHDUFK  DSSO\LQJ WKH PHWKRG RI LQ SXEOLF VHFWRU KDV LQFUHDVHG DQG WKH VSHFWUXP RI
H[SHUW HYDOXDWLRQ WR LGHQWLI\ DQG FRPSDUH WKH IDFWRUV RXWVRXUFLQJ VHUYLFHV KDV H[SDQGHG VWDUWLQJ IURP FOHDQLQJ
GHWHUPLQLQJHPSOR\PHQWRXWVRXUFLQJLQ/LWKXDQLDQSXEOLF DQG HQGLQJ ZLWK ILQDQFLDO RU SURGXFW GHYHORSPHQWGHVLJQ
DQGSULYDWHVHFWRUV IXQFWLRQV *RQ]DOH] et alV\VWHPDWL]HGWKHUHVXOWV
The object of the articleLVWKHIDFWRUVRIHPSOR\PHQW RIWKHVWXGLHVFDUULHGRXWE\GLIIHUHQWDXWKRUVRQWKHQHHG
RXWVRXUFLQJ The methods of the research LQFOXGH ORJLF RI ,7 RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ ILQDQFH VHFWRU DQG IRXQG WKDW FRVW
V\VWHPDWLF DQDO\VLV RI WKH VFLHQWLILF OLWHUDWXUH EDVHG RQ DGYDQWDJHV DUH QRW WKH PDLQ UHDVRQ IRU DSSO\LQJ ,7
FRPSDUDWLYH DQG VXPPDU\ PHWKRGV DQG WKH PHWKRG RI RXWVRXUFLQJ)LQDQFHVHFWRUEDQNVDSSO\RXWVRXUFLQJGXH
H[SHUW HYDOXDWLRQ ,Q RUGHU WR DFKLHYH WKH DLP TXDOLILHG WR WKH UHDVRQ WKDW LW HQDEOHV WR IRFXV RQ FRUH DFWLYLWLHV
H[SHUWV ZLWK ZRUN H[SHULHQFH QRW VKRUWHU WKDQ  \HDUV KHOSV WR FUHDWH D FRRUGLQDWHG VWUDWHJ\ RI EXVLQHVV DQG
ZRUNLQJ LQ SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH VHFWRUV ZHUH TXHVWLRQHG LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ V\VWHPV LPSURYHV SURFHVVHV DQG
'LIIHUHQW VHFWRUVKDYHEHHQ VHOHFWHGSXUSRVHIXOO\LQRUGHU
WR FRPSDUH SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH IDFWRUV GHWHUPLQLQJ
HPSOR\PHQW RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ ERWK VHFWRUV 7KH UHVW RI WKH
SDSHU LV RUJDQL]HG DV IROORZV VHFWLRQ  V\VWHPDWL]HV WKH
IDFWRUV WKDW KDYH SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH LPSDFW RQ
RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH VHFWRUV VHFWLRQ 
GHVFULEHVWKHPHWKRGRORJ\DQGGDWDVHFWLRQSUHVHQWVWKH
UHVXOWVDQGVHFWLRQFRQFOXGHV
VHUYLFH TXDOLW\ HQVXUHV WUDQVSDUHQF\ 2N  SUHVHQWV
WKH IROORZLQJ FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI RXWVRXUFLQJ PRWLYDWLQJ
IDFWRUV DFFHVV WR FKHDSHU UHVRXUFHV DQG LQFUHDVLQJ
FRPSHWLWLRQ DFFHVV WR VFDUFH DQG GLVWLQFWLYH UHVRXUFHV
UHGXFWLRQRIRWKHUSURGXFWLRQFRVWV
$OWKRXJK WKH VSHFWUXP RI RXWVRXUFLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ
ERWKVHFWRUVLVPDLQO\GHWHUPLQHGE\SROLWLFDOHQYLURQPHQW
IRU LQVWDQFH OHJDO DQG JRYHUQPHQWDO EDUULHUV (OLQGHU 
-RUGDKO2NWKHDXWKRUVRIWKLVDUWLFOHIRFXVRQ
Background WKHDQDO\VLVRILQWHUQDO IDFWRUVVLQFHWKH\ DUHFRQVLGHUHGWR
EH VLJQLILFDQW DSSO\LQJ DQ RXWVRXUFLQJ 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH
$FFRUGLQJ WR %XUQHV  $QDVWDVLDGLV  UHVHDUFKKDYHUHYHDOHGWKDWLQERWKSULYDWHDQGSXEOLFVHFWRU
RXWVRXUFLQJ LV RQH RI WKH IDVWHVWJURZLQJ DQG DUJXDEO\ WKH HIIHFW RI WKH IDFWRUV GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH FKRLFH RI
PRVW LPSRUWDQW DUHDV RI EXVLQHVV DFWLYLW\ DQG LV D JRRG RXWVRXUFLQJLVVLPLODUVHH7DEOH
SUDFWLFHLQERWKVHFWRUVSULYDWHDQGSXEOLF6LQFHWKHHQG
Author, year, sector
-XPDெK :RRG
Private sector
0RVFKXULV .RQG\OLV
Public sector
%XUQHV $QDVWDVLDGLV
Private (Insurance) and
public (Police forces) sectors
%DUWRQ
Public sector
$XEHUWet al.,
Private sector
5DMDE]DGHKet al
Public sector
-DLQ 1DWDUDMDQ
Private sector
$GGLVRQet al.,
Private sector
$ORQVRet al.,
Public sector
6KRXSet al.,
Public sector
*RQ]DOH]et al.,
Private sector
2N
Private sector
/RQVGDOH &R[
Private IT sector

7DEOH
Factors for Outsourcing (source: prepared by the authors)
Positive (+)/
The factors that have an impact on company’s/sector’s results
Negative (-)
5HGXFWLRQLQLQYHVWPHQWLQDVVHWVUHGXFWLRQLQUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWUHGXFWLRQLQHPSOR\PHQW
FRVWVUHGXFWLRQLQORQJWHUPREOLJDWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRHPSOR\HHVெULJKWVDQGSHQVLRQVFDSLWDO 
LQYHVWPHQW
&RVWVDYLQJDQGLQFUHDVHGPDQDJHPHQWWLPHLQFRUHEXVLQHVVFXVWRPHUVDWLVIDFWLRQ 
$OORZVWRFRQFHQWUDWHPRUHWLPHDQGUHVRXUFHVRQGHYHORSLQJWKHLUFRUHFRPSHWHQFHVDQGDFWLYLWLHV 
)DLOLQJWRGHYHORSWKHFRUHFRPSHWHQFHVDQGDFWLYLWLHV 
5HGXFLQJWKHVL]HRIJRYHUQPHQWDQGFRVWVDYLQJ 
5HGXFWLRQLQSURGXFLQJFRVWSHUXQLW 
,QFUHDVHRIVHUYLFHIOH[LELOLW\FRVWUHGXFWLRQLPSURYHPHQWRIRUJDQL]DWLRQIRFXVREWDLQLQJZRUOG
FODVVFDSDELOLWLHVUHVRXUFHVVDYLQJVDGYDQWDJHRIUHHQJLQHHULQJEHQHILWVULVNVKDULQJUHVSRQVHWRWKH 
YDULHW\RIFXVWRPHUெVGHPDQGVEHWWHUFXVWRPL]DWLRQEHWWHUPDQDJHPHQWRIRUJDQL]DWLRQIXQFWLRQV
'HSHQGHQFHRQWKHSURYLGHU 
3URFHVVLPSURYHPHQWVHUYLFHVLPSURYHPHQWDQGFRVWWUDQVSDUHQF\KLJKHUWKDQFRVWVDYLQJV 
5HGXFHGVDOHVSHUHPSOR\HHWHFKQRORJLFDOVOXJJLVKQHVVORZZDJHVLQRIIVKRULQJILUPV 
2XWVRXUFLQJZDVQRWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDUHGXFWLRQLQSXEOLFVHFWRUெVVL]HUHJDUGLQJH[SHQGLWXUHDQG
HPSOR\PHQW

6LJQLILFDQWO\LQFUHDVHGQXPEHURIYLVLWRUVDQGDPRXQWRIUHYHQXHVIRUWKHUHYROYLQJIXQGWKDWFRQWUROV
FRPPHUFLDORSHUDWLRQVZLWKLQWKH0LQLVWU\RI&XOWXUHDQG7RXULVP

)RFXVLQJRQVWUDWHJLFLVVXHVLQFUHDVLQJIOH[LELOLW\WKHTXDOLW\LPSURYHIDFLOLWDWLQJDFFHVVWR
WHFKQRORJ\UHGXFLQJWKHULVNREVROHVFHQFHVDYLQJVWDIIDQGWHFKQRORJ\FRVWVIROORZLQJIDVKLRQV

3URYLGLQJVWDIITXDOLILFDWLRQODFNRIFRPSOLDQFHZLWKWKHFRQWUDFWE\WKHSURYLGHUGHSHQGHQFHRQWKH
SURYLGHUORVVRIWHFKQLFDONQRZOHGJHSURYLGHUெVLQDELOLW\WRDGDSWWRQHZWHFKQRORJLHVKLGGHQFRVWV
XQFOHDUFRVWEHQHILWUHODWLRQVKLSVHFXULW\SUREOHPVLUUHYHUVLELOLW\RIWKHGHFLVLRQVWDIISUREOHPVVWDII

RSSRVLWLRQ
5HGXFWLRQRIODERXUFRVWVLPSURYHGFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVUHGXFWLRQLQRWKHUFRVWVWD[DQGUHJXODWRU\
DGYDQWDJHV

/RVVRIFRUHDFWLYLWLHVEHLQJOHYHUDJHGE\VXSSOLHUVORVVRIVWUDWHJLFIOH[LELOLW\VXIIHULQJ
LQWHUUXSWLRQVWRVXSSO\UHFHLYLQJSRRUTXDOLW\RIVXSSO\DIDOOLQHPSOR\HHVெPRUDOHDORVVRILQWHUQDO 
FRKHUHQFHFRQILGHQWLDOLW\OHDNVORVVRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWV
)RFXVRIUHVRXUFHVRQFRUHDFWLYLWLHVFRVWUHGXFWLRQFRQYHUWIL[HGFRVWVWRYDULDEOHEHQHILWIURPWKH
VXSSOLHUெVLQYHVWPHQWDQGLQQRYDWLRQLPSURYHGWLPHWRPDUNHW


 /LJLWD*DVSDUHQLHQH5LWD5HPHLNLHQH*UD]LQD6WDUWLHQHFactors Determining Employment Outsourcing in Public…


$VLWFDQEHVHHQIURP7DEOHFRPPRQDOLW\EHWZHHQ
SXEOLFDQGSULYDWHVHFWRUVLVUHYHDOHGE\WKHGHFLVLRQWRXVH
RU QRW WR XVH WKH VHUYLFHV IURP RXWVLGH 7KH GHFLVLRQ LV
GHWHUPLQHG E\ QXPHURXV IDFWRUV ZKLFK FDQ EH FODVVLILHG
LQWR WKH IROORZLQJ JURXSV ILQDQFLDO FRVW VDYLQJ LQ
8VLQJ RXWVRXUFLQJ IRU VHUYLFH SURYLVLRQ WKH
SURIHVVLRQDOV RI D SDUWLFXODU VSKHUH DUH HQJDJHG 7KH
FRPSDQLHV WKDW DSSO\ RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ WKHLU DFWLYLWLHV FDQ
IRFXV RQ WKH VWUHQJWKHQLQJ RI WKHLU FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJH
DQG DW WKH VDPH WLPH LQGLUHFWO\ XVH WKH FRPSHWLWLYH
GLIIHUHQW VSKHUHV DQG VR IRUWK VWUDWHJLF FKRLFH RI D DGYDQWDJH RI RWKHU FRPSDQLHV 2I FRXUVH WKH HIIHFW RI
VXSSOLHU ZLWK D YLHZ WR LQFUHDVLQJ TXDOLW\ LPSURYLQJ WKH VSHFLDOL]DWLRQKDVWREHFRQVLGHUHGDVZHOO7KHFRPSDQLHV
VHUYLFH DQG VR IRUWK DQG RWKHU IDFWRUV SRVLWLYHO\ RU WKDW SURYLGH WKH VHUYLFHV RI QDUURZ VSHFLDOL]DWLRQ XVXDOO\
QHJDWLYHO\LQIOXHQFLQJRXWVRXUFLQJVHH7DEOH,QPDQ\ HQVXUH KLJKHU TXDOLW\ WKDQ WKH FRPSDQLHV RI ZLGHU
FDVHVWKHGHFLVLRQRQRXWVRXUFLQJLQSXEOLFVHFWRULVPDGH VSHFLDOL]DWLRQ7UHDWLQJRXWVRXUFLQJDVDVHUYLFHVHFWRUWKH
QRW E\ DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ LWVHOI EXW E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW 7KH VDPH WHQGHQF\ FDQ EH QRWLFHG LH WKH PRUH VSHFLDOL]HG
PDLQ GLIIHUHQFH FRPSDULQJ RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ SXEOLF DQG VHUYLFHV DUH SURYLGHG E\ D FRPSDQ\ D VXEFRQWUDFWRU WKH
SULYDWH VHFWRUV OLHV QRW LQ WKH PRWLYHV WKDW GHWHUPLQH WKH PRUH TXDOLWDWLYH WKH\ DUH $PLWL  :HL  $EGXO et
FKRLFH RIRXWVRXUFLQJEXWLQ WKHSURFHVVGXULQJ ZKLFKDQ al.,
RXWVRXUFLQJ VXSSOLHU LV VHOHFWHG ,Q SXEOLF VHFWRU WKH -XPDெK  :RRG  IRXQG WKDW WKH HIIHFW RI
SURFHVV RI RXWVRXUFLQJ DV ZHOO WKH VSHFLILFLW\ RI WKH RXWVRXUFLQJ RQ GLIIHUHQW WHUPV VKRUWWHUP DQG ORQJWHUP
FRQWUDFWVDUHVWULFWO\UHJXODWHGIROORZLQJWKHOHJDOEDVHVR FDQ GLIIHU )RU H[DPSOH DSSO\LQJ DQ RXWVRXUFLQJ
DQ RXWVRXUFLQJ VXSSOLHU KDV WR PHHW SDUWLFXODU DXGLW HPSOR\PHQW FRVWV FDQ JR GRZQ GXULQJ WKH VKRUWWHUP D
UHTXLUHPHQWV HDFK RXWVRXUFLQJ VHUYLFH LV DFTXLUHG RQ WKH FRPSDQ\ VDYHV RQ ZDJHV ZKLOH GXULQJ WKH ORQJWHUP LW
EDVLV RI SURFXUHPHQW ZKLFK SDUWO\ EXUGHQV WKH XVH RI VDYHV RQ UHWLUHPHQW EHQHILWV DQG HPSOR\HHVெ ULJKWV WKH
RXWVRXUFLQJ ZKLOH LQ SULYDWH VHFWRU ERWK DQ RXWVRXUFLQJ FRVWVRIUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWFDQGHFUHDVHGXULQJWKH
SURFHVV DQG WKH VHOHFWLRQ RI D VXSSOLHU LV PXFK VLPSOHU VKRUWWHUP GXH WR WKH GLUHFW DFFHVV WR LPPHGLDWH
EHFDXVH SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV FDQ IUHHO\ HQJDJH D GHVLUHG WHFKQRORJLHVZKLOHGXULQJWKHORQJWHUPWKH\FDQGHFUHDVH
RXWVRXUFLQJVXSSOLHU ZKLOHVROYLQJIXWXUHSUREOHPV
 

 5HGXFWLRQLQWKHVHFRVWVHPSOR\PHQWUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQW
 
LQYHVWPHQWLQDVVHWVSURGXFWLRQFRVWSHUXQLWWHFKQRORJ\
)LQDQFLDO
 &RVWUHVRXUFHVVDYLQJ
 &RQYHUWLQJIL[HGFRVWVWRYDULDEOH

 
 +LGGHQDQGXQH[SHFWHGFRVWVULVNRIRIIVKRULQJ
 8QFOHDUFRVWEHQHILWUHODWLRQVKLS

Factors determining outsourcing


 )RFXVUHVRXUFHVRQDFRUHDFWLYLW\
  6XSSOLHUெVLQYHVWPHQWDQGWHFKQRORJ\

 ,PSURYHVHUYLFHVDQGTXDOLW\
 *DLQIOH[LELOLW\

 6KDUHULVN 
6WUDWHJLF  3URFHVVDQGVHUYLFHVLPSURYHPHQW

 ,PSURYHWLPHWRPDUNHW

 
 /RVVRIFRUHDFWLYLWLHVDQGFRPSHWHQFLHVWHFKQLFDONQRZOHGJH
 %HLQJOHYHUDJHGE\DVXSSOLHUULVNRIGHSHQGHQF\DQGRSSRUWXQLVP

 /RVVRIVWUDWHJLFIOH[LELOLW\

 3RRUTXDOLW\RIVXSSO\

 &RQVXPHUVDWLVIDFWLRQ
  )ROORZLQJIDVKLRQV
2WKHUV 

  )DOOLQHPSOR\HHVெPRUDOH
6HFXULW\SUREOHPV 

³´±SRVLWLYHLPSDFWRIRXWVRXUFLQJ³´±QHJDWLYHLPSDFWRIRXWVRXUFLQJ

Figure 1.&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIRXWVRXUFLQJIDFWRUVLQUHVSHFWRIFRPSDQ\ெVSRVLWLRQVRXUFHSUHSDUHGE\WKHDXWKRUV


$V LW FDQ EH VHHQ IURP )LJXUH  FRVW VDYLQJ LQ $ORQVR et al.,  S  7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH UHVHDUFK
GLIIHUHQW FRPSDQ\ெV DFWLYLW\ VSKHUHV LV RQH RI WKH PDLQ FDUULHGRXWE\$ORQVRUHYHDOHGWKDWRXWVRXUFLQJGLG
DGYDQWDJHVRIRXWVRXUFLQJ,QRUGHUWRVDYHFRVWVLQSXEOLF QRW UHGXFH WKH VL]H RI SXEOLF VHFWRU HLWKHU LQ UHVSHFW RI
VHFWRUVFLHQWLVWVSURSRVHWRWUDQVIHUWKHLGHDVIURPSULYDWH HPSOR\PHQW RU H[SHQVHV ZKLOH RWKHU SXEOLF VHFWRUெV
VHFWRU 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ LQ SUDFWLFH WKHUH DUH FDVHV ZKHQ UHVHDUFK 0RVFKXULV  .RQG\OLV  5DMDE]DGHK et al.,
JRYHUQPHQW RXWVRXUFLQJ RQO\ DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ LQ WKH %DUWRQDQGRWKHUVUHYHDOHGDSRVLWLYHLPSDFW
LQLWLDO VWDJH DVVRFLDWHV ZLWK ORZHU FRVWV LQ SXEOLF VHFWRU
EHFDXVH GXULQJ WKH ORQJ WHUP SRVLWLYH HIIHFWV RI
RXWVRXUFLQJFDQEHFDQFHOOHG³GXHWRWKHG\QDPLFQDWXUHRI
FRQWUDFWXDO UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ JRYHUQPHQWV DQG WKH
SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV SURYLGLQJ WKH RXWVRXUFHG VHUYLFHV´

RIRXWVRXUFLQJRQFRVWUHGXFWLRQ
6XPPDUL]LQJ LW FDQ EH VWDWHG WKDW WKH GHFLVLRQ WR
DSSO\ RU QRW WR DSSO\ RXWVRXUFLQJ VKRXOG EH PDGH E\ D
FRPSDQ\ E\ LGHQWLI\LQJ LWV FRUH FRPSHWHQFHV DQG E\
HYDOXDWLQJ LWV RSSRUWXQLWLHV ,I WKH GHFLVLRQ WR DSSO\
 Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, ±
RXWVRXUFLQJ KDV EHHQ PDGH WKH FRPSDQ\ KDV WR VHOHFW D
VHUYLFHSURYLGHU,QWKLVFDVHVWDWHHQWHUSULVHVFRQWUDU\WR
WKH RQHV RSHUDWLQJ LQ SULYDWH VHFWRU IDFH EXUHDXFUDWLF
EDUULHUV ZKLOH IROORZLQJ WKH SURFHGXUHV RI SURFXUHPHQW
7KH HPSLULFDO UHVHDUFK FDUULHG RXW E\ WKH DXWKRUV DQG
LQWURGXFHG LQ WKH QH[W SDUW RI WKH DUWLFOH VKRXOG KHOS WKH
FRPSDQLHV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH PDLQ IDFWRUV WKDW KDYH DQ
LQIOXHQFHRQWKHGHFLVLRQWRXVHRUQRWWRXVHRXWVRXUFLQJ
Methodology and data
Substantiation of the selected research method
'HYHORSPHQW RI WKH HPSOR\PHQW VHUYLFHV LQGXVWU\ LV RQH
RI WKH LQGLFDWRUV UHIOHFWLQJ WKH VLWXDWLRQ LQ WKH ODERXU
PDUNHW EHFDXVH WKH FRPSDQLHV SURYLGLQJ WKH VHUYLFHV RI
SHUVRQQHOVHDUFKUHQWIDVWHUWKDQRWKHUVIHHOWKHFKDQJHVRI
GHPDQG DQG VXSSO\ 6WDWLVWLFDO GDWD RI /LWKXDQLDQ
FRPSDQLHV WKDW SURYLGH HPSOR\PHQW VHUYLFHV VKRZHG WKDW
WKHQXPEHURIVXFKFRPSDQLHVURVHE\WLPHVIURP
WR:LWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHGDWDRIWKHVXUYH\RIVHQLRU
DQG PLGOHYHO PDQDJHUV FDUULHG RXW E\ BPO House LQ
  SHU FHQW RI WKH FRPSDQLHV LQ /LWKXDQLD KDYH
WUDQVIHUUHGDSDUWRIWKHLUSURFHVVHVWRDQRXWVLGHSURYLGHU
:LWK UHIHUHQFH WR WKH GDWD RI WKH VXUYH\ WKH PDLQ
TXHVWLRQQDLUH FRQVLVWHG RI WZR SDUWV 7KH ILUVW SDUW “The
spread of personnel search and selection services from
outside´ LQFOXGHG D IHZ TXHVWLRQV RI D FORVHG W\SH ZLWK
SRVVLEOHDOWHUQDWLYHVRIWKHDQVZHU7KHILUVWTXHVWLRQ³'R
\RX XVH SHUVRQQHO VHDUFK DQG VHOHFWLRQ VHUYLFHV IURP
RXWVLGH"´ ZDV DLPHG DW WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW ZKHWKHU WKH
FRPSDQLHV RSHUDWLQJ LQ /LWKXDQLDQ SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH
VHFWRUV DUH LQFOLQHG WR XVH HPSOR\PHQW RXWVRXUFLQJ
)XUWKHU TXHVWLRQ ³:KDW SHUVRQQHO VHDUFK DQG VHOHFWLRQ
VHUYLFHVIURPRXWVLGHGR\RXXVHDQGKRZRIWHQGR\RXGR
WKDW"´ ZDV DLPHG DW WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH QDWXUH DQG
IUHTXHQF\ RI WKH XVH RI SHUVRQQHO VHDUFK DQG VHOHFWLRQ
VHUYLFHVIURPRXWVLGH7KHVHFRQGSDUWRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH
“Internal factors that have an impact on buying personnel
search and selection services from outside” LQFOXGHG WKH
TXHVWLRQVZLWK/LNHUWHYDOXDWLRQVFDOHZKHUHPHDQVWKDW
DIDFWRURUDFULWHULRQGRHVQRWKDYHDQ\LPSDFWDQG±LW
KDV YHU\ D VLJQLILFDQW LPSDFW RQ FRPSDQ\ெV GHFLVLRQ WR
HQJDJH WKH VHUYLFHV RI SHUVRQQHO VHDUFK DQG VHOHFWLRQ
SURYLGHGE\DQRXWVLGHVXSSOLHU7KHGHFLVLRQLVPHDVXUHG
E\ HYDOXDWLQJ the factors that have an impact on buying
outside personnel search and selection services; the
factors influencing buying of such outside services as
personnel training, refresher courses/workshops, security
WUDQVIHUUHGDFWLYLWLHVLQFOXGHG,7VHUYLFHVSHUFHQWDQG at work and others that are related to human resources;
SHUVRQQHOVHDUFKDQGVHOHFWLRQSHUFHQW,WFDQEHVHHQ
WKDWWKHVHUYLFHVRISHUVRQQHOVHDUFKDQGVHOHFWLRQDUHXVHG
E\DVLJQLILFDQWSHUFHQWDJHRIFRPSDQLHVVRWKHULVHLQWKH
QHHGRIHPSOR\PHQWRXWVRXUFLQJLVSODXVLEOH
&ROOHFWLRQ RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW HPSOR\PHQW
RXWVRXUFLQJ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ SXEOLF VHFWRU ZDV GLIILFXOW GXH
WR WKH UDUH XVH RI SHUVRQQHO VHDUFK DQG VHOHFWLRQ VHUYLFHV
IURPRXWVLGHDQGFRQVLGHULQJWKHIDFWWKDWVRPHFRPSDQLHV
GR QRW XVH VXFK VHUYLFHV DW DOO 7KH PHWKRG RI H[SHUW
HYDOXDWLRQ ZDV VHOHFWHG GXH WR WKH VSHFLILFLW\ RI WKH WRSLF
DQG WKH ODFN RI WKH GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ VWDWLVWLFDO
GDWDEDVHV,WHQDEOHGWRREWDLQWKHHYDOXDWLRQVRISDUWLFXODU
H[SHUWV RQ WKH IDFWRUV WKDW GHWHUPLQH EX\LQJ VXFK RXWVLGH
VHUYLFHV UHODWHG WR KXPDQ UHVRXUFHV DV SHUVRQQHO VHDUFK
DQG VHOHFWLRQ WUDLQLQJ UHIUHVKHU FRXUVHVZRUNVKRSV
VHFXULW\DWZRUNDQGRWKHUVDQGVRSRVLWLYHO\RUQHJDWLYHO\
the factors following which an outside service provider is
selected; the factors that discourage from buying outside
personnel search and selection services; the factors that
discourage from buying of such outside services as
personnel training, refresher courses/workshops, security
at work and others that are related to human resources.
7KH H[SHUW VXUYH\ ZDV FDUULHG RXW YLD HPDLO
WHOHSKRQH RU TXHVWLRQLQJ WKH H[SHUW SHUVRQDOO\ ,W ODVWHG
IURP1RYHPEHUWR'HFHPEHU7KHGDWD
RI WKH VXUYH\ ZHUH SURFHVVHG XVLQJ WKH 0LFURVRIW 2IILFH
([FHODQG6636VRIWZDUHSDFNDJHV

Results of the empirical research

7KH HPSLULFDO UHVHDUFK LQFOXGHG FDOFXODWLRQV RI
&URQEDFKெVDOSKD FRHIILFLHQWVĮ SXEOLF VHFWRU  Į SULYDWH
LQIOXHQFH FRPSDQ\ெV GHFLVLRQ WR XVH RU QRW WR XVH VHFWRU   ZKLFK VKRZHG WKDW IRUPXODWHG TXHVWLRQV
HPSOR\PHQWRXWVRXUFLQJ DGHTXDWHO\ UHIOHFW WKH WDUJHWHG VL]H ([SHUWVெ DQVZHUV FDQ
Expert selection and characteristics 6HOHFWLQJ WKH EHFRQVLGHUHGVWDWLVWLFDOO\UHOLDEOHEHFDXVHYDOXHSLVORZHU
H[SHUWV FRPSDQLHVெ PDQDJHUV LI FRPSDQ\ GRHV QRW KDYH WKDQ
DQ\SHUVRQQHOGHSDUWPHQWSHUVRQQHOGHSDUWPHQWPDQDJHUV
GLUHFWO\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUSHUVRQQHOKLULQJDQGWUDLQLQJZHUH
LQYROYHG 7KH TXDOLILHG SURIHVVLRQDOV IURP SXEOLF DQG
SULYDWHVHFWRUVZLWKZRUNH[SHULHQFHQRWVKRUWHUWKDQWKUHH
\HDUV ZHUH VHOHFWHG DV H[SHUWV 7KH WRWDO QXPEHU RI WKH
H[SHUWVPDGHSHRSOH$FFRUGLQJWR$XJXVWLQDLWLVet al
:LWK UHIHUHQFH WR WKH H[SHUW HYDOXDWLRQ SXEOLF
FRPSDQLHV DUH OHVV LQFOLQHG WR XVH SHUVRQQHO HPSOR\PHQW
VHUYLFHV IURP RXWVLGH GXH WR WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH
SURFHGXUH LPSHUIHFWLRQV RI OHJLVODWLRQ DQG IXOOXVH RI WKH
IXQFWLRQVSHUIRUPHGE\WKHSHUVRQQHOGHSDUWPHQW
7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH H[SHUW VXUYH\ HQDEOHG WR HVWDEOLVK
 LQ RUGHU WR UHWDLQ WKH UHOLDELOLW\ DQG DFFXUDF\ RI
H[SHUW HYDOXDWLRQ LW LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR LQFOXGH QRW OHVV
WKDQILYHH[SHUWV
The aim and process of the research. 7KH H[SHUW
HYDOXDWLRQZDVSHUIRUPHGLQWKUHHVWDJHV
x 4XHVWLRQQDLUHIRUPDWLRQ
WKH PDLQ IDFWRUVWKDW KDYHDQLPSDFWRQEX\LQJSHUVRQQHO
VHDUFK DQG VHOHFWLRQ VHUYLFHV IURP RXWVLGH LQ ERWK SULYDWH
DQG SXEOLF VHFWRU 7KH IDFWRUV ZLWK PHDQ YDOXHV HTXDO
RUDQG KLJKHU WKDQ  DUH FRQVLGHUHG WR EH LPSRUWDQW DQG
KDYLQJDSRVLWLYHLPSDFWRQSHUVRQQHOVHDUFKDQGVHOHFWLRQ
RXWVRXUFLQJ ZKLOH PHDQ UDQN VKRZV WR ZKDW IDFWRUV WKH
x 6XUYH\RIWKHH[SHUWV
x $QDO\VLVDQGVXPPDUL]LQJRIWKHVXUYH\UHVXOWV
:LWK UHIHUHQFH WR WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH VFLHQWLILF
OLWHUDWXUH LQ WKH ILUVW VWDJH RI WKH UHVHDUFK WKH
TXHVWLRQQDLUH IRU WKH H[SHUW VXUYH\ ZDV IRUPHG 7KH
H[SHUWJLYHVWKHSULRULW\VHH7DEOH
&RPSDULQJ WKH IDFWRUV RI SHUVRQQHO VHDUFK DQG
VHOHFWLRQ RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ ERWK VHFWRUV WKH PDLQ GLIIHUHQFH
KDV DSSHDUHG SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV PDLQO\ XVH SHUVRQQHO
VHDUFKDQGVHOHFWLRQRXWVRXUFLQJEHFDXVHRIWKHDEVHQFHRI



 /LJLWD*DVSDUHQLHQH5LWD5HPHLNLHQH*UD]LQD6WDUWLHQHFactors Determining Employment Outsourcing in Public…

SHUVRQQHOGHSDUWPHQWZKLOHSXEOLFFRPSDQLHVDUHDWWUDFWHG VHUYLFHV7KHVLPLODULW\LQERWKVHFWRUVLVWKDWVXFKIDFWRUV
WR XVH WKHVH VHUYLFHV EHFDXVH RI WKH FRPSHWHQFH DQG DVFRQILGHQWLDOLW\UHWHQWLRQRUWLPHFRVWVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWR
GDWDEDVHV RI WKH FRPSDQLHV WKDW SURYLGH HPSOR\PHQW EHVLJQLILFDQWWRSHUVRQQHOVHDUFKDQGVHOHFWLRQ
7DEOH
Factors of personnel search and selection outsourcing in public and private service sectors (source: prepared by the authors)
Factors of personnel search and selection outsourcing in private
Factors of personnel search and selection outsourcing in public sector
sector
0HDQ 0HDQ
)DFWRU 0HDQ )DFWRU 0HDQ
5DQN 5DQN
&RPSHWHQFHDQGGDWDEDVHVRIWKHFRPSDQLHVWKDW
  $EVHQFHRISHUVRQQHOGHSDUWPHQW  
SURYLGHHPSOR\PHQWVHUYLFHV
&RPSHWHQFHDQGGDWDEDVHVRIWKHFRPSDQLHV
7LPHFRVWV    
WKDWSURYLGHHPSOR\PHQWVHUYLFHV
&RQILGHQWLDOLW\UHWHQWLRQ   &RQILGHQWLDOLW\UHWHQWLRQ  
$EVHQFHRISHUVRQQHOGHSDUWPHQW   7LPHFRVWV  

7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH H[SHUW VXUYH\ UHYHDOHG WKDW  SHU SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH VHFWRUV DUH DV IROORZV PHHWLQJ RI
FHQW RI WKH FRPSDQLHV RSHUDWLQJ LQ SULYDWH VHFWRU DQG  FRPSDQ\ெV QHHG IRU SHUVRQQHO PHDQSULYDWH VHFWRU  
SHUFHQWRIWKHRQHVLQSXEOLFVHFWRUXVHSHUVRQQHOWUDLQLQJ PHDQSXEOLF VHFWRU   FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RQ PRUH HIILFLHQW
UHIUHVKHU FRXUVHVZRUNVKRSV VHFXULW\ DW ZRUN DQG RWKHU PDQDJHPHQWPHDQSULYDWHVHFWRU PHDQSXEOLFVHFWRU 
RXWVLGH VHUYLFHV UHODWHG WR KXPDQ UHVRXUFHV 7KH PDLQ DQG IRFXV RQ FRUH DFWLYLWLHV PHDQSULYDWH VHFWRU  
IDFWRUVWKDWGHWHUPLQHRXWVRXUFLQJRIWKHVHVHUYLFHVLQERWK PHDQSXEOLFVHFWRU VHH7DEOH
7DEOH
Factors of personnel training, refresher courses/workshop, and safety at work outsourcing in public and private sectors (source:
prepared by the authors)
Factors of personnel training, refresher courses/workshops, safety at Factors of personnel training, refresher courses/workshops, safety
work outsourcing in public sector at work outsourcing in private sector
0HDQ 0HDQ
)DFWRUV 0HDQ )DFWRUV 0HDQ
5DQN 5DQN
0HHWLQJRIFRPSDQ\ெVQHHGIRUSHUVRQQHO   0HHWLQJRIFRPSDQ\ெVQHHGIRUSHUVRQQHO  
&RQFHQWUDWLRQRQPRUHHIILFLHQWPDQDJHPHQW   &RQFHQWUDWLRQRQPRUHHIILFLHQWPDQDJHPHQW  
)RFXVRQFRUHDFWLYLWLHV   )RFXVRQFRUHDFWLYLWLHV  
/DFNRISHUVRQQHOIRUSDUWLFXODUDFWLYLWLHV   3URFHVVUHRUJDQL]DWLRQHIILFLHQF\  
3URFHVVUHRUJDQL]DWLRQHIILFLHQF\   &RVWVDYLQJ  
7LPHFRVWV   7LPHFRVWV  
7HFKQLFDODVVLVWDQFH   /DFNRISHUVRQQHOIRUSDUWLFXODUDFWLYLWLHV  
'LUHFWLRQRIDYDLODEOHORFDOUHVRXUFHVWRRWKHU 'LUHFWLRQRIDYDLODEOHORFDOUHVRXUFHVWRRWKHU
   
DFWLYLWLHV DFWLYLWLHV
&RVWVDYLQJ   7HFKQLFDODVVLVWDQFH  
5LVNVKDULQJZLWKDQRWKHUFRPSDQ\   5LVNVKDULQJZLWKDQRWKHUFRPSDQ\  

$VLWFDQEHVHHQIURPWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHH[SHUWVXUYH\ 2SLQLRQV RI WKH H[SHUWV IURP ERWK VHFWRUV ZHUH DOVR YHU\
SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV REWDLQLQJ RXWVRXUFLQJ RI SHUVRQQHO VLPLODUSRLQWLQJWKHFULWHULRQVRIRXWVRXUFLQJVHUYLFHV7KH
WUDLQLQJUHIUHVKHUFRXUVHVZRUNVKRSVDQGVHFXULW\DWZRUN UHVXOWVKDYHUHYHDOHGWKDWWKHELJJHVWLPSDFWLQVHOHFWLQJD
VHUYLFHV FRQVLGHU FRVW VDYLQJ DV LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU PHDQ SURYLGHURIRXWVRXUFLQJVHUYLFHLVPDGHE\VXFKIDFWRUVDV
YDOXHZKLOHIRUWKHFRPSDQLHVRSHUDWLQJLQSXEOLFVHFWRU SULFHPHDQSXEOLFYDOXHPHDQSULYDWHYDOXHDQGVHUYLFH
FRVW VDYLQJ LV WKH IDFWRU RI PHGLXP LPSRUWDQFH PHDQ TXDOLW\PHDQSXEOLFYDOXHPHDQSULYDWHYDOXH
YDOXH  2WKHU IDFWRUV H[SOLFDWHG LQ 7DEOH  KDYH VLPLODU 7KH VXUYH\ DOVR LQFOXGHG WKH TXHVWLRQV RQ WKH IDFWRUV
LPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHFRPSDQLHVRSHUDWLQJLQERWKVHFWRUVVR WKDW KDYH D QHJDWLYH LPSDFW RQ WKH XVH RI WKH DQDO\]HG
LW FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH VHFWRUV RXWVRXUFLQJVHUYLFHV7KHDQVZHUVRIWKHH[SHUWVHQDEOHGWR
REWDLQLQJ RXWVRXUFLQJ RI SHUVRQQHO WUDLQLQJ UHIUHVKHU FODVVLI\ QHJDWLYH IDFWRUV RI RXWVRXUFLQJ WR FDXVDO IDFWRUV
FRXUVHVZRUNVKRSVDQGVHFXULW\DW ZRUNJLYHSULRULWLHVWR DQGFRQVHTXHQFHIDFWRUVVHH7DEOH
WKHVDPHIDFWRUVH[FHSWFRVWVDYLQJ
7DEOH
Negative factors of employment outsourcing in public and private sectors (source: prepared by the authors)

Factors that have negative impact on employment outsourcing in Factors that have negative impact on employment outsourcing in
public sector private sector
&DXVDO &RQVHTXHQFH &DXVDO &RQVHTXHQFH
3RRUVHUYLFHTXDOLW\PHDQ
'LVPLVVDORIORQJWHUP 3RRUVHUYLFHTXDOLW\PHDQ ,QFUHDVHGFRVWVPHDQ

HPSOR\HHVPHDQ ,QFUHDVHGFRVWVPHDQ ,QWHUUXSWHGVHUYLFHSURYLVLRQPHDQ
/RVVRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWVPHDQ

6XPPDUL]LQJ WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH H[SHUW HYDOXDWLRQ WKH  3ULYDWH VHFWRU IXOO\ H[SORLWV WKH DGYDQWDJHV RI
IROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHPDGH HPSOR\PHQWRXWVRXUFLQJ)LUVWO\HPSOR\PHQWRXWVRXUFLQJ


 Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, ±

SURYLGHV D XQLTXH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR KLUH QHFHVVDU\ VLPSOHU PDQDJHUV MXVW KDYH WR HYDOXDWH FRPSDQ\ெV
SURIHVVLRQDOVZLWKRXWKDYLQJDSHUVRQQHOGHSDUWPHQWLQWKH ILQDQFLDOVWDWHLGHQWLI\WKHQHHGIRUDSDUWLFXODUVHUYLFHDQG
FRPSDQ\ 6HFRQGO\ WKH VHUYLFHV RI SHUVRQQHO WUDLQLQJ PDNH WKH GHFLVLRQ WR DSSO\ RXWVRXUFLQJ %RWK SULYDWH DQG
UHIUHVKHU FRXUVHVZRUNVKRSV DQG VHFXULW\ DW ZRUN KHOS SXEOLF VHFWRU KDYH VLPLODU GHFLVLRQ PRWLYHV ILQDQFLDO
SULYDWHFRPSDQLHVWRVDYHFRVWV VWUDWHJLF DQG DWWULEXWDEOH WR WKH JURXS RI RWKHU PRWLYHV
 VHUYLFHTXDOLW\DQGSULFHDUHWKHIDFWRUVSRLQWHGDV FRQFHUQLQJWKHQHFHVVLW\RIRXWVRXUFLQJLQDFRPSDQ\
WKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW RQHV ZKLOH VHOHFWLQJ RXWVRXUFLQJ  7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH H[SHUW HYDOXDWLRQ UHYHDOHG WKDW
VHUYLFHSURYLGHULQERWKVHFWRUV LQ /LWKXDQLD DSSOLFDWLRQ RI HPSOR\PHQW RXWVRXUFLQJ LV
 WKH RSLQLRQ RI WKH H[SHUWV RQ WKH IDFWRUV WKDW
GLVFRXUDJH IURP WKH XVH RI HPSOR\PHQW RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ
SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH VHFWRUV UHYHDOHG WKDW SRRU VHUYLFH
TXDOLW\DQGLQFUHDVHGH[SHQVHVZRXOGOHDGWRWKHVHDUFKRI
DQRWKHU RXWVRXUFLQJ VHUYLFH SURYLGHU $OVR H[FHSWLRQDOO\
LQ SXEOLF VHFWRU ORQJWHUP HPSOR\HHV DUH WUHDWHG EHWWHU
WKDQRXWVRXUFLQJVHUYLFHSURYLGHUV
 SHUVRQQHOWUDLQLQJUHIUHVKHUFRXUVHVZRUNVKRSVDQGVDIHW\
Conclusions
6XPPDUL]LQJWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHUHVHDUFKWKHIROORZLQJ
FRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHPDGH
VSUHDG LQ SULYDWH VHFWRU UDWKHU WKDQ LQ SXEOLF VHFWRU 7KH
PDLQ PRWLYH RI SULYDWH VHFWRU FRPSDQLHV WR DSSO\
SHUVRQQHO VHDUFK DQG VHOHFWLRQ RXWVRXUFLQJ VHUYLFHV LV
UHODWHGWRWKHODFNRISHUVRQQHOGHSDUWPHQWLQWKHFRPSDQ\
ZKLOHWKHPDLQIDFWRUIRUDSSO\LQJWKLVW\SHRIRXWVRXUFLQJ
LQ SXEOLF VHFWRU LV FRPSHWHQFH DQG GDWDEDVHV RI WKH
FRPSDQLHV WKDW SURYLGH HPSOR\PHQW VHUYLFHV 7KH XVH RI
DWZRUNRXWVRXUFLQJVHUYLFHVKHOSWRVDYHFRVWVIRUSULYDWH
FRPSDQLHV ZKLOH LQ SXEOLF VHFWRU WKHVH VHUYLFHV DUH XVHG
GXHWRWKHODFNRISHUVRQQHOWRSHUIRUPWKHVHDFWLYLWLHV,Q
ERWK SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH VHFWRUV WKH XVH RI HPSOR\PHQW
 $IWHU WKH DQDO\VLV RI RXWVRXUFLQJ DGYDQWDJHV DQG RXWVRXUFLQJVHUYLFHVLVOLQNHGZLWKVXFKSRVLWLYHIDFWRUVDV
GLVDGYDQWDJHV LQ GLIIHUHQW VHFWRUV WKH PDLQ GLIIHUHQFHV PHHWLQJ FRPSDQ\ெV QHHG IRU SHUVRQQHO FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RQ
EHWZHHQ RXWVRXUFLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH PRUHHIILFLHQWPDQDJHPHQWDQGIRFXVRQFRUHDFWLYLWLHV
VHFWRUVKDYHEHHQLGHQWLILHG3XEOLFFRPSDQLHVVHHNLQJWR  ([SHUW HYDOXDWLRQV UHYHDOHG WKDW QHJDWLYH
REWDLQHPSOR\PHQWRURWKHUVHUYLFHVIURPRXWVLGHKDYHWR IDFWRUVRIHPSOR\PHQWRXWVRXUFLQJDVLQWKHFDVHRISXEOLF
IROORZFRPSOLFDWHGSURFHGXUHVRISURFXUHPHQWWKH\PRUH VHFWRU DSSHDU GXH WR WKH UHOXFWDQFH WR GLVPLVV ORQJWHUP
RIWHQ WKDQSULYDWHFRPSDQLHV IDFHEXUHDXFUDWLFSURFHGXUDO HPSOR\HHVZKHQDQHPSOR\PHQWVHUYLFHLVRISRRUTXDOLW\
EDUULHUV RI FRQWUDFW PDNLQJ DQG RXWVRXUFLQJ HQJDJHPHQW RUDVLQWKHFDVHRIERWKVHFWRUVZKHQWKHFRVWVLQFUHDVH
FDQQRWIUHHO\FKRRVHDGHVLUHGVHUYLFHSURYLGHU)RUSULYDWH
FRPSDQLHV RUGHULQJ RI VHUYLFHV IURP RXWVLGH LV PXFK

References

$EGXO 5 $EGXO $  $OL 1  2XWVRXUFLQJ DQG TXDOLW\ SHUIRUPDQFH 0DOD\VLDெV SXEOLF ZRUN GHSDUWPHQW
Structural Survey ±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
$ORQVR-0&OLIWRQ- 'LD])XHQWHV''LGQHZSXEOLFPDQDJHPHQWPDWWHU" Public Management Review.
$YDLODEOHIURPLQWHUQHW KWWSGRLRUJ
$PLWL0 :HL6-)HDURI6HUYLFHV2XWVRXUFLQJLWLVMXVWLILHG",)0:RUNLQJ3DSHUS$YDLODEOHIURP
LQWHUQHWKWWSZZZQEHURUJSDSHUVZ
$QWXFKHYLFLHQH-/DVKJDUL6'HODYDUL$ .KHLUNKDK27KH,PSDFWRI2XWVRXUFLQJLQ7HUPVRI$FFHVVDQG
4XDOLW\ RI +HDOWK 6HUYLFHV IURP 3DUWLFLSDQWV $WWLWXGH Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics  ±
$YDLODEOHIURPLQWHUQHWKWWSZZZLQ]HNRNWXOWLQGH[SKS((DUWLFOHYLHZ
$XEHUW%$5LYDUG6 3DWU\0$WUDQVDFWLRQFRVWPRGHORI,7RXWVRXUFLQJInformation&Management 
±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
$XJXVWLQDLWLV $ 5XG]NLHQH 9 3HWUDXVNDV 5 $ 'DJ\WH , 0DUWLQDLW\WH ( /HLFKWHULV ( 0DOLQDXVNLHQH (
9LVQHYVND9=LOLRQLHQH,/LHWXYRVHYDOG]LRVJDLUHVDWHLWLHVL]YDOJXW\ULPDVMonografijaS
%DUWRQ $ '  3XEOLF VHFWRU DFFRXQWDELOLW\ DQG FRPPHUFLDOLQFRQILGHQFH RXWVRXUFLQJ FRQWUDFWV Accounting,
Auditing&Accountability Journal ±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
%3 +RXVH  .DLS LVYHQJWL SDYRMX LU LVORVWL SHUGXRGDQW YHUVOR SURFHVX YDOG\PD LVRUHL" $YDLODEOH IURP LQWHUQHW
ZZZESRKRXVHOWXSORDGVILOHV  GRFXPHQW           SGI
%XUQHV% $QDVWDVLDGLV$2XWVRXUFLQJDSXEOLFSULYDWHVHFWRUFRPSDULVRQ Supply Chain Management: An
International Journal±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
&RVWD&,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\2XWVRXUFLQJLQ$XVWUDOLD$/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZInformation Management &
Computer Security±KWWSG[GRLRUJ(80
(H(+DOLP+$ 5DPD\DK7+5RXWVRXUFLQJVXFFHVVGRHVSDUWQHUVKLSTXDOLW\YDULDEOHVPDWWHU"Journal of
Business Economics and Management±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
(OLQGHU 0  -RUGDKO +  3ROLWLFDO SUHIHUHQFHV DQG SXEOLF VHFWRU RXWVRXUFLQJ European Journal of Political
Economy KWWSG[GRLRUJMHMSROHFR



 /LJLWD*DVSDUHQLHQH5LWD5HPHLNLHQH*UD]LQD6WDUWLHQHFactors Determining Employment Outsourcing in Public…

*RQ]DOH] 5 /ORSLV -  *DVFR -  ,QIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ ILQDQFLDO VHFWRU The Services
Industrial Journal ±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
*UHEOLNDLWH- .ULVFLXQDV. 7KH'HYHORSPHQWRI)HDWXUHVRI(QWUHSUHQHXUVKLSெV([SUHVVLRQLQDQ(QWHUSULVH
Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics±
-DLQ5. 1DWDUDMDQ5)DFWRUVLQIOXHQFLQJWKHRXWVRXUFLQJGHFLVLRQVDVWXG\RIWKHEDQNLQJVHFWRULQ,QGLD
Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
-XPDÄK $ +  :RRG '  2XWVRXUFLQJ LPSOLFDWLRQெV RQ FRPSDQ\ SURILWDELOLW\ DQG OLTXLGLW\ D VDPSOH RI 8.
FRPSDQLHVWork Study ±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
/DFLW\ 0 .KDQ 6  :LOOFRFNV /  $ 5HYLHZ RI WKH ,7 2XWVRXUFLQJ /LWHUDWXUH ,QVLJKWV IRU 3UDFWLFH  The
Journal of Strategic Information Systems±KWWSG[GRLRUJMMVLV
/RQVGDOH&K &R[&7KHKLVWRULFDOGHYHORSPHQWRIRXWVRXUFLQJWKHODWHVWIDG"Industrial Management&Data
Systems ±
0RVFKXULV 6 -  .RQG\OLV 0 1  2XWVRXUFLQJ LQ SXEOLF KRVSLWDOV D *UHHN SHUVSHFWLYH Journal of Health
Organization and Management ±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
1LNROLF,$ 0DLNLVK+3XEOLFSULYDWHSDUWQHUVKLSVDQGFROODERUDWLRQVLQWKHKHDOWKVHFWRU$QRYHUYLHZZLWK
FDVH VWXGLHV IURP 5HFHQW (XURSHDQ ([SHULHQFH 'LVFXVVLRQ 3DSHU $FFHVV RQ LQWHUQHW KWWSPLKDHIXQL
OMVLBGRNXPHQWLSOXV-=3/,7SGI
2N 6 7  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 2XWVRXUFLQJ (PSLULFDO (YLGHQFH IURP WKH 1HWKHUODQGV Journal of Business Economics
and Management±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
5DMDE]DGHK$5RVWDP\$ +RVVHLQL$'HVLJQLQJDJHQHULFPRGHOIRURXWVRXUFLQJSURFHVVLQSXEOLFVHFWRU
HYLGHQFHRI,UDQManagement Decision ±KWWSG[GRLRUJ
6KLK+$ &KLDQJ<+([SORULQJWKH(IIHFWLYHQHVVRI2XWVRXUFLQJ5HFUXLWLQJDQG7UDLQLQJ$FWLYLWLHVDQG
WKH 3URVSHFWRU 6WUDWHJ\ெV 0RGHUDWLQJ (IIHFW The International Journal of Human Resources   ±
KWWSG[GRLRUJ
6KRXS''%DUDOGL6% =DQ/$FHQWUDOL]HGGHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQRXWVRXUFLQJLQWKH7XUNLVKFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH
VHFWRUInternational Journal of Cultural Policy'2,
6XVRPULWK 3  %URZQ $  0RWLYDWLRQV IRU +5 RXWVRXUFLQJ LQ $XVWUDOLD The International Journal of Human
Resource Management±'2,

/LJLWD*DVSDUHQLHQơ5LWD5HPHLNLHQơ*UDåLQD6WDUWLHQơ
Veiksniai, lemiantys įdarbinimo išornaudą valstybiniame ir privačiame sektoriuose
6DQWUDXND
Temos aktualumas 3DVWDUXRMX PHWX JOREDOL]DFLMD GLGơMDQWL NRQNXUHQFLMD EHL ULQNǐ VSDXGLPDV NHOLD QDXMǐ LããnjNLǐ YDG\ELQLQNDPV LU ƳPRQơPV
*UHEOLNDLWH .ULVFLXQDV  1XRVPXNLR LU WDXS\PR ODLNRWDUSLX ƳPRQơV YHLNORV VąQDXGǐ PDåLQLPDV WDPSD DXNãþLDXVLX YDGRYǐ SULRULWHWX
9LVXRPHQơMH SDSOLWXVLQXRPRQơ NDG YDOVW\ELQơV ƳPRQơV \UD SHU GLGHOơV QHHIHNW\YLRV LU QHUHDJXRMDQþLRVƳ DSOLQNRV SRN\þLXV %DUWRQ  WHLJLPX
WRNLąQXRVWDWąSDODLNRLUYLHãRMLSDVLULQNLPRWHRULMDDQJO. Public choice theory7HRULMRVãDOLQLQNǐQXRPRQHVLHNLDQWPLQLPL]XRWLYDOVW\EơVPRQRSROLMą
YDOVW\ELQLǐ ƳPRQLǐ G\GLV WXULEnjWL VXPDåLQWDV MDV SULYDWL]XRMDQW R OLNXVLRPV YLHãRVLRPV SDVODXJRPV WDLNRPD LãRUQDXGDLã SULYDWDXV YHUVOR VHNWRULDXV
9DOVW\ELQơLãRUQDXGDWXUơWǐSDGơWLY\ULDXV\EơPVVXWDXS\WLLãODLGǐVąVNDLWD$ORQVRir kt.m
1RUVYDOVW\ELQLVVHNWRULXVGRPLQXRMDWHLNLDQWGDXJXPąEHQGUXRPHQLQLǐSDVODXJǐWDLQHXåNHUWDNHOLRSULYDWLHPVSDVODXJǐWHLNơMDPVGDO\YDXWLãLRVH
ULQNRVHâLXRDWYHMXY\ULDXV\EơVVLHNLDGDU\WLƳWDNąYDUWRMLPRDSLPWLPVQHPRNDPXSDVODXJǐWHLNLPXVLHNGDPRVXåWLNULQWLEHQWMDXPLQLPDOǐWDPWLNURV
SDVODXJRV YDUWRMLPR O\JƳ SY] PLQLPDODXV LãVLODYLQLPR O\JLR PLQLPDODXV GDUER SDVLnjO\Pǐ O\JLR LU SDQ 'DXJXPD YDOVW\EơV OơãRPLV ILQDQVXRMDPǐ
YHLNORV UnjãLǐ \UD Y\NGRPRV SDWLHV YDOVW\ELQLR VHNWRULDXV LU GDXJHOLV YDOVW\ELQLǐ SDVODXJǐ \UD DSVDXJRWRV QXR NRQNXUHQFLQLǐ ULQNRV MơJǐ 7DþLDX \UD
SDY\]GåLǐ $XVWUDOLMRV SDWLUWLV :HEVWHU +DUGLQJ  NDL YDOVW\EơV OơãRPLV ILQDQVXRMDPD YHLNOD \UD Y\NGRPD SULYDþLǐ LQVWLWXFLMǐ DWYLUǐ LãRULQHL
NRQNXUHQFLMDL 9LHQDV Lã WRNLǐ SDY\]GåLǐ \UD ƳGDUELQLPR LãRUQDXGD ƲGDUELQLPR SDVODXJǐ VHNWRULDXV SOơWUD ± YLHQDV Lã URGLNOLǐ SDURGDQWLV HNRQRPLQĊ
VLWXDFLMą GDUER ULQNRMH QHV SHUVRQDOR SDLHãNRV LU QXRPRV ƳPRQơV JUHLþLDXVLDL SDMDXþLD SDNODXVRV LU SDVLnjORV SRN\þLXV /LHWXYRV ƳGDUELQLPR SDVODXJDV
WHLNLDQþLǐ ƳPRQLǐ VWDWLVWLQLDL GXRPHQ\V SDURGơ NDG ƳPRQLǐ VNDLþLXV QXR   LNL   P SDGLGơMR   NDUWR %32 +RXVH   P DXNãþLDXVLR LU
YLGXWLQLRO\JLRYDGRYǐDSNODXVRVGXRPHQLPLV/LHWXYRMHSURFƳPRQLǐ\UDSHUGDYĊGDOƳSURFHVǐLãRULQLDPWLHNơMXL$SNODXVRVGXRPHQLPLVSDJULQGLQơV
SHUGXRGDPRV YHLNORV \UD ,7 SDVODXJRV  SURF WLHNLPDV LU ORJLVWLND  SURF WUDQVSRUWDV  SURF SR WR \UD SHUVRQDOR SDLHãNRV LU DWUDQNRV
SDVODXJRV  SURF 0DW\WL NDG SHUVRQDOR SDLHãNRV LU DWUDQNRV SDVODXJRPLV QDXGRMDVL QHPDåD SURFHQWLQơ GDOLV ƳPRQLǐ WRGơO WLNơWLQD ƳGDUELQLPR
LãRUQDXGRVSRUHLNLVDWHLW\MHWXUơWǐGLGơWL
0RNVOLQơMHOLWHUDWnjURMHGLGHVQLVGơPHV\VVNLULDPDVLãRUQDXGRVYHLNVQLǐSULYDþLDPHVHNWRULXMHSRYHLNLXLQXVWDW\WL$PLWL:HL-DLQ1DWDUDMDQ
*HZDOG2N*RQ]DOH]ir kt$XEHUWir ktl-DLQ1DWDUDMDQ$GGLVRQir kt(Hir kt.,&RVWD/DFLW\
ir kt.,6XVRPULWKir kt.,6KLK&KLDQJ
,ãRUQDXGRV SUREOHPDWLNą YLHãDMDPH VHNWRULXMH W\Uơ ãLH PRNVOLQLQNDL $EGXO5DVKLG $EGXO$]L] $OL  LãRUQDXGą LU NRN\EơV ƳJ\YHQGLQLPą
0DODL]LMRV YDOVW\ELQLDPH GDUER VN\ULXMH  0RVFKXULV .RQG\OLV  LãRUQDXGą VYHLNDWRV VHNWRULXMH W \ YDOVW\ELQơVH OLJRQLQơVH 1LNROLF 0DLNLVK
 $QWXFKHYLFLHQH ir kt  %DUWRQ  W\Uơ YLHãRMR VHNWRULDXV DWVNDLWRP\EĊ VDYR YHLNORMH QDXGRMDQW LãRUQDXGą 5DMDE]DGHK ir kt. 
VXNnjUơ LãRUQDXGRV SURFHVR EHQGUR SREnjGåLR YLHãDMDPH VHNWRULXMH PRGHOƳ (OLQGHU -RUGDKO    W\Uơ YLHãRMR VHNWRULDXV LãRUQDXGRV HIHNW\YXPą
LNLPRN\NOLQơVH ƳVWDLJRVH LU SUDGLQơVH PRN\NORVH 6KRXS ir kt  QDJULQơMR WULV LãRUQDXGRV VDQGRULXV LU Mǐ ƳWDNą 7XUNLMRV NXOWnjURV SDYHOGXL
PX]LHMDPVLUDUFKHRORJLQơPVYLHWRPVLUNW
.DLS PDW\WL Lã DQNVþLDX DWOLNWǐ VWXGLMǐ ƳGDUELQLPR LãRUQDXGD W\ULQơWD LWLQ PDåDL LãVN\UXV :HEVWHU +DUGLQJ  WRGơO VYDUEX QXVWDW\WL NRNLH
YHLNVQLDL\UDVYDUELDXVLLUNDLSMLHYHLNLDSULYDWǐLUYDOVW\ELQƳVHNWRULǐƳVLJ\MDQWSHUVRQDORSDLHãNRVLUDWUDQNRVEHLSHUVRQDORDSPRN\PRNYDOLILNDFLMRV
NơOLPRNXUVǐVHPLQDUǐGDUERVDXJRVSDVODXJDVLãLãRUơV


 Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, ±
6WUDLSVQ\MH LãVLNHOWX tikslu VLHNLDPD QXVWDW\WL ƳGDUELQLPR LãRUQDXGRV SDVLULQNLPą OHPLDQþLXV YHLNVQLXV YDOVW\ELQLDPH LU SULYDþLDPH VHNWRULXRVH
7\ULPR WLNVOXL SDVLHNWL LãVLNHOLDPL ãLH XåGDYLQLDL   LãDQDOL]XRWL YHLNVQLXV QXOHPLDQþLXV LãRUQDXGRV QHSDVLULQNLPą YDOVW\ELQLDPH LU SULYDþLDPH
VHNWRULXRVHSDWHLNWLW\ULPRPHWRGRORJLMą HNVSHUWLQLRYHUWLQLPRPHWRGXQXVWDW\WLLUSDO\JLQWLƳGDUELQLPRLãRUQDXGąYHLNLDQþLXVYHLNVQLXV/LHWXYRV
YLHãDMDPHLUSULYDþLDPHVHNWRULXRVH
6WUDLSVQLRREMHNWDV±ƳGDUELQLPRLãRUQDXGRVYHLNVQLDL
3LUPRMH VWUDLSVQLR GDO\MH DXWRUơV QXVWDWơ NDG VSUHQGLPą WDLN\WL DU QHWDLN\WL LãRUQDXGą WXUơWǐ SULLPWL ƳPRQơ LGHQWLILNXRGDPD SDJULQGLQHV
NRPSHWHQFLMDV LU DQWUD ƳYHUWLQGDPD VDYR JDOLP\EHV -HLJX DSVLVSUHQGåLDPD WDLN\WL LãRUQDXGą ƳPRQơ WXUL SDVLULQNWL SDVODXJRV WLHNơMą âLXR DWYHMX
YDOVW\ELQơPV ƳPRQơPV SULHãLQJDL QHL SULYDþLDPH VHNWRULXMH YHLNLDQþLRPV ƳPRQơPV WHQND VXVLGXUWL VX ELXURNUDWLQơPLV NOLnjWLPLV DWOLHNDQW YLHãǐMǐ
SLUNLPǐ SURFHGnjUDV (PSLULQHL GDOLDL VXULQNWL LQIRUPDFLMą DSLH ƳGDUELQLPR LãRUQDXGą \SDþ YDOVW\ELQLDPH VHNWRULXMH EXYR VXGơWLQJD GơO QHGDåQR
SHUVRQDOR SDLHãNRV EHL DWUDQNRV SDVODXJRPLV Lã LãRUơV WLHNơMǐ QDXGRMLPRVL NDL NXULǐ ƳPRQLǐ DWYHMX QHVLQDXGRMLPX YLVDL 'ơO QDJULQơMDPRV WHPRV
VSHFLILãNXPR EHL LãVDPLRV LQIRUPDFLMRV WUnjNXPR VWDWLVWLQơVH GXRPHQǐ ED]ơVH EXYR SDVLULQNWDV HNVSHUWLQLR YHUWLQLPR PHWRGDV 1DXGRMDQWLV MXR EXYR
VXULQNWL DWVNLUǐ HNVSHUWǐ YHUWLQLPDL DSLH SHUVRQDOR SDLHãNRV LU DWUDQNRV SDVODXJǐ EHL SHUVRQDOR PRN\Pǐ NYDOLILNDFLMRV NơOLPR NXUVǐVHPLQDUǐ GDUER
VDXJRVLUNWSDVODXJǐVXVLMXVLǐVXåPRJLãNDLVLDLVLãWHNOLDLVSLUNLPRLãLãRUơVYHLNVQLXVWHLJLDPDLDUEDQHLJLDPDLYHLNLDQþLXVƳPRQơVDSVLVSUHQGLPąGơO
ƳGDUELQLPR LãRUQDXGRV QDXGRMLPR (PSLULQLR W\ULPR WLNVOX EXYR VLHNLDPD SDGơWL ƳPRQơPV LGHQWLILNXRWL YHLNVQLXV NXULH \UD VYDUELDXVL SULLPDQW
VSUHQGLPąQDXGRWLVDU QHVLQDXGRWLLãRUQDXGD (NVSHUWLQLR YHUWLQLPR PHWX JDXWL UH]XOWDWDL SDURGơ NDG SULYDWXV VHNWRULXVLNL JDOR LãQDXGRMD ƳGDUELQLPR
LãRUQDXGRV WHLNLDPXV SULYDOXPXV 3LUPLDXVLDL ƳGDUELQLPR LãRUQDXGD VXWHLNLD XQLNDOLą JDOLP\EĊ QHWXULQW ƳPRQơMH SHUVRQDOR VN\ULDXV SDVLVDPG\WL
UHLNDOLQJXVVSHFLDOLVWXV$QWUDSHUVRQDORPRN\PRNYDOLILNDFLMRVNơOLPRNXUVǐVHPLQDUǐGDUERVDXJRVLãRUQDXGDSDGHGDSULYDþLRPVƳPRQơPV WDXSDQW
NDãWXV 3DVODXJRV NRN\ELãNXPDV LU NDLQD ± DELHMǐ VHNWRULǐ LãVNLUWL VYDUELDXVL YHLNVQLDL UHQNDQWLV ƳGDUELQLPR SDVODXJDV WHLNLDQþLą ƳPRQĊ (NVSHUWǐ
QHLJLDPDL ƳGDUELQLPR LãRUQDXGą YHLNLDQþLǐ YHLNVQLǐ YHUWLQLPDV YDOVW\ELQLDPH LU SULYDþLDPH VHNWRULXRVH SDURGơ NDG SDVODXJRV QHNRN\ELãNXPDV LU
LãDXJXVLRVLãODLGRVYHVWǐSULHNLWRXåVDNRPRVLRVSDVODXJRVWHLNơMRSDLHãNRVEHWRLãVNLUWLQDLYDOVW\ELQLDPHVHNWRULXMHLOJDODLNLDLGDUEXRWRMDLYHUWLQDPL
JHULDXQHLLãRULQLǐSDVODXJǐWHLNơMDL
0RNVOLQơVOLWHUDWnjURVDQDOL]ơLUHPSLULQLRW\ULPRUH]XOWDWDLOHLGåLDGDU\WLãLDVLãYDGDV
 ,ãDQDOL]DYXVLãRUQDXGRVSULYDOXPXVEHLWUnjNXPXVƳYDLULXRVHVHNWRULXRVHQXVWDW\WLSDJULQGLQLDLYDOVW\ELQLRLUSULYDWDXVVHNWRULDXVLãRUQDXGRV
WDLN\PR DWYHMǐ VNLUWXPDL 9DOVW\ELQơPV ƳPRQơPV VLHNLDQW ƳVLJ\WL ƳGDUELQLPR DU NLWDV SDVODXJDV Lã LãRUơV EnjWLQD DWOLNWL VXGơWLQJDV YLHãǐMǐ
SLUNLPǐ SURFHGnjUDV -RV GDåQLDX QHL SULYDþLRV ƳPRQơV VXVLGXULD VX ELXURNUDWLQơPLV VXWDUþLǐ VXGDU\PR LU LãRUQDXGRV VDPGRV SURFHVLQơPLV
NOLnjWLPLV QHJDOL ODLVYDL ULQNWLV QRULPR XåVDNRPRVLRV SDVODXJRV WHLNơMR 3ULYDþLRPV ƳPRQơPV XåVLVDN\WL SDVODXJDV Lã LãRUơV \UD SDSUDVþLDX
SDNDQND ƳPRQơV YDGRY\EHL ƳYHUWLQXV ƳPRQơV ILQDQVLQĊ SDGơWƳ LU DWLWLQNDPRV SDVODXJRV SRUHLNƳ SULLPWL VSUHQGLPą GơO LãRUQDXGRV WDLN\PR
3ULYDWǐ LU YDOVW\ELQƳ VHNWRULǐ YLHQLMD DSVLVSUHQGLPR PRW\YDL ILQDQVLQLDL VWUDWHJLQLDL LU SULVNLUWL NLWDL JUXSHL GơO LãRUQDXGRV UHLNDOLQJXPR
ƳPRQHL
 (NVSHUWLQLRYHUWLQLPRUH]XOWDWDLSDURGơNDG/LHWXYRMHƳGDUELQLPRLãRUQDXGRVWDLN\PDVODELDXSDSOLWĊVSULYDþLDPHQHLYDOVW\ELQLDPHVHNWRULXMH
3ULYDWDXV VHNWRULDXV SDJULQGLQLV SHUVRQDOR SDLHãNRV LU DWUDQNRV SDVODXJǐ LãRUQDXGRV WDLN\PR PRW\YDV VLHMDPDV VX SHUVRQDOR VN\ULDXV
QHEXYLPX ƳPRQơMH 9DOVW\ELQLDP VHNWRULXL VYDUELDXVLDV ãLR WLSR LãRUQDXGRV WDLN\PR YHLNVQ\V  ƳGDUELQLPR SDVODXJDV WHLNLDQþLǐ ƳPRQLǐ
NRPSHWHQFLMD LU WXULPǐ GXRPHQǐ ED]Lǐ LãWHNOLDL 3HUVRQDOR PRN\PR NYDOLILNDFLMRV NơOLPR NXUVǐVHPLQDUǐ GDUER VDXJRV LãRUQDXGRV VDPGD
SULYDþLǐ ƳPRQLǐ DWYHMX SDGHGD WDXS\WL NDãWXV R YDOVW\ELQLDPH VHNWRULXMH ãLRV SDVODXJRV GDåQLDX SHUNDPRV GơO SHUVRQDOR WUnjNXPR ãLRPV
YHLNORPV DWOLNWL 9DOVW\ELQƳ LU SULYDWǐ VHNWRULXV PLQơWǐ SDVODXJǐ WDLNDQW LãRUQDXGą VLHMD WRNLH WHLJLDPL YHLNVQLDL NDLS ƳPRQơV SHUVRQDOR
SRUHLNLǐSDWHQNLQLPDVNRQFHQWUDFLMDƳHIHNW\YHVQƳƳPRQơVYDOG\PąLUGLGHVQLVGơPHVLRVN\ULPDVSDJULQGLQHLYHLNODLDWOLNWL
 (NVSHUWǐ YHUWLQLPDL SDURGơ NDG QHLJLDPL ƳGDUELQLPR LãRUQDXGRV YHLNVQLDL YDOVW\ELQLR VHNWRULDXV DWYHMX N\OD GơO QHQRUR DWOHLVWL LOJDODLNLXV
GDUEXRWRMXVDUEDLãU\ãNơMXVMRJVXWHLNWDƳGDUELQLPRSDVODXJDEXYRVXWHLNWDQHNRN\ELãNDLDULãDXJRLãODLGRVDELHMǐVHNWRULǐDWYHMDLV

5DNWDåRGåLDLišornauda, įdarbinimo išornauda, privatus ir valstybinis sektoriai.

7KHDUWLFOHKDVEHHQUHYLHZHG
5HFHLYHGLQ-DQXDU\DFFHSWHGLQ$SULO